People ex rel. Booth v. Fisher , 11 How. Pr. 554 ( 1855 )

By the Court, Welles, J.

The fifth .section of the act entitled “ An act for the prevention • of intemperance, pauperism and crime,” passed April 9th, 1855, is in the following words :

“ § 5. Every justice of the peace, police justice, county judge, city judge, and in addition, in the city of ¡New York, the recorder, each justice of the marine court, and the justices of the district courts, and in all cities where there is a recorder’s court, the recorder, shall have power to issue process, to hear and determine charges, and punish for all offenses arising under any of the provisions of this act; and they are each hereby authorized and required to hold courts of special sessions for the trial of such offenses, and under this act, to do all other acts and exercise the same authority that may be done or exercised by justices of the peace in criminal cases, and by courts of special sessions as the same are now constituted; and the term magistrate, as used in this act, shall be deemed to refer to and include each officer named in this section. Such court of special sessions shall not be required to take the examination of any person brought before it upon charge of an offense under this act, but shall proceed to trial as soon thereafter as the complainant can be notified; and for good cause shown he may adjourn from time to time, not exceeding twenty days. At the time of joining issue and not after, either party may demand a trial by jury, in which case the magistrate shall issue a venire and cause a jury to be summoned and empanneled, as in other criminal cases in courts of special sessions. The complainant may appear upon such trial upon behalf of the people, and prosecute the same with or without counsel. He may also prosecute the same in all the courts to which, as hereinafter provided, appeal may be taken by attorney, or he may apply to the district attorney, whose duty it shall be upon such application to appear and conduct said appeal from the judgment thereon. The same costs and disbursements shall be allowed against the defendant upon such appeal as are now allowed in civil actions, in those courts to which appeal may be taken according to the provisions of this act. In all cases, if the district attorney shall appear and conduct the trial or appeal, or both, the costs, if any, shall go to him for his individual use; in other cases to the complainant; and in default of the payment of the whole or any part thereof, the defendant may be committed to the same extent as provided^ in the fourth section of this act.”

By this section the several officers therein enumerated are invested with the same powers in relation to offenses under the’ act of which it constitutes a part, with which justices of the peace are clothed in criminal cases, and are each required to hold courts of special sessions with the same powers in reference to such offenses as courts of special sessions possessed, as they were constituted when the act was passed, in reference to eases within their jurisdiction.

By the revised statutes the powers of courts of special sessions are confined to cases where the party charged with an offense requests to be tried before them, or, where he shall not so request, but shall after being required, omit for twenty-four hours to give bail for his appearance at the next criminal court having jurisdiction, &c. (2 R. S. 711, §§ 5, 23.) But the section of the prohibitory act referred to, does not. as the revised statutes do, restrict the power of the courts of special sessions to cases where the party charged either requests to be tried by such court or omits to give bail. It certalñ!y^oes”ñot^do so in terms, nor, as I think, by just or fair implication; but on the contrary it seems to contemplate that'jthe justice1 or other officer before whom the person charged st^all be brought by virtue of the process, shall proceed at once to the trial of the charge. Power is expressly conferred upon the <|ffice,rs mentioned to issue process, to hear and determine charges and punish all offenses against the provisions of the act; and for that purpose they are each authorized and required to hold courts of special sessions for the trial of such offense. Such court is not required to take the examination of any person brought before it upon charge of an offense, “ and shall proceed to trial as soon thereafter as the complainant can be notified.” The section then proceeds to give directions respecting adjournments, and provides for a jury on the demand of either party, if applied for at the joining of issue. It then concludes with some regulations and provisions respecting appeals from judgments of the courts of special sessions provided for in the 8th section of the act, and the costs on such appeals.

It will be perceived not only that the magistrate has conferred upon him the power to try the persons charged, but that he is imperatively required to hold a court of special sessions, and proceed to the trial as soon as the complainant can be notified. Neither his power or duty to try is made to depend upon the defendant’s request to be tried, his omission to give bail or any other condition. That the power of courts of special sessions, in the cases provided for in the revised statutes, is thus limited and dependent, and in the act under consideration, acts which, before its passage, were innocent to the eye of the law, are made misdemeanors, their punishment defined, these tribunals erected and provided expressly for their trial and punishment, with directions concerning their manner of proceeding, and no mention made of any such condition or restriction of their powers, is strong evidence to my mind that none such were intended to be imposed. Instead of the conditions provided in the revised statutes, these courts, in cases arising under this act, are directed to proceed at once to the trial of the persons charged with violations of its provisions.

It is contended, however, in behalf of the appellant, that if the intention of the act was to compel the person arrested by virtue of the process issued by a magistrate, to be tried before a court of special sessions, without the right on. his part to be released .from custody upon giving bail to appear at the sessions, the act is so far in contravention of section two of article one of the constitution which declares that “ the trial by jury, in all cases in which it has been heretofore used, shall remain inviolate forever.” I entertain no doubt that by the words “ trial by jury” as there mentioned, was intended a common law jury, which consists of twelve men. But I am satisfied it was not intended to apply to a case like the present.

Section six of the same article provides that “ no person shall be held to answer for a capital or otherwise infamous crime, (except in cases of impeachment and in cases of militia when in actual service, and the land and naval forces in time of war,, or which the state may keep with the consent of congréss in time of peace; and in cases of petit larceny under the regulation of the legislature,) unless on presentment or indictment of a grand jury,” &c. The framers of the constitution have here declared that persons charged with capital or otherwise infamous crimes, shall not, with certain exceptions, be held to answer therefor, except by indictment or presentment of a grand jury; clearly, as it'seems to me, leaving all other cases under the regulation of the legislature. Persons charged with crimes not capital or otherwise infamous, may therefore be held to answer without being first indicted or presented by a grand jury, as the legislature shall provide.

But it is said that in whatever court the person charged may be tried, and whether with or without being presented by a grand jury, he is, in any event, entitled to have his guilt or innocence determined by a jury of twelve men. The several written constitutions of this state, those of 1777, of 1821, and of 1846, contain substantially the same provisions as those above referred to. By section four of the act declaring the powers and duties of justices of the peace, passed April 13th, 1813, (2 R. L. 507,) petit larceny, misdemeanor, breach of the peace, or other criminal offense under the degree of grand larceny, was triable by a court of special sessions, and that without any jury whatever. This continued until 1824, when the legislature so far modified it as to give the party accused the right to be tried by a jury of six men. (Laws of 1824, ch. 238, § 47.) By the revised statutes, the causes triable by courts of special sessions are mentioned, and are contained in eight specifications, all being below the degree of grand larceny, and none of them being what would be denominated infamous in the sense of the constitution, except petit larceny. (2 R. S. 711, § 1.)

The section of the constitution which, it is claimed, secures to the appellant a trial by a jury of twelve men, uses the expression “ the trial by jury.”' This refers as well to all other incidents of the trial as to the number of men necessary to constitute the jury. It means, as I think, such a trial as is contemplated by section six, for persons charged with capital or otherwise infamous offenses, which must be upon presentment or indictment of a grand jury, and in a court of record with common law jurisdiction. I think this is apparent from several considerations:

1. A common law jury trial can only be had in a court of common law jurisdiction, both as regards the character of the court, and its mode of procedure. It is not true that simply making the jury to consist of twelve men, constitutes a common law jury trial.

2. Section six excepts from its operation petit larceny, which at common law was felony, infamous in its character. The statute of 1813 and the revised statutes referred to, expressly authorized courts of special sessions to try for that offense, which was never held to be in contravention of the constitution. (Murphy v. The People, 2 Cowen, 815. The People v. Goodwin, 5 Wend. 251.)

3. The 2d and 6th sections referred to, are parts of the same articles of the constitution, and are in pari materia ; the latter, securing to all persons charged with infamous crimes excepting as aforesaid, a trial after due presentment or indictment, by a grand jury, leaving the trial of all cases of misdemeanor on the footing of petit larceny, to be provided for by the legislature by a jury of six, twelve or any other number, or without a jury.

4. Mo jury trial in criminal cases was ever known to the common law, but such as followed upon indictment in a common law court, after the accused was in custody, had been arraigned and had pleaded to the indictment.

5. This construction makes the two sections harmonious and sensible. The legislature may declare criminal, acts which were before innocent, as in case of the statute under consideration. How can it be said that in such cases a jury trial has been heretofore used ? Section two is expressly limited to cases in which the trial by jury has been heretofore used. In cases óf acts made criminal by a statute passed after the adoption of the constitution, no trial cither with or without a jury has been used. But if an act is made a felony by statute and thereby becomes infamous in its character, as in the cases of the statutes to prevent abduction of females for purposes of prostitution, and to prevent seduction, section six secures to the person charged with its violation a trial by jury, after due presentment by a grand jury.

Section two only requires a trial by jury in cases where it has been heretofore used. This cannot mean cases where it might or might not be required, for then no misdemeanor could be tried by the special sessions, as every person charged with any crime was liable to be indicted therefor by the grand jury, and then a trial by jury was the only one which could follow. The only practicable interpretation is to exclude from its operation those cases where it was competent to try by a court of special sessions, and where such trials had been in use. By the revised laws of 1812, before cited, all offenses under the degree of grand larceny might be tried in those courts, and that law continued in force until 1830,when the revised statutes limited the jurisdiction of courts of special sessions to certain specified cases. The constitution has been twice revised since 1813, and the provisions on the subject have been continued, substantially the same as they were before 1818. It would be singular, not to say absurd, if the organic law is to vary in its principles, and the objects to which it relates, at every change of legislation. It should be interpreted in this respect in the same way as if there had been no revision since 1777. The fact that the same thing has been twice asserted since that time in the same solemn manner, certainly ought not to change the interpretation justly applicable to it originally, but on the contrary, should confirm such interpretation.

[Monroe General Term, December 3, 1855.

For the foregoing reasons, I am of the opinion that the decision of the county judge was correct, and should be affirmed.

Judgment affirmed.

Johnson, Welles and Selden, Justices.]