People v. Fisher , 57 N.Y. Sup. Ct. 552 ( 1889 )

Bradley, J., (after stating the facts.)

The counterfeit closely imitated the genuine stamp of the union, and, although distinguishable upon close inspection, it was likely to be taken for the genuine, and to mislead and deceive tiie public. The question presented is whether the charge as made and proved constituted an offense within the statute which provides that “a person who knowingly * * * (1) falsely makes or counterfeits a trade-mark; or (2) affixes to any article of merchandise a false or counterfeit trade-mark, knowing the same to be false or counterfeit, or the genuine trade-mark or imitation of the trade-mark of another without the latter’s consent; or (3) sells or keeps or offers for sale an article of merchandise to which is affixed a false or counterfeit trade-mark, or the genuine trade-mark or an imitation of the trade-mark of another without the latter’s consent; or (4) has in his possession a counterfeit trade-mark, knowing it to be counterfeit, or a die, plate, brand, or other thing for the purpose of falsely making or counterfeiting a trade-mark; or (5) makes or sells or offers to sell or dispose of * * * an article of merchandise with such a trade-mark as to appear to indicate the quantity, quality, or character of the article, but not indicating it truly,—is guilty of a misdemeanor.” Pen. Code, § 364. The genuine label was designed as a trade-mark of the “ Cigar-Makers’ International Un ion of America, ” and has been so used since in 1880, when it was devised and adopted for that purpose, pursuant to a provision of the constitution of the union. The important inquiry is whether, in its application and use, this label has the character of a trade-mark, and its use as such is entitled to protection. As defined by the statute, “a ‘ trade-mark ’ is a mark used to indicate the maker, owner, or seller of an article of merchandise, and includes, among other things, any name of a person or corporation, or any letter, word, device, emblem, figure, seal, stamp, diagram, brand, wrapper, ticket, stopper, label, or other mark lawfully adopted by him, and usually affixed to an article of merchandise to denote that the same was imported, manufactured, produced, sold, compounded, bottled, packed, or otherwise prepared by him, ” etc. Id. § 366. “ An imitation of a * trade-mark’ is that which so far resembles a genuine trade-mark as to be likely to induce the belief that it is genuine, whether by the use of words or letters similar in appearance or in sound, or by any sign, device, or other means whatsoever.” Id. § 368. This is substantially the rule at common law relating to infringement of trade-marks. But it is contended on the part of the defendant that the label cannot be treated as a trade-mark in the legal sense of the term, because it has not the support of any proprietary right in its relation to the merchandise upon which it is affixed, in respect either to the workmanship or ownership of such merchandise, and neither the maker, owner, or seller is indicated by the label. The Cigar-Makers’ International Union of America is a voluntary association of individuals, said to number 25,000. They are cigar-makers. The association is not engaged in the business of manufacturing cigars, and as such has no property in the business. It has a constitution expressing the purpose of the organization, which seems-to have in view the mutual benefit of its members. Within the system so-provided for it are the selection of officers, the regulations for the admission of members, etc. The membership is confined to those engaged in the cigar-industry, and the organization consists of local unions under the jurisdiction of the international union. The trade-mark label is issued by its authority, and is furnished by the several local unions in the manner prescribed to all union shops within their respective districts. A union shop is one in which none but members of the association are engaged as workmen. They may also be used by a person who is a member, and solely performs the work of' manufacturing cigars on his own account. And the labels used have the stamp of the respective local unions through which they are so furnished. The-purpose of this label was to furnish a trade-mark to indicate that the cigars contained in boxes on which it is affixed were made solely by the members of •the association, and to distinguish them from all other cigars in the market. It is therefore confined to cigars made in shops where members of the union c®ly are employed as workmen, and to shops of its members who carry on'the business and perform all the work themselves. In the former a workman so-employed has not necessarily, and usually has not, any proprietary interest in the cigars made, an'd has not, nor has the association, any power to require that the label be affixed to the boxes containing the cigars made there. This depends upon the will or consent of the owner, unless the requirement is in the contract of employment. The employment and wages of a workman depend somewhat upon his reputation as such, and he has a valuable interest in the good-will of his workmanship, and in that respect he may have a proprietary right in the result of his labor.

The only recognized indication of a trade-mark is the source, origin, or ownership of the article of merchandise on which it is placed. Caswell v. Davis, 58 N. Y. 223. This means that the mark is calculated to distinguish the articles which bear it from those of other makers or vendors. It need not-indicate any particular person as maker, manufacturer, or vendor, or give the name or address of either. - When the mark has become recognized by purchasers as a distinctive designation of a particular maker, manufacturer, or seller of a certain quality of goods, it will be a sufficient indication of the origin or ownership, within the rule requisite to its protection as such, although purchasers may not, from the work or otherwise, be able to tell who is the particular maker or seller of the article. Godillot v. Harris, 81 N. Y. 263; Tank Co. v. Scott, 33 La. Ann. 946. Abstractly, and apart from its application and use, a trade-mark has no recognized ownership. Its value is in its employment in marking the goods upon which it is placed. This gives to it the character of property. It is then a symbol of reputation or goodwill. Derringer v. Plate, 29 Cal. 292; Bradley v. Norton, 33 Conn. 157. The contention on the part of the defense is that there is no ownership of the alleged label as a trade-mark, and that it does not come within the purpose which permits its recognition as such. If identity of proprietorship in the mark and the article to which it is affixed, or if identity in the quality of the goods, were requisite to support it as such, the charge cannot be sustained, because the international union neither manufactures nor owns the cigars labeled with it, and they are made in several thousand shops, and by many thousand men, under the direction of their several employers, and with sucli qualities of tobacco as are provided for the purpose. The mark is designed as a symbol to distinguish the cigars produced by the labor of those workmen, which indicates quality of the article manufactured so far only as it is incident to or dependent upon the workmanship. The fact that goods are produced by the work of one person in the service of another, to whom they belong, and that a label cannot be placed upon them without the consent of the owner, does not seem to be in the way of the right of the workman, through the means of a trade-mark, which he may have devised and caused to be affixed to the product of his labor, to have property in such trade-mark entitled to protection as such. The good-will of the result of his work in his department of business in the production of articles of merchandise may be essentially valuable to him. And what may be available to one may in, like manner be accomplished by an association of workmen in the same business, and in the production of similar articles of merchandise for the market. In that case they all have a property interest in common’ in the use of the mark as an indicator of the origin as relates to the productive labor of the manufactured article. This association represents a community of interest for ■ certain purposes, and is composed of members who constitute it. And to maintain the organization it has governing rules and regulations, which the members undertake to observe, and thus a compact is produced by and between them for the purposes provided by the constitution of the association. While the object may not be such as to give to it the character of a partner■sliip, the apparent design is to advance the welfare of, and afford mutual benefit to, the members, and to maintain a proper standard in character and skill of labor in the service in which they are engaged; and, so far as appears, the purpose is lawful. The contract relation of the members represented by its rules and regulations creates an association which may be recognized as .such for the purposes of supporting the rights, as between themselves, of the members. McMahon v. Rauhr, 47 N. Y. 70; White v. Brownell, 3 Abb. Pr. (N. S.) 318, 4 Abb. Pr. (N. S.) 162; Ebbinghousen v. Worth Club, 4 Abb. N. C. 300, and note; Loubat v. Le Roy, 15 Abb. N. C. 1, and note, 44; Poultney v. Bachman, 31 Hun, 49, 27 Alb. Law J. 326, and cases there cited. And for certain purposes voluntary associations are recognized by statute. Code Civil Proe. § 1919; Flagg v. Swift, 25 Hun, 623. The members, through ■.their organization known as the “Cigar-Makers’ International Union of America,” may, we think, devise, as they have done, a trade-mark label, to ■ designate the result of their labor, and for that purpose it may be entitled to protection in its relation to such products as a proprietary right for their ben■etit. Strasser v. Moonelis, 23 Jones & S. 198. The fact that their work is not performed under a single employment, but under many different employers in as many widely separated shops, may go to the value of the mark in its application to the cigars made by them, rather than to the right to its protection as such. In Pratt’s Appeal, 117 Pa. St. 401,11 ALL Bep. 878, a trademark which had been used by the ancestor of three parties was used by them •severally, and independently of each other, to distinguish butter manufactured and sold by them respectively. It was there, as it is here, contended that its use by the several parties destroyed the distinctive feature of the mark, and opened the way for the appropriation of it by the public. But it was held that the severance of the parties in the manufacture of the butter, .and in the application of the trade-mark by them, did not deny to such parties the right to its protection against infringement by a stranger. The cited -case of Jaeger's Co. v. Le Boutillier, 47 Hun, 521, does not seem to have any .necessary application to the question here. It was there held that a patentee, merely as such, had no property in a trade-mark applicable to the subject of .the invention, although as a manufacturer or seller he might, but that his protection was in his patent-right.

In the case at bar the question is raised whether what is represented by the label is properly the subject of a trade-mark. It is very clear that the language there employed which tends to describe the character or quality of cigars, or of the workmen by whom they are and are not made, cannot be treated as the subject of a trade-mark as such, because there can be no exclusive right to the description of quality of articles produced, or of the skill or quality of the work of the persons by whom they are made; nor can there be .any exclusive right to thus appropriate an idea relating to the quality of the goods put in the market. Caswell v. Danis, 58 N. Y. 223; Enoch Morgan's Sons Co. v. Troxell, 89 N. Y. 292; Manufacturing Co. v. Trainer, 101 U. S, 51. To that extent this blue label is not effectual as such. But it has features which, in other respects, may properly characterize it as a trade-mark. It purports to have been issued by the “ Cigar-Makers’ International Union of America, ” and subscribed to it is the name and title of the person described as its president; and when issued for use it has upon it the stamp of the local union of the district in which it is used. The conclusion was warranted that the false or counterfeit label was affixed by the defendant without the consent of the owner of the genuine label, and that it was so affixed before the sale of the box of cigars upon which it was placed was completed1 by him to the purchaser. The charge made and established by the evidence was within the statute, and warranted the conviction of the defendant; and-there seems to have been no error to the prejudice of the defendant in the reception of evidence to which objection was taken. The judgment should be-affirmed. All concur.