Dows v. Green , 3 How. Pr. 377 ( 1849 )

Parker, Justice.

Both parties have acted throughout, in the conducting of this suit, under the impression that it was brought to recover the possession of personal property; and the Plaintiff’s attorney, in his affidavit, presented to resist this motion, swears that such was his intention and the object of the action. The complaint, however, is not applicable to such an action; for although the facts set forth in it, if found to be true, would entitle the Plaintiff to either the possession of the property or compensation for its value, yet the only relief it asks is judgment for the value of the property. The class to which the action belongs under § 143 of the code, must be determined by the prayer for relief, and by that test, this action belongs to the 2d and not to the 6th class.

Neither party seems to have discovered the defect in the prayer of the complaint, until an answer had been put in and all the proceedings provided as a substitute for the action of replevin had been gone through with; and it will clearly be in furtherance of justice to allow an amendment of the complaint under the 149th section, if we have the power to do so, that the suit may proceed to judgment its an action for the recovery of personal property.

That section allows- an amendment at any time, in furtherance of justice, and on such terms as may be proper “ whenever the amendment shall not change substantially the cause of action or defence;” and the question to be determined is whether the permitting of the Plaintiff to alter the prayer of his complaint, so as to claim the property itself, and damages for its detention, instead of simply prating judgment for the ■ value of the property, is “ changing substantially the cause of action.”

It is true it is changing the form of the action—or rather the class to which it belongs under the 143d section: but I cannot think it changes the cause of action. The cause of action is made up of the facts which entitle the Plaintiff to relief. - The injury complained of is the cause of action, and I think such is the sense in which the words are used in the 149th section.

Any other construction would defeat a large class of amendments, that have heretofore been made under the former practice, and which it is frequently indispensable to make in furtherance of justice, and would be inconsistent with the 231st section, which provides that when no answer is put in, the relief granted to the Plaintiff cannot exceed that demanded in his complaint, but that in any other case the court may grant him any relief consistent with the case made by the complaint and embraced within the issue. Under this last section, the Plaintiffs would clearly be entitled to relief on the trial.

Under the Revised Statutes the discretion of the court in making amendments was not limited—2 R. S. 3d ed. 519, § 1—and under that section the court frequently allowed a change of the form of action. (1 How. Sp. T. E., 82; 2 ib., 43; 3 ib., 148.) It is not the policy of later legislation to restrict but rather to encourage amendments, so that every cause, if practicable, shall be decided on the merits: and to effect this, the form must always yield to the substance.

The facts which constitute the cause of action are correctly set forth in the complaint. Those facts, before the adoption of the code, would have sustained either trover or replevin in the detinet, and will now authorize a recovery either of the possession of the property itself or its value. The prayer for relief alone is defective.

I think it was not the intention of the legislature to say that the form of action should not be changed by amendment. But the object of the restriction must have been, to prevent an amendment, which would substitute an entirely new and different cause of action. As in an action for taking away the Plaintiffs’ horse, an amendment ought not to be permitted which would substitute a claim for taking a different kind of property at a different time and place. One controversy cannot be substituted for another by an amendment.

The substantial cause of action must thus remain unchanged, but the forms made use of to obtain relief may be altered; and even on the trial, the pleadings may be made to conform to the proof, when the variance has not misled the party in maintaining his action or defence upon the merits. (§§ 145, 146.)

I am therefore compelled, though with great reluctance, to differ in my construction of the last clause of the 149th section from the learned justice who delivered the opinion in Spalding v. Spalding, 3 How. Sp. T. R. 297.

The motion must be granted, unless within ten days after service of notice of this decision, the Plaintiffs amend their complaint, which they are hereby authorized to do. I do not see how the amendment allowed will make it necessary to put in a farther answer, and will not therefore provide for paying costs of the amended answer, but the Defendants are at liberty to answer further if they shall be so advised.