State v. Ewing , 95 N.E.3d 1112 ( 2017 )

[Cite as State v. Ewing, 2017-Ohio-7194.]
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF OHIO
SECOND APPELLATE DISTRICT
MONTGOMERY COUNTY
STATE OF OHIO :
:
Plaintiff-Appellant : C.A. CASE NO. 27456
:
v. : T.C. NO. 16-CR-2886
:
DON L. EWING : (Criminal Appeal from
: Common Pleas Court)
Defendant-Appellee :
:
...........
OPINION
Rendered on the ___11th ___ day of _____August_____, 2017.
...........
MICHAEL J. SCARPELLI, Atty. Reg. No. 0093662, Assistant Prosecuting Attorney, 301
W. Third Street, 5th Floor, Dayton, Ohio 45422
Attorney for Plaintiff-Appellant
ADELINA E. HAMILTON, Atty. Reg. No. 0078595, Assistant Public Defender, 117 S. Main
Street, Suite 400, Dayton, Ohio 45422
Attorney for Defendant-Appellee
.............
DONOVAN, J.
{¶ 1} This matter is before the Court on the Notice of Appeal of the State of Ohio.
The State appeals from the trial court’s February 7, 2017 Decision and Entry granting
Don Lynn Ewing’s motion to suppress. We hereby affirm the judgment of the trial court.
{¶ 2} On September 14, 2016, Ewing was charged by way of Complaint in Dayton
Municipal Court with one count of resisting arrest, in violation of R.C. 2921.33(A), a
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misdemeanor of the second degree. In a second Complaint on the same date, Ewing
was charged with one count of carrying a concealed weapon, in violation of R.C.
2923.12(A)(2), a felony of the fourth degree, and in a third Complaint on the same date,
Ewing was charged with one count of having weapons while under disability (prior offense
of violence), in violation of R.C. 2923.13(A)(2), a felony of the third degree.
{¶ 3} On October 19, 2016, Ewing was indicted, in the Montgomery County Court
of Common Pleas, on one count of carrying a concealed weapon; one count of having
weapons while under disability (prior offense of violence, namely aggravated burglary and
2 counts of felonious assault in Case No. 1998 CR 2931 in the Montgomery County Court
of Common Pleas); one count of resisting arrest; one count of possession of heroin (less
than one gram), in violation of R.C. 2925.11(A), a felony of the fifth degree; and one count
of possession of cocaine (less than five grams), in violation of R.C. 2925.11(A), a felony
of the fifth degree.
{¶ 4} On November 3, 2016, Ewing entered pleas of not guilty, and on November
18, 2016, he filed his motion to suppress. At the January 23, 2017 hearing on the motion
to suppress, Jeremy Reeb testified that he is a police officer employed by the City of
Dayton Police Department, having been so employed for two-and-a-half years. He
stated that he has a total of seven years of law enforcement experience. Reeb stated
that on September 13, 2016, he and Officer Michael Conrads were on bike patrol in the
East Third Street corridor in Dayton. Reeb stated that he and Conrads observed Ewing
on East Third Street, close to 28 More Avenue, at around 10:00 p.m., and that it was dark
outside. Reeb testified that he is a member of the “community problem response team
where we receive all the east side drug complaints throughout the neighborhood,” and
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that he and Conrads were “watching a specific house on More Avenue, located at 28,” on
a complaint of drug activity. Reeb stated that he is involved in drug cases every day. He
testified that he observed Ewing cross the street and enter 28 More Avenue, and then
depart after being inside for approximately five minutes. He stated that the short time
that Ewing remained in the home caught his attention. Reeb testified that when Ewing
left the residence he “began walking south towards East 3rd Street for a couple feet and
then he’d walk diagonally across More Avenue, in the lane of travel for motor vehicles
and then continued back towards 3rd Street.” According to Reeb, Ewing was in the street
walking diagonally for 25 to 30 feet.
{¶ 5} Reeb stated that he and Conrads approached Ewing on their bicycles, and
that Ewing “made a right hand turn to travel west on 3rd Street,” and that they caught up
with him there. Reeb stated that they intended “to make a stop on him for jaywalking
across More Avenue.” Reeb testified that he “was able to get directly behind [Ewing]
before he even recognized us. I asked him to stop. I got off my bicycle and I told him the
reason I stopped him was for jaywalking and then from that point I then asked him for
identification. Then I told him prior to getting your wallet out * * * do you mind if I pat you
down for weapons?” Reeb further testified, “I said, prior to you getting your wallet out, I
said, I’m going to pat you down for weapons, so please don’t reach for anything.” When
asked why he wanted to pat Ewing down, Reeb responded, “This is the highest drug and
prostitution area on the east side of Dayton,” and “with drugs, we tend to find weapons.”
{¶ 6} Reeb stated that “when I expressed my concerns for patting him down for
weapons, he immediately took a step away from me, which made me nervous. I don’t
know why he was trying to make separation between the two of us.” At that time, Reeb
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stated that he “took another step towards [Ewing] and asked him again if he had any
weapons on him.” Reeb testified that Ewing then took another step away from him and
then “he tried to turn away from me and * * * lunge like he was about to run across the
street.” Reeb stated that he “was then able to gain control of him. I grabbed ahold of
him and took him to the ground and then Mr. Ewing was kind of refusing to put his hands
behind his back.” Reeb stated that he and Conrads “had to gain control of his arms and
put them behind his back to place him in cuffs.”
{¶ 7} On cross-examination, Reeb indicated that More Avenue connects Second
and Third Streets. After viewing State’s Exhibit A, an aerial view of the area around 28
More Avenue, Reeb acknowledged that there is no marked crosswalk and no traffic light
at More Avenue and Second Street or More Avenue and Third Street. Reeb stated that
he is familiar with Section 75.02 of the Dayton Revised Code of General Ordinances
(“RCGO”), entitled “Use of walk by pedestrians.” Section (A), which Reeb read aloud
from Defense Exhibit C, provides: “Where usable walks or paths parallel a street or
highway, pedestrians shall not travel in, along, or on the vehicular traveled portion of such
street or highway, except to cross the roadway in the manner provided by law.” Reeb
testified that Ewing “had access to both sidewalks on both east and west sides of the
roadway. He decided to walk in the middle of the road. He didn’t go to the intersection.
He walked diagonally across a traveled path for motor vehicles.”
{¶ 8} Reeb also read Defense Exhibit D aloud, which is RCGO Section 75.05(A),
entitled “Right-of-way yielded by pedestrian,” as follows: “Every pedestrian crossing a
roadway at any point other than within a marked crosswalk or within an unmarked
crosswalk at an intersection shall yield the right-of-way to all vehicles, trackless trolleys,
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or streetcars upon the roadway.” Reeb stated that he wanted to pat Ewing down for
weapons due to “where [Ewing] was coming from.” He acknowledged that Ewing did not
make furtive movements as he approached him from behind, and that he did not observe
any bulges about Ewing’s person. Reeb acknowledged that he was in the area on a “drugs
complaint,” not a weapons complaint. Reeb stated that Ewing told him that he did not
want him to touch him. Reeb stated Ewing did not have the opportunity to run from him
after he grabbed him and took him to the ground. Reeb testified that after Ewing was on
the ground, Ewing said, “yes, I have a gun in my waistband.” Reeb stated that he
assisted Ewing to his feet, and that he noticed a purple Crown Royal bag in the front of
Ewing’s pants. He testified that Ewing indicated that his gun was in the bag. Reeb
stated that the jaywalking offense for which he cited Ewing is a minor misdemeanor. On
redirect examination, Reeb stated that Ewing was arrested for what was found on his
person.
{¶ 9} Detective Gary Engel testified that he is employed at the Dayton Police
Department. He identified as State’s Exhibit 1 certified copies of two minor misdemeanor
citations issued to Ewing by Reeb and Conrads on September 13, 2016. Engel stated
that one of the citations is for jaywalking and one is for marijuana. Engel stated that on
October 12, 2016, the jaywalking charge was dropped. On cross-examination, Engel
testified that Ewing was charged with violating RCGO Section 75.02(A). Engel testified
that the following handwritten text appears on the citation: “Jaywalked from east curb on
More Avenue to west curb sidewalks and cross walk available. No debris in roadway.
Crossed diagonally in roadway.”
{¶ 10} In its decision granting Ewing’s motion to suppress, the court noted that the
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Dayton Police Department had received a complaint about drug activity at 28 More
Avenue and that there “is no evidence in the record about the number of complaints and
whether they were anonymous” or from a reliable source. The court noted that Reeb
found Ewing’s conduct in entering 28 More Avenue and leaving within five minutes to be
suspicious. The court noted that Ewing “walked south on the sidewalk near 28 More
Avenue, which is on the east side of the street, and then proceeded to cross More Avenue
in a diagonal fashion. * * * There was no vehicular use of the street at that time.”
{¶ 11} The court found that Reeb “credibly testified that he believes the E. 3rd
Street corridor to be a high crime area. He credibly testified that the area has the highest
amount of drug and prostitution activity in east Dayton.” The court noted that Reeb
testified that “often where drugs are found guns are also present.” The court noted that
when Reeb encountered Ewing, Ewing “indicated verbally that he did not wish Officer
Reeb to touch him. So, he took one step away from Officer Reeb. It should be noted
that Officer Reeb was very close to [Ewing] when [Ewing] made one step back.” The
court noted that the jaywalking case against Ewing was dismissed, since the “City
declined to prosecute the case in light of the more serious felony case being pursued in
the Common Pleas Court.”
{¶ 12} The court noted that while there were sidewalks on both sides of More
Avenue, Ewing “did not fully utilize the sidewalks. Rather, for a short period of time, he
walked in the vehicular portion of the street. [Ewing] did not cross simply east to west.
He walked in a southwesterly direction for a time.” The court concluded that Ewing
violated RCGO Section 75.02(A), which prohibits jaywalking. The court found that Reeb
“had a right to issue a citation for the misdemeanor which the officer himself witnessed,”
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and that the stop of Ewing “was a lawful stop.”
{¶ 13} The court further concluded that “there is no evidence that Reeb’s pat-down
of [Ewing] was based on a reasonable and articulable suspicion that [Ewing] may have
been armed. Reeb explained the basis for the frisk, stating that drugs and guns go
together. He testified that he had made many drug arrests.”
{¶ 14} The court further noted that there “is a question by the officers in which
[Ewing] makes a concession and then the Officers retrieve a bag from the Defendant.”
The court concluded that despite the fact that Ewing admitted to having the weapon
before it was retrieved from his person, “a search occurred and the fourth amendment is
applicable.” Pursuant to R.C. 2935.26(A), the court determined that Ewing “should have
simply been cited for the jaywalking violation. He should not have been taken to the
ground. The Officer wanted to pat-down the Defendant rather than engage in the original
basis for the stop. This was a jaywalking violation and the activity should have been
consistent with resolving that matter.”
{¶ 15} The court noted that it “may be argued that [Ewing] was going to flee. Adding
the element of flight to the other circumstances it could be argued gives rise to a
reasonable and articulable suspicion that [Ewing] was armed and dangerous.” The court
noted, however, that the “facts do not indicate that [Ewing] actually ran. [Reeb] was
speculating that it was his * * * intent. What actually occurred was that upon the demand
for a pat-down [Ewing] stepped back. [Reeb] stepped forward, [Ewing] stepped back
and [Ewing] then appeared to turn. It was at that point that he was forcibly seized.”
According to the court, “it is reasonable to conclude that by [Ewing] simply backing away
slowly over a short distance there is no creation of a reasonable and articulable suspicion
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that [Ewing] is armed and dangerous, as required for a pat-down.”
{¶ 16} The court concluded that the stop was valid “because [Ewing] engaged in
jaywalking. Jaywalking is a minor misdemeanor. Pursuant to Ohio law [Ewing] should
have simply been cited and not arrested. Officer Reeb decided not to immediately
pursue that procedure. He decided to engage in a pat-down. He did so without
reasonable and articulable suspicion that [Ewing] was armed and dangerous.” The court
further noted that Ewing “was not given the opportunity to identify himself.” The court
concluded that the case is analogous to State v. Roberts, 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 23219,
2010-Ohio-300.
{¶ 17} The State asserts one assignment of error herein as follows:
THE TRIAL COURT ERRED IN GRANTING EWING’S MOTION TO
SUPPRESS.
{¶ 18} The State asserts that “under the totality of the circumstances, the officers
had reasonable suspicion that Ewing was involved in drug-trafficking and, accordingly,
was armed and dangerous.” According to the State, “even if the officers lacked
reasonable suspicion to perform a weapons search, Ewing committed the offense of
obstructing official business when he attempted to flee the scene, and the evidence was
validly seized incident to a lawful arrest.”
{¶ 19} The State asserts that the trial court correctly concluded that Reeb “had the
authority to detain Ewing based on a jaywalking violation” pursuant to RCGO Section
75.02 “in order to issue a citation.” The State asserts that even if Ewing was not
observed jaywalking, the officers had a reasonable, articulable suspicion that Ewing may
have been involved in drug activity based upon his brief presence in 28 More Avenue, an
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address associated with drug activity, as well as the general area’s significant drug and
prostitution activity, citing State v. Barton, 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 21815, 2007-Ohio-
2348. The State asserts that Reeb “could reasonably suspect that Ewing was involved in
drug-trafficking, which would allow him to further suspect that Ewing might have been
armed.”
{¶ 20} According to the State, “Ewing’s attempt to put distance between himself
and Officer Reeb when the officer mentioned the possibility of Ewing having a weapon as
well as Ewing’s attempt to run away were relevant factors for Officer Reeb to consider in
developing reasonable suspicion that Ewing may have been armed.” The State argues
that while Reeb “announced his intention to perform a pat-down, the officer did not
actually lay his hands on Ewing until he turned and appeared to begin to flee. * * * Since
no ‘search’ occurred prior to this point, Ewing’s movements away from Officer Reeb at
the mention of a potential weapon were valid objective facts to consider in the reasonable
suspicion analysis.”
{¶ 21} The State further argues that even “if the officers did not possess
reasonable suspicion that Ewing was armed and dangerous, they lawfully arrested Ewing
when he attempted to flee the scene, and the evidence was subsequently discovered as
a legitimate search incident to that lawful arrest.” The State directs our attention to State
v. Williams, 192 N.J. 1, 926 A.2d 340 (2007), and asserts that “the New Jersey Supreme
Court confronted similar legal issues as the ones presented in the case at bar,” and to
State v. Lewis, 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 27152, 2017-Ohio-1195. The State argues that
“Ewing had no right to leave the scene,” and that “in fleeing, Ewing committed the
independent criminal offense of obstructing official business in the presence of Officers
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Reeb and Conrads. * * * The officers were then authorized to arrest Ewing, which they
did by physically restraining Ewing and placing him in handcuffs.” According to the State,
“the officers were authorized to search Ewing’s person incident to arrest, which yielded
the handgun and narcotics.”
{¶ 22} The State asserts that “the implicit suggestion by the trial court that Officers
Reeb and Conrads actually had to let Ewing run off before they could arrest him defies
logic.” The State argues that if “Reeb lacked the constitutionally-mandated reasonable
suspicion to conduct a pat-down, Ewing could have stood his ground, and if the pat-down
resulted in the discovery of incriminating evidence, Ewing’s remedy was to have that
evidence suppressed pursuant to a judicial decision.” According to the State, “instead,
he chose to commit an independent criminal act that led to his arrest.” The State asserts
that since “Ewing was searched incident to a lawful arrest, and his conduct leading to the
arrest removed any unconstitutional taint, the trial court erred in suppressing the
evidence.” Finally, the State asserts that Ewing “admitted that he had a handgun. * *
*Assuming Miranda warnings were required and not given, the evidence recovered would
not be subject to suppression,” pursuant to the inevitable discovery doctrine.
{¶ 23} In response, Ewing initially argues that the officers improperly stopped him
for jaywalking. Ewing asserts that RCGO Section 75.05(A) does not prohibit crossing in
the middle of the road unless the pedestrian fails to yield the right of way to vehicles on
the roadway. Ewing asserts that Reeb did not testify regarding the traffic conditions on
More Avenue on September 13, 2016, when Ewing crossed the street, “so it is not in the
record whether there were any vehicles traveling on the roadway of More Avenue when
Ewing crossed.” According to Ewing, without “any testimony that Ewing failed to yield
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the right of way of traffic, the State failed to meet its burden that a jaywalking offense had
been committed by Ewing, thus the initial stop for [j]aywalking was invalid and the officers
lacked any reasonable, articulable suspicion to stop or seize Ewing for a jaywalking
offense.” Ewing “requests that the State’s first argument that the initial stop and
detention of Ewing was valid be overruled and that all evidence discovered on Ewing’s
person be affirmed as suppressed as ‘fruits of the poisonous tree.’ ”
{¶ 24} Ewing directs our attention to State v. Sumlin, 2d Dist. Montgomery No.
23144, 2009-Ohio-2185, and he asserts that “the State’s argument that the totality of the
circumstances justified the pat down frisk should be overruled.” Ewing asserts that he
did not resist arrest, pursuant to R.C. 2921.33(A)(1), or obstruct official business,
pursuant to R.C. 2921.31(A), and he argues that pursuant to either statute, “the duties of
an officer must be lawful or the arrest itself must be lawful.”
{¶ 25} Ewing asserts that the State “relies solely on the concept of flight to make
its argument that the arrest of Ewing was justified.” Ewing asserts that “the trial court
found that ‘the facts do not indicate that [Ewing] actually ran,’ ” and “absent from the
transcript of the suppression hearing is the fact that Ewing actually did run.” Ewing
asserts that “there was no chase, no pushing of the Officer aside to get away, and no
flight.” He asserts that “without flight, there was no resisting arrest and no obstructing
official business, and therefore, no valid arrest of Ewing.”
{¶ 26} Finally, Ewing asserts that there was no testimony about arresting Ewing
for resisting arrest or obstruction of official business. He asserts that “on re-direct,
Officer Reeb testified specifically that the arrest of Ewing was based on items found on
Ewing’s person.” Ewing asserts that the inevitable discovery doctrine does not apply
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because “the State failed to show that the police ‘were actively pursuing an alternate line
of investigation, one untainted by the illegality that took place prior to the particular
misconduct,’ ” quoting State v. Porter, 178 Ohio App.3d 304, 2008-Ohio 4627, 897 N.E.2d
1149 (2d Dist.). He asserts that “the State merely is attempting to argue on appeal that
Officers ‘could have’ pursued an arrest for resisting arrest or obstructing official business
when the facts from the testimony at the suppression hearing demonstrate that was not
the basis for the arrest at all.”
{¶ 27} In Reply, the State asserts that while Ewing asserts that his stop was invalid
pursuant to RCGO Section 75.05, “the trial court relied on Section 75.02 instead, and
ruled that Ewing did not make reasonable use of the sidewalks on either side of the street
when he crossed More Avenue in a ‘diagonal’ fashion. * * * As Ewing’s own exhibits
demonstrated, he was cited for violating 75.02, not 75.05.”
{¶ 28} The State argues that “Ewing makes no attempt in his Brief to counter the
argument that he was lawfully stopped as part of a valid Terry stop based on reasonable
suspicion of drug activity even if he did not commit a jaywalking violation.” According to
the State, “the officers could have based their decision to detain Ewing on the fact that he
quickly entered and exited a residence associated with drug activity in a larger
neighborhood known for significant drug and prostitution crime. * * * Since the officers
had this independent justification for detaining Ewing, his argument that he was illegally
seized lacks merit.”
{¶ 29} The State asserts that the matter herein is more closely analogous to State
v. Wilks, 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 20123, 2004-Ohio-4046. The State argues that
“Ewing responded to Officer Reeb’s stated intention to perform a weapons search by
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stepping away from the officer twice, and on the second occasion, attempting to flee the
scene,” after having been observed in a house associated with drug activity.
{¶ 30} Finally, the State asserts that Ewing was lawfully searched incident to
arrest, and that Reeb’s “testimony indicates that he had a good-faith belief that he was
authorized to pat Ewing down when he made the announcement” that he intended to do
so. According to the State, it “defies common sense to require Officer Reeb to allow a
suspect, whom the officer believes is about to flee, to actually run away * * *.”
{¶ 31} As this Court has previously noted:
“Appellate review of a motion to suppress presents a mixed question
of law and fact. When considering a motion to suppress, the trial court
assumes the role of trier of fact and is therefore in the best position to
resolve factual questions and evaluate the credibility of witnesses.” State v.
Koon, 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 26296, 2015-Ohio-1326, ¶ 13 quoting State
v. Burnside, 100 Ohio St.3d 152, 2003-Ohio-5372, 797 N.E.2d 71, ¶ 8.
“Consequently, an appellate court must accept the trial court's findings of
fact if they are supported by competent, credible evidence. Accepting these
facts as true, the appellate court must then independently determine,
without deference to the conclusion of the trial court, whether the facts
satisfy the applicable legal standard.” Id. The application of the law to the
trial court's findings of fact is subject to a de novo standard of review. State
v. Gordon, 5th Dist. Fairfield No. 14–CA–13, 2014-Ohio-5027, ¶ 14,
citing Ornelas v. United States, 517 U.S. 690, 116 S.Ct. 1657, 134 L.Ed.2d
911 (1996).
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State v. Turner, 2015-Ohio-4612, 48 N.E.3d 981, ¶ 10 (2d Dist.).
{¶ 32} We initially note that the conduct of the defendants in Barton, Williams,
Lewis, and Wilks, upon which the State relies, is distinct from that of Ewing. In Barton,
2007-Ohio-2348, this Court determined that the police officer therein had “probable cause
to detain Sean Barton for the minor misdemeanor jaywalking offense, and he had a
reasonable articulable suspicion to detain him for the investigation of the crime of drug
possession.” Id., ¶ 11. The police officer testified at the suppression hearing that he
“believed that the jaywalking by Barton was done in order to avoid his police cruiser,” and
that he observed Barton toss a baggie containing a substance that was field tested and
determined to be cocaine. Id. There was no testimony that Ewing attempted to evade
the officers after exiting 28 More Avenue, and Ewing did not discard drugs in the officers’
presence.
{¶ 33} At issue in Williams, 192 N.J. 1, was whether Marcellus Williams, “who
resisted and fled from a presumed unconstitutional investigatory stop and who was later
arrested for obstruction is entitled to suppression of the handgun seized incident to his
lawful arrest.” Id., at 4. When the officers initially approached Williams to interview him,
in a high crime area, on a report of someone possibly selling drugs, they asked him to
place his hands on his head to pat him down for officer safety, and in response, Williams
“pushed Officer McRae and fled” for approximately 100 feet, where he fell to the ground.
Id., at 5. The Supreme Court of New Jersey determined that “Defendant’s resistance to
the pat down and flight from the police in this case was an intervening act – the crime of
obstruction – that completely purged the taint from the unconstitutional investigatory
stop.” Id., at 18. There was no testimony that Ewing shoved Reeb or Conrads, or that
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he was able to flee the scene.
{¶ 34} In Lewis, 2017-Ohio-1195, this Court determined that a valid stop of Derrick
Lewis occurred for traffic violations, and that even if the officer “impermissibly attempted
a pat down as part of the stop, Lewis was not entitled to respond by fleeing on foot and
forcing the officer to chase him into the street,” and that “by fleeing the scene of a lawful
traffic stop, Lewis subjected himself to a valid arrest for obstructing official business.” Id.,
¶ 12. This Court found that the officer “was entitled to search him incident to that arrest.”
Id., ¶ 13. Again, Ewing did not flee from the officers, and they were not forced to chase
him.
{¶ 35} In Wilks, 2004-Ohio-4046, a police officer, dispatched to a home pursuant
to a 911 call from an unknown caller, observed a bag of marijuana next to Donald Eugene
Wilks on a bench seat in his car at the location. Id., ¶ 5. The officer testified that he
intended to recover the marijuana and issue a citation. Id., ¶ 6. The officer ordered
Wilks to get out of the car and put his hands on his head to be patted down. Id. This
Court determined that while the officer’s “request to pat down Wilks was a ‘show of
authority’ it was not a pat down until he actually conducted it,” and that Wilks’ response
to the request, “by running away and grabbing for something at his waist provided
justification for a pat down of him when he was caught.” Id., ¶ 16. There was no
testimony that Ewing reached into his clothing in the presence of the officers.
{¶ 36} We will next consider State v. Roberts, 2010-Ohio-300, which the trial court
analogized to the matter herein. Therein, Rashonn Roberts was observed riding a
bicycle on the sidewalk and then crossing North Main Street “ ‘at a diagonal zigzagging
out of traffic.’ ” Id., ¶ 4. Since “cyclists are not permitted to ride their bicycles on the
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sidewalk and Roberts crossed North Main Street ‘in complete violation of every traffic law
that we have,’ ” Dayton Police Officer Fuller decided to issue a citation to Roberts. Id.
The following additional facts were established at the suppression hearing:
Fuller pulled his cruiser onto North Main Street and, using the PA
system in the cruiser, instructed Roberts to pull over his bicycle. Roberts
pulled over at the intersection of North Main Street and East Shadyside. At
the officer’s request, Roberts stepped off the bicycle, holding the bicycle
upright. Fuller asked Roberts to lay down the bicycle. Roberts complied
with some reluctance.
Fuller informed Roberts that he was going to frisk Roberts for
weapons. Fuller explained at the hearing that he had decided to pat down
Roberts because the area was a high crime and high drug area, where there
had been numerous robberies and a recent officer-involved shooting.
Roberts said, “okay,” and faced the officer’s cruiser. Fuller began by
patting down the pockets of Roberts’ shorts. Fuller felt an object in the right
pocket that was immediately apparent to be a large handgun. The officer
told Roberts to put his hands behind his back and “grabbed hold” of Roberts’
arms so Roberts could not reach for the gun. Roberts “started fighting.”
Fuller called for assistance from other officers. Roberts was subsequently
subdued by four officers. Roberts was handcuffed, a .380 semiautomatic
handgun was retrieved from his pocket, and he was placed in a cruiser.
Id., ¶ 5-6.
{¶ 37} Roberts was subsequently indicted for assault of a peace officer, having
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weapons while under disability, and carrying a concealed weapon, and he filed a motion
to suppress. Id., ¶ 7-8. The trial court overruled the motion. On appeal, this Court
noted as follows:
The Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution protects
individuals from unreasonable searches and seizures. Terry v. Ohio (1968),
392 U.S. 1, 88 S.Ct. 1868, 20 L.Ed.2d 889. Under Terry, police officers may
briefly stop and/or temporarily detain individuals in order to investigate
possible criminal activity if the officers have a reasonable, articulable
suspicion that criminal activity may be afoot. State v. Martin, Montgomery
App. No. 20270, 2004–Ohio–2738, at ¶ 10, citing Terry, supra; State v.
Molette, Montgomery App. No. 19694, 2003–Ohio–5965, at ¶ 10. A police
officer may lawfully stop a vehicle, motorized or otherwise, if he has a
reasonable articulable suspicion that the operator has engaged in criminal
activity, including a minor traffic violation. See State v.
Buckner, Montgomery App. No. 21892, 2007–Ohio–4329, ¶ 8.
Id., ¶ 14.
{¶ 38} This Court determined that Fuller was entitled to stop Roberts, since Fuller
“observed Roberts riding his bicycle on the sidewalk, contrary to local ordinance, and saw
Roberts commit several traffic violations when he crossed North Main Street.” Id., ¶ 15.
{¶ 39} This Court further determined as follows:
“Authority to conduct a patdown search for weapons does not
automatically flow from a lawful stop[.]” State v. Stewart, Montgomery No.
19961, 2005-Ohio-1319, ¶ 16. Once a lawful stop has been made, the
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police may conduct a limited protective search for concealed weapons if the
officer reasonably believes that the suspect may be armed or a danger to
the officer or to others. State v. Evans (1993), 67 Ohio St.3d 405, 408, 618
N.E.2d 162; State v. Molette, Montgomery App. No. 19694, 2003-Ohio-
5965, ¶ 13. “The purpose of this limited search is not to discover evidence
of crime, but to allow the officer to pursue his investigation without fear of
violence * * *.” Evans, 67 Ohio St.3d at 408, 618 N.E.2d 162, quoting
Adams v. Williams (1972), 407 U.S. 143, 146, 92 S.Ct. 1921, 32 L.Ed.2d
612.
To justify a patdown search, “the police officer must be able to point
to specific and articulable facts which, taken together with rational
inferences from those facts, reasonably warrant that intrusion.” Terry, 392
U.S. at 21. However, “[t]he officer need not be absolutely certain that the
individual is armed; the issue is whether a reasonably prudent man in the
circumstances would be warranted in the belief that his safety or that of
others was in danger.” Id. at 27; State v. Smith (1978), 56 Ohio St.2d 405,
407, 384 N.E.2d 280. The totality of the circumstances must “be viewed
through the eyes of the reasonable and prudent police officer on the scene
who must react to events as they unfold.” State v. Andrews (1991), 57
Ohio St.3d 86, 87-88, 565 N.E.2d 1271, citing State v. Freeman (1980), 64
Ohio St.2d 291, 295, 414 N.E.2d 1044.
We emphasize that an officer must have a reasonable individualized
suspicion that the suspect is armed and dangerous before he may conduct
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a patdown for weapons. See Terry, supra; Ybarra v. Illinois (1979), 444
U.S. 85, 100 S.Ct. 338, 62 L.Ed.2d 238; Maryland v. Buie (1990), 494 U.S.
325, 334, fn. 2, 110 S.Ct. 1093, 108 L.Ed.2d 276 (“Even in high crime areas,
where the possibility that any given individual is armed is significant, Terry
requires reasonable, individualized suspicion before a frisk for weapons can
be conducted.”) Mere presence in a high crime area or high drug area, by
itself, is insufficient to justify the stop and frisk of an individual. See State
v. Carter (1994), 69 Ohio St.3d 57, 65, 630 N.E.2d 355 (“Although the
investigative stop took place in a high crime area, that factor alone is not
sufficient to justify an investigative stop.”); Brown v. Texas (1979), 443
U.S. 47, 52, 99 S.Ct. 2637, 61 L.Ed.2d 357 (being “in a neighborhood
frequented by drug users, standing alone, is not a basis for concluding that
appellant himself was engaged in criminal conduct”). “To hold otherwise
would result in the wholesale loss of the personal liberty of those with the
misfortune of living in high crime areas.” Carter, 69 Ohio St.3d at 65, 630
N.E.2d 355.
In this case, there is no evidence that Fuller's patdown of Roberts
was based on a reasonable and articulable suspicion that Roberts may
have been armed. Fuller explained the bases for the frisk, stating: “I did this
because this is both a high crime and high drug area. I personally have
made drug arrests, gun arrests, and have personal knowledge of other
officers making gun and drug arrests within the same vicinity. We have an
officer involved shooting within two blocks of there several weeks before
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that. Based on these reasons, I patted him down for weapons.” As for
Roberts specifically, Fuller stated that, prior to the search, Roberts was
compliant, made no assertive movements, did not reach into his pockets,
was not belligerent or verbally abusive, and had not discarded anything.
Fuller did not know Roberts, and his stop of Roberts was based on a traffic
violation, not any suspicion of drug activity or any other criminal conduct
that might involve weapons. Fuller acknowledged on cross-examination
that, “at this point, [Roberts] was 100% compliant. He didn't do anything to
make [the officer] worry that he was going to do anything to harm [him].”
Based on Fuller's testimony, it is apparent that the officer lacked the
requisite patdown for weapons. Accordingly, the trial court erred in denying
Roberts' motion to suppress evidence obtained as a result of the patdown,
i.e., the handgun.
Id., ¶ 16-20.
{¶ 40} Roberts next argued that “all ‘fruits’ of Fuller’s search should be
suppressed as ‘fruit of the poisonous tree,’ ” such that “the assault charge should be
precluded by the officer’s unlawful patdown for weapons.” Id., ¶ 21. This Court noted
as follows:
We have held that “where the officers lacked cause to effectuate an
original arrest yet where the accused responded to an illegal arrest by
physically attacking the officer, the evidence of this new independent crime
is admissible.” State v. Stargell, Montgomery App. No. 20631, 2005-Ohio-
312, ¶ 19, citing State v. Jobes, Montgomery App. No. 20210, 2004-Ohio-
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1167; State v. Nelson (Mar. 9, 2001), Champaign App. No. 00CA12; State
v. Barnes (Dec. 5, 1997), Montgomery App. No. 16434. “In such cases, no
exploitation of the prior illegality by police is involved.” Jobes at ¶ 15,
quoting Nelson, supra.
Id., ¶ 22.
{¶ 41} This Court concluded that while “Fuller lacked a reasonable articulable
suspicion to search Roberts for weapons, thus making the seizure of the handgun
unlawful, the officers were nonetheless permitted to arrest Roberts for his assault on a
police officer.” Id., ¶ 26. This Court concluded that “the exclusionary rule does not apply
to bar evidence of Roberts’ assault on Fuller.” Id.
{¶ 42} We initially note that we agree with the trial court that the stop of Ewing
was valid. Reeb testified that Ewing improperly utilized the vehicular portion of the
roadway by crossing More Avenue in a diagonal manner without crossing at the
intersection, and the officers were entitled to stop Ewing to investigate this perceived
violation. The fact that the jaywalking citation was dismissed, and that Ewing may have
had a defense to the section of the RCGO he was cited under is immaterial to the stop’s
validity.
{¶ 43} Regarding the State’s assertion in its brief, however, that “under the totality
of the circumstances, the officers had reasonable suspicion that Ewing was involved in
drug-trafficking and, accordingly, was armed and dangerous,” as well as the State’s
assertion in its reply brief that Ewing “was lawfully stopped as part of a valid Terry stop
based on reasonable suspicion of drug activity even if he did not commit a jaywalking
violation,” we disagree. “Reasonable suspicion has been defined as something that is
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more than an inchoate hunch or unparticularized suspicion or hunch, but is less than the
level of suspicion required for probable cause.” State v. Mackey, 141 Ohio App.3d 604,
752 N.E.2d 350 (2d Dist. 2001).
{¶ 44} Reeb testified that he intended solely “to make a stop on [Ewing] for
jaywalking across More Avenue.” R.C. 2935.26 provides that a citation for a minor
misdemeanor must be used rather than an arrest, in the absence of certain exceptions,
and there was no evidence in the record that the listed exceptions in R.C. 2935.26 apply.
For example, one of the exceptions to issuing a citation is that the “offender cannot or will
not offer satisfactory evidence of his identity.” R.C. 2935.26(A)(2). While Reeb initially
asked for Ewing’s identification, as the trial court determined, Ewing “was not given an
opportunity to identify himself,” since Reeb then indicated that he intended to pat Ewing
down before allowing him to reach into his pocket to retrieve his identification.
{¶ 45} Further, while Ewing exited 28 More Avenue after a very brief time inside,
neither the source nor the reliability of the complaint that drug activity was occurring there
are part of the record. While Reeb, who was not alone but was accompanied by Conrads,
testified that he patted Ewing down due to where Ewing “came from,” due to the general
area’s association with drug activity and prostitution, and due to the fact that drugs and
weapons are often found together, Reeb further testified that Ewing did not engage in any
furtive movements, such as reaching into his clothing, as in Wilks, and that he did not
observe any bulges about Ewing’s person that might be suggestive of weapons. There
was no suggestion that Ewing observed the officers as he exited 28 More Avenue and
attempted to evade their detection, as in Barton; Reeb testified that he “was able to get
directly behind [Ewing] before he even recognized us.” Further, there was no suggestion
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that Ewing was known to the officers based upon a prior criminal history. Regarding the
State’s focus on the fact that Ewing twice backed away from Reeb, we note that in Sumlin,
2009-Ohio-2185, ¶ 50, upon which Ewing relies, this Court found “that the action of simply
backing away, slowly, over a short distance, from two police officers exiting a police
cruiser, in a high crime neighborhood, with ones hands behind ones back, is not sufficient
to give rise to a reasonable, articulable suspicion that criminal activity is afoot, as required
for a stop under Terry v. Ohio * * *.” Further, we conclude that Ewing’s movement
presented no appreciable prospect of danger to the officers. Reeb testified that Ewing
did not have the opportunity to flee, like the defendants in Williams and Lewis, before he
was seized and taken to the ground. Reeb testified that Ewing was arrested specifically
for the contraband found on his person. Under the totality of the circumstances, we
conclude that Reeb lacked an individualized suspicion, specific to Ewing, which
suggested a threat to the officers’ safety.
{¶ 46} Having found, as did the trial court, that Reeb and Conrads lacked a
reasonable, articulable suspicion that Ewing may have been armed, we conclude that the
State’s assigned error lacks merit. In other words, the trial court did not err in granting
Ewing’s motion to suppress. Accordingly, the State’s assigned error is overruled, and
the judgment of the trial court is affirmed.
.............
HALL, P.J. and TUCKER, J., concur.
Copies mailed to:
Michael J. Scarpelli
Adelina E. Hamilton
Hon. Timothy N. O’Connell