State v. Garrett , 2019 Ohio 2672 ( 2019 )

[Cite as State v. Garrett, 2019-Ohio-2672.]
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS
TWELFTH APPELLATE DISTRICT OF OHIO
BUTLER COUNTY
STATE OF OHIO, : CASE NO. CA2018-03-048
Appellee, : EN BANC O P I N I O N
7/1/2019
:
- vs -
:
LATISHA H. GARRETT, :
Appellant. :
CRIMINAL APPEAL FROM BUTLER COUNTY COURT OF COMMON PLEAS
Case No. CR2017-11-1863
Michael T. Gmoser, Butler County Prosecuting Attorney, John C. Heinkel, Government
Services Center, 315 High Street, 11th Floor, Hamilton, OH 45011, for appellee
Scott N. Blauvelt, 315 South Monument Avenue, Hamilton, OH 45011, for appellant
EN BANC.
{¶ 1} The state filed a motion for en banc consideration, suggesting that the law of
this district is unsettled given a conflict between State v. Sanders, 12th Dist. Butler No.
CA2003-12-311, 2004-Ohio-6320 and State v. Garrett, 12th Dist. Butler No. CA2018-03-
048, 2019-Ohio-750. Pursuant to App.R. 26(A)(2) and Loc.R. 18(D) this court determined
that a conflict exists, and hereby grants the state's motion for en banc consideration as to
the proper method of appellate review when determining whether a defendant holds a
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position of trust to his or her victim according to R.C. 2929.13.
{¶ 2} After holding an en banc conference pursuant to Loc.R. 18(D), a majority of
the judges of this court now overrule our previous holding in Garrett and reiterate that the
proper review of a trial court's finding of a position of trust remains whether the finding is
supported by the record.
Facts and Procedural History of Garrett
{¶ 3} Latisha Garrett was a home-health care worker employed by Visiting Angels
whose motto was "to serve and protect elderly clients." She was assigned to care for the
victim, who was 105 years old at the time. The victim had recently been diagnosed with
early-onset Alzheimer's and relied upon Garrett for in-home care. Through information
Garrett learned while caring for the victim, Garrett and her boyfriend orchestrated a
deceptive plan for the victim to give them $4,800.
{¶ 4} Garrett gave her boyfriend the victim's telephone number in order for the
boyfriend to call the victim and pretend to be the victim's grandson. Garrett's boyfriend
posed as the victim's grandson and called the victim asking for money to help with his
broken-down vehicle. Due to the victim's reliance upon Garrett, the victim believed it was
her grandson on the phone.
{¶ 5} Garrett then offered to take the victim to the bank, where the victim withdrew
cash from her account. Garrett suggested that she would take the money to the victim's
grandson, and the victim entrusted the money to Garrett. Garrett and her boyfriend then
absconded with the money.
{¶ 6} Garrett pled guilty to telecommunications fraud and theft from a person in a
protected class. After the plea hearing, the trial court accepted sentencing memoranda
from the state and Garrett, including argument regarding the issue of whether Garrett held
a position of trust that facilitated the crime. The trial court also heard from the parties on
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the issue during the sentencing hearing, considered Garrett's presentence investigatory
report ("PSI"), and considered the victim impact statement. The trial court found that Garrett
held a position of trust that facilitated the crime, and as such, sentenced Garrett to 18
months in prison rather than community control.
{¶ 7} Garrett appealed the trial court's decision, and a majority of the three-judge
panel who heard the appeal voted to reverse the trial court's sentence. The majority
determined that Garrett did not hold a position of trust because the record did not support
the trial court's finding because there was no analysis or discussion of the fiduciary nature
of the position.
{¶ 8} In so deciding, the Garrett majority relied on an Ohio Supreme Court case,
State v. Massien, 125 Ohio St. 3d 204, 2010-Ohio-1864, in which the court compared
positions of trust held by private individuals to fiduciary relationships. During this court's en
banc consideration, we considered whether our prior decision in Sanders remains proper
precedent given the Ohio Supreme Court's guidance set forth in Massien.
Massien
{¶ 9} In Massien, the Ohio Supreme Court was posed two narrow questions: (1)
can private individuals hold a position of trust; and (2) do nurses hold a position of trust to
their employer-hospital simply by virtue of their employment? In answering the first question
in the affirmative, the court briefly expressed concern regarding the possible expansion of
what it means to hold a position of trust, noting its belief that the legislature never "intended
the phrase to apply to all individuals who breach any private expectation of trust." Massien
at ¶ 5.
{¶ 10} The Massien Court noted its concern regarding the way various appellate
courts had construed the phrase "position of trust" and the vast differences among the
phrase's application. The court addressed the fact that some appellate courts found a
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breach of the position of trust for "virtually any public or private individual whose offense
relates to a breach of any trust." Massien at ¶ 14. As examples, the court referenced a
college student entrusted with school property, a parent who failed to pay child support, as
well as a delivery driver entrusted with others' property. None of the examples involved a
special relationship with the victim, i.e.; the college, the residential parent, the final
destination of delivery.1
{¶ 11} On the other hand, the court noted that other districts found that private
individuals could not hold positions of trust. The Massien Court was not willing to limit
application of the statutory "position of trust" in that strict a manner, and held instead that
private individuals can hold a position of trust. However, and to avoid overextension of the
statute, the court provided that "a private individual holds a position of trust only if he or she
occupies a special relationship equivalent to a fiduciary relationship." Id. at ¶ 2.
{¶ 12} When explaining what a fiduciary relationship entails, the Massien Court
noted that "a 'fiduciary relationship' is one in which special confidence and trust is reposed
in the integrity and fidelity of another and there is a resulting position of superiority or
influence, acquired by virtue of this special trust." Id. at ¶ 35. The court further noted that
being a fiduciary involves "having a duty, created by his undertaking, to act primarily for the
benefit of another in matters connected with his undertaking." (Emphasis sic.) Id.
{¶ 13} While Massien provides guidance to trial and appellate courts when
determining whether a position of trust exists by reference to fiduciary relationships, the
court never required a contract or any formal agreement creating a fiduciary relationship
between the defendant and his or her victim. Instead, the court noted, "a fiduciary
1. Unlike a mother who does not pay child support to the residential parent, Garrett's crimes had a very
specific victim who trusted Garrett to provide care and protection. Thus, Garrett's relationship to the victim is
in no way comparable to the tenuous connections between the victim and perpetrator given as examples in
Massien.
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relationship need not be created by contract; it may arise out of an informal relationship
where both parties understand that a special trust or confidence has been reposed."
(Emphasis added.) Id. at ¶ 35. Thus, the analysis of whether a defendant holds a position
of trust is a factual determination that will differ based on the circumstances of the individual
case.
{¶ 14} The circumstances in Massien were such that the defendant was a nurse
whose victim was the hospital for whom she worked and from whom she stole. The Massien
court emphasized that it was not presented with a matter in which the nurse stole from a
patient being cared for. As such, and because the nurse's only connection with the hospital
was employment, the Massien court analyzed whether nurses in general have relationships
akin to fiduciaries to the hospitals that have given them employment.
{¶ 15} The court never addressed Massien, herself, or the duties she had to her
patients. Instead, the court addressed the inherent differences between doctors and
nurses, and their respective responsibilities to the hospital. The court considered both
positions' "superior knowledge and skill," as well as the discretion inherent in each position.2
Massien determined that nurses, unlike physicians, do not hold the special relationship
comparable to a fiduciary relationship to the hospital for lack of discretion and decision-
making.
{¶ 16} Other than the holding that nurses do not hold a position of trust to their
employer/hospital, Massien also held that private individuals can hold a position of trust with
the guidance that such position of trust is equivalent to a fiduciary relationship. Even though
2. The majority in our previous Garrett decision used this analysis to determine that the record did not support
the trial court's finding of position of trust because nothing in the record showed that Garrett had superior
knowledge, skill, or discretion given her limited wage and high school education. However, the reference to
these more specific characteristics above and beyond the general definition of fiduciary were made during the
court's comparison of doctors and nurses, as well as the court's analysis that not all employees are fiduciaries
to their employers. As such, the emphasis upon aspects of superior knowledge, skill, and discretion are not
applicable to Garrett because we were not asked to decide whether Garrett was a fiduciary to her employer,
Visiting Angels, or if home health care workers, in general, are fiduciaries to their employers.
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Massien was decided after this court's decision in Sanders, Sanders' efficacy was not
limited by anything discussed in Massien.
Sanders
{¶ 17} In Sanders, this court affirmed the conviction and sentence after Sanders was
found guilty of patient abuse and assault. Sanders was on duty at a residential center that
cared for mentally handicapped patients. She provided day-to-day direct care to residents
of the center. Two employees witnessed Sanders hit a patient in his groin multiple times
with a cordless phone. The patient cried in pain and asked Sanders to stop hitting him.
The same patient was later found crying on the hallway floor face down, with the implication
being that Sanders harmed him in some way. The patient suffered bruises to his groin
where Sanders hit him with the phone, as well as injuries to his eye, possibly from the
hallway incident.
{¶ 18} After the jury found Sanders guilty of patient abuse and assault, the trial court
sentenced Sanders to prison after making the finding that Sanders was in a position of trust
that related to the offense.3 On appeal, Sanders argued that the trial court's finding she
held a position of trust was unsupported. This court disagreed and affirmed the trial court's
finding. In so doing, we referenced facts from the record: the victim was a mentally
handicapped patient, the victim had limited communication skills, the victim lived in the
center where Sanders was a caregiver, and Sanders was supposed to provide care,
comfort, and security to the residents.
Massien Applied to Sanders and Garrett
{¶ 19} An analysis based solely on the relationship between employee/employer is
inapplicable to both Sanders and Garrett where Sanders' victim was a patient in a
3. The version of the statute in place at the time Sanders was decided was slightly different in wording, but
not in effect.
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residential facility and Garrett's victim was a 105 year-old-woman with Alzheimer's who
Garrett was entrusted to care for. The Massien case is therefore distinguishable upon the
facts from both Sanders and Garrett in that manner, and does not undermine a finding that
Sanders or Garrett held a position of trust. Unlike Massien, where the record did not
"establish that Massien breached a duty of trust to any patient or that any patient was
harmed as a result of her actions," Garrett breached a duty of trust she owed her victim, the
105-year-old woman entrusted to her care, so that an identifiable victim was harmed as a
result of Garrett's actions. Id. at ¶ 36.
{¶ 20} Nor does Massien make it a requirement that the trial court's finding that a
position of trust exists include a specific discussion of the victim and the defendant's special
relationship equivalent to fiduciary relationship.
{¶ 21} The Massien court, despite its pronouncement that private individuals can
hold positions of trust if such are akin to a fiduciary relationship, did not require a trial court
make special findings specific to the existence of a special relationship equivalent to a
fiduciary relationship. Instead, the court noted the application of R.C. 2929.13(B) requires
only that the "trial court makes any of the findings" included in the statute. Id. at ¶ 8. In
both Sanders and Garrett, the trial court properly abided by the controlling statute when
finding that their defendant held a position of trust.
{¶ 22} While the majority in Garrett considered the applicability of Sanders, it found
the trial court's reliance merely upon facts within the record abridged by Massien. However,
our previous Garrett decision incorrectly limited the efficacy of Sanders because the
standard of review for whether a defendant holds a position of trust remains the same post-
Massien: is the trial court's finding supported by the record?
{¶ 23} Applying the correct rules and precedent, as set forth in Sanders and
Massien, this court need only determine whether the trial court's finding that Garrett held a
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position of trust was supported by the record. To aid in that review, we utilize the well-
established law regarding review of felony sentences, as well as the guidance set forth in
Massien that a private person's position of trust with the victim needs to be equivalent to a
fiduciary relationship.
{¶ 24} We review all felony sentences pursuant to R.C. 2953.08(G)(2) and will
reverse a trial court's sentence only if such sentence is clearly and convincingly contrary to
law or is otherwise unsupported by the record. State v. Ford, 12th Dist. Clermont No.
CA2018-07-052, 2019-Ohio-1196, ¶ 9. A sentence is not clearly and convincingly contrary
to law where the trial court "considers the principles and purposes of R.C. 2929.11, as well
as the factors listed in R.C. 2929.12, properly imposes postrelease control, and sentences
the defendant within the permissible statutory range." State v. Ahlers, 12th Dist. Butler No.
CA2015-06-100, 2016-Ohio-2890, ¶ 8. We have previously noted that the standard of
review when reviewing a felony sentence pursuant to R.C. 2953.08(G)(2)(b) is "extremely
deferential" to the trial court. State v. Geldrich, 12th Dist. Warren No. CA2015-11-103,
2016-Ohio-3400, ¶ 6.
{¶ 25} Before making the finding that Garrett held a position of trust, the trial court
had the benefit of sentencing memoranda from the parties, Garrett's PSI, statements from
Garrett and the state at the sentencing hearing, as well as the victim impact statement.4
Based on the information contained within those sources, the trial court found that Garrett
held a position of trust that facilitated her crimes. The record supports this finding.
{¶ 26} Massien's holding that the private individual's position need be a special
relationship of trust and confidence, and that the trust be reposed in the integrity and fidelity
of another resulting in superiority or influence brought on by virtue of special trust, applies
4. Garrett never raised orally or in her sentencing memorandum that Massien supported her argument that
she did not hold a special relationship equivalent to a fiduciary relationship with the victim.
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to Garrett's relationship with the vulnerable victim.5 The record demonstrates that Garrett's
duties included providing home health care to the victim, who had recently been diagnosed
with early onset Alzheimer's. Moreover, there is no doubt Garrett's relationship with the
victim was one where Garrett had a duty to act primarily for the benefit of another, as the
only reason she entered the victim's home was to provide her care.
{¶ 27} Garrett came into the victim's home for multiple hours at a time to care for her
and provide services that a 105 year-old-woman would require but could not do herself.
During the plea hearing, the state recited the facts, including that Garrett was in the victim's
home "on duty as a care giver employed by Visiting Angels" whose motto, as later
referenced in the victim impact statement, was to "serve and protect elderly clients."
{¶ 28} The record also demonstrates that the victim placed her trust and confidence
in Garrett, as Garrett and her boyfriend were easily able to influence the vulnerable victim
to believe a scenario that one with full capacity would not have believed. Garrett gleaned
information from the victim about the victim's family that Garrett then gave to her boyfriend
in order to fake a relative's emergency and pose as the victim's grandson.
{¶ 29} Garrett listened in on the phone conversation and was able to use her position
of superiority as caregiver to influence the victim into believing it was the victim's grandson
on the phone. Relying on the trust she had built with the victim, Garrett took the victim to
the bank, went inside with her, and helped the victim withdraw $4,800 in cash. At Garrett's
suggestion and offer to take the money to the victim's grandson in Dayton, the victim
willingly gave Garrett the cash in an envelope. These facts demonstrate that the victim had
5. The Garrett majority included a quote from Massien that referenced a "special relationship" similar to the
interaction between a victim and his or her doctor, lawyer, or accountant. However, that quote was a reference
by the Massien Court to how an appellate court could perceive fiduciary relationships. Nowhere in Massien
did the court limit a fiduciary relationship to certain jobs, require any holding of an advanced degree, or require
a fiduciary relationship to involve one's healthcare, legal issues, or finances. Even so, we would note that
Garrett had direct impact on the victim's healthcare in that she performed services of an in-home health care
provider, exercising obvious superiority and influence over the victim, breaching any responsibilities of fidelity
and loyalty.
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a special trust and confidence in Garrett in that she went with Garrett to her bank, had
Garrett help her withdraw $4,800, and then handed the money over to Garrett, trusting that
Garrett would take the money and aid her grandson and his emergency.
{¶ 30} While the previous Garrett majority assumed that the trial court had not taken
Massien into consideration, we reiterate that neither the statute nor Massien require any
special findings by the trial court that an actual fiduciary relationship exists. Nor does the
statute or Massien require that the trial court make special findings that the position of trust
is equivalent to a fiduciary relationship. Instead, the trial court need only make a finding,
according to both the statute and Massien, that the defendant held a position of trust and
that the position of trust facilitated the offense.
{¶ 31} The previous majority in Garrett presumed the trial court was unaware of the
discussion and guidance given in Massien; we make no such presumption. We note only
that the record supports the trial court's overall required finding, which is our only question
on review. We need only look to the facts of a particular case that support the trial court's
finding of a position of trust, and we will not say the trial court's finding specific to Garrett
was clearly and convincingly not supported by the record.
{¶ 32} Moreover, the sentence was not contrary to law where the trial court properly
considered the principles and purposes of R.C. 2929.11, as well as the factors listed in R.C.
2929.12, properly imposed postrelease control, and sentenced Garrett within the
permissible statutory range.
Conclusion
{¶ 33} To secure and maintain uniformity of the court's decisions, the court hereby
confirms and adopts the holding in State v. Sanders, 12th Dist. Butler No. CA2003-12-311,
2004-Ohio-6320 and we further overrule State v. Garrett, 12th Dist. Butler No. CA2018-03-
048, 2019-Ohio-750 and affirm the trial court. As such, the sentence imposed upon Garrett
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by the trial court is hereby reinstated.
HENDRICKSON, P.J., S. POWELL, and PIPER, JJ., concur.
RINGLAND and M. POWELL, JJ., dissent.
RINGLAND and M. POWELL, JJ., dissenting.
{¶ 34} In Massien, the Ohio Supreme Court ruled that a private person may hold a
"position of trust" for purposes of R.C. 2929.13(B)(1)(b)(viii). However, it cautioned that
"the General Assembly intended a narrow application of the phrase 'position of trust'" as it
relates to private persons. State v. Massien, 125 Ohio St. 3d 204, 2010-Ohio-1864, ¶ 22.
The supreme court admonished that the statute "does not apply to all positions of trust held
by private individuals" but only in instances of "a special relationship of trust and confidence
equivalent to a fiduciary relationship." Id. at ¶ 2. Thus, the supreme court made clear that
not all private positions of trust qualify as a "position of trust" under R.C.
2929.13(B)(1)(b)(viii).
{¶ 35} As detailed by the majority opinion, upon recognizing the limited application
of R.C. 2929.13(B)(1)(b)(viii) to private individuals, the supreme court proceeded to
describe the nature of the special fiduciary relationship which is necessary for a private
person to occupy a "position of trust" under the statute. Having identified those requisites,
the supreme court applied them to the facts in Massien and ruled that a nurse did not occupy
a fiduciary relationship with her hospital employer.
{¶ 36} In analyzing whether a nurse occupies a fiduciary relationship to her hospital
employer, the supreme court examined the nature of a nurse's job duties. The supreme
court held that "emphasis should be placed upon whether the assigned job duties require,
as essential qualifications over and above technical competency requirements, a high
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degree of trust, confidence, reliance, integrity and fidelity." Massien at ¶ 37, quoting State
ex rel. Charlton v. Corrigan, 36 Ohio St. 3d 68 (1988), syllabus. Continuing, the supreme
court held, "Job duties that require a great degree of discretion support the existence of a
fiduciary relationship, whereas assigned duties of a routine character do not involve the
degree of discretion or trust necessary to be considered a fiduciary." Massien at ¶ 37. "A
further consideration involves whether the employee's responsibility includes 'daily
discretionary decisions' affecting persons served by the employer that require the employee
to be 'of higher than normal reliability.'" Id., quoting Charlton at syllabus.
{¶ 37} The majority distinguishes Massien and the applicability of its analysis on the
ground this case does not involve an employment relationship. However, the same or a
similar analysis must be utilized in non-employment situations to implement the narrow
application of R.C. 2929.13(B)(1)(b)(viii) to private individuals as directed by the supreme
court. Examination of whether duties are routine or discretionary and the manner in which
the offender's responsibilities benefit the person served is necessary to determine whether
an offender committed a breach of a fiduciary duty in relation to the offense or merely a
simple breach of trust.
{¶ 38} The record in this case did not support the trial court's finding that Garrett
shared a fiduciary relationship with the victim. The transcripts of the hearings, the parties'
sentencing memoranda, the presentence investigative report, and the victim impact
statement reflect the following: Garrett was a 34-year-old, high school-educated employee
of Visiting Angels earning $12 an hour as a "caregiver;" Visiting Angels' marketing slogan
was to "serve and protect elderly clients;" Garrett was periodically scheduled to be in the
victim's home for brief periods as evidenced by the fact she was scheduled to be in the
victim's home for two hours on the day of the offense; Garrett performed some unspecified
in-home services for the victim; and Garrett had generally provided her clients
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transportation to the bank and took the victim to the bank on the day of the offense.
{¶ 39} Based upon this evidence, the trial court concluded that Garrett occupied a
"position of trust" to the victim. In other words, the trial court found that this evidence
supported a finding that Garrett's relationship with the victim was "one in which special
confidence and trust is reposed in the integrity and fidelity of [Garrett] * * * resulting [in a]
position of superiority or influence, acquired by virtue of this special trust," or that Garrett's
responsibilities included discretionary functions requiring that she be "of higher than normal
reliability." Massien, 2010-Ohio-1864 at ¶ 35, 37. However, the record does not reflect
Garrett's "undertaking" on behalf of the victim. Without such evidence, the court is left to
speculate whether Garrett had "a duty, created by [her] undertaking, to act primarily for the
benefit of [the victim] in matters connected with [Garrett's] undertaking." (Emphasis sic.)
Id. at ¶ 35. Thus, even if Garrett occupied a "position of trust" with the victim in some
context, R.C. 2929.13(B)(1)(b)(viii) would not apply to crimes she committed against the
victim which were unconnected to that "position of trust." As this offense is a financial crime,
a critical issue involves whether Garrett's undertaking on behalf of the victim included a duty
to act for the benefit of the victim in the victim's financial affairs.
{¶ 40} The majority relies upon Garrett's job title, her employer's marketing slogan,
Garrett's performance of unspecified duties in the victim's home, and the circumstances of
the offense in concluding that the record supported the trial court's finding that Garrett
occupied a "position of trust."
{¶ 41} In arriving at the proper standard to be applied in determining whether a
private person occupied a "position of trust," the supreme court cited with approval the First
Appellate District's approach of restricting the statute to private individuals "in professions
'traditionally thought to invoke a special relationship of trust - such as doctor, lawyer or
accountant,'" and found that approach consistent with the purposes and principles of felony
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sentencing. Massien, 2010-Ohio-1864 at ¶ 16, quoting State v. Condon, 152 Ohio App. 3d
629, 2003-Ohio-2335, ¶ 104 (1st Dist.). In contrast to this case, the duties of a doctor,
lawyer, and accountant are generally understood. These professions are state regulated,
have licensure requirements, and are subject to codes of professional conduct. Those job
titles alone convey a great deal of information as to the relationship each has with his or her
patients or clients.
{¶ 42} The nursing profession is much like that of a doctor, lawyer, and accountant
in that the profession is subject to state regulation and licensure. Most people have
personal experience with a nurse. Thus, the Massien court knew the general nature of
Massien's duties and her relationship to her employer and patients based upon the fact that
she was a "nurse."
{¶ 43} A "caregiver's" duties are not so well defined as those of a doctor, lawyer,
accountant, or nurse. The duties of a "caregiver" will differ from one situation to another
and little may be inferred from such a job title about the relationship of a certain "caregiver"
to her client. When considering whether a "caregiver" occupies a "position of trust" to his
or her client, the job title and the employer's marketing slogan cannot substitute for
information as to the "caregiver's" duties in determining whether the "caregiver" occupies a
special relationship of trust and confidence with those served.
{¶ 44} Nor do the facts of the offense provide the necessary fundament for
determining that an offender occupies a "position of trust" in relation to the offense. Indeed,
holding that an offense involving a breach of trust places the offender in a "position of trust"
begs the question. The establishment of the "position of trust" is the predicate to determine
whether the offense related to that position of trust, not vice versa.
{¶ 45} The record does not support the characterization of Garrett as a "home health
care provider." Visiting Angels referred to its employees as "caregivers," not "home health
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care providers." Garrett's lack of higher education and wages do not suggest that she is
qualified to provide health care. It is more likely that Garrett assisted with routine
housekeeping chores, such as cooking, cleaning, meal preparation, laundry, and perhaps
with the victim's personal hygiene. Regardless, because this case involved a financial
crime, it remains necessary for the record to reflect that Garrett undertook some fiduciary
duty with respect to the victim's finances to support a finding that Garrett occupied a
"position of trust" in relation to the offense.
{¶ 46} The facts of Massien illustrate the limited application of R.C.
2929.13(B)(1)(b)(viii) to private individuals. Sally Massien was employed by a hospital as
a nurse. In her position, Massien was trusted by her employer hospital to access narcotic
drugs to further the hospital's mission of serving its patients. Massien breached that trust
and stole narcotics for her own use. Yet, the supreme court ruled that Massien did not hold
a "position of trust" because Massien's relationship with her employer was not equivalent
to a fiduciary relationship. Thus, a private person merely occupying a position where trust
and fidelity should be expected does not fall within the ambit of the statute. "[W]e do not
believe that the legislature intended the phrase to apply to all individuals who breach any
private expectation of trust." Massien, 2010-Ohio-1864 at ¶ 21. "An unrestrained
application of the phrase 'position of trust' to 'every breach of ethical, moral, or filial duty by
a private individual' is not consistent with the sentencing principles set forth by the General
Assembly, * * * or with the language of R.C. 2929.13(B)(1)." Id., citing State v. Brewer, 1st
Dist. Hamilton No. C-000148, 2000 Ohio App. LEXIS 5455, *6 (Nov. 24, 2000). This case
is much like Massien in that both involve crimes arising from a simple breach of trust.
{¶ 47} Sanders is of no precedential value in resolving the issue in this case. In that
case, Nicole Sanders was employed as a "resident specialist" at a County Department of
Mental Retardation residential center. A "resident specialist" was responsible for the day-
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to-day direct care of the residents of the center. We described the mission of the center as
providing "care, comfort, and security" to its residents. Sanders was charged with fourth-
degree felony patient abuse for physically abusing a 56-year-old mentally handicapped
resident with limited communication skills who was completely dependent upon the center's
staff for his daily care. Sanders was convicted of the offense and was sentenced to a prison
term after the trial court found that she occupied a "position of trust" in relation to the offense.
{¶ 48} Sanders was decided before the supreme court issued its guidance in
Massien. Thus, there is no analysis of whether Sanders' position as a "resident specialist"
was the equivalent of a fiduciary relationship to the victim. Furthermore, even if Sanders
did occupy such a "position of trust" due to her responsibility to promote the center's mission
of providing "care, comfort, and security" to its residents, by physically abusing the victim,
Sanders breached a trust directly related to that responsibility. In contrast, this case
involves a financial crime. Whatever inferences may be made from the record in this case
about Garrett's responsibility to her victim, such inferences do not include a responsibility
regarding the victim's finances. That is, the record does not support a finding that Garrett's
offense involved a breach of a duty connected to any fiduciary "undertaking," as required
by Massien.
{¶ 49} We do not criticize Sanders based upon the law at the time it was decided.
At that time, the supreme court had not clarified that a R.C. 2929.13(B)(1) "position of trust"
does not "apply to all positions of trust held by private individuals" but must be "a special
relationship of trust and confidence equivalent to a fiduciary relationship." Massien, 2010-
Ohio-1864 at ¶ 2. It was for this reason that we did not overrule Sanders in Garrett. Upon
reflection, and in view of Massien, we should have overruled Sanders to the extent that it
may be understood to hold that a "caregiver" is a "position of trust" as a matter of law.
{¶ 50} In Garrett, we did not find as a matter of law that a "caregiver" is not a "position
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of trust." We found that the record did not support the trial court's finding that Garrett
occupied a "position of trust" as required by R.C. 2953.08(G)(2). Therefore, rather than
simply reversing, we reversed and remanded to the trial court for a new sentencing hearing
pursuant to R.C. 2929.19(A). At the resentencing hearing, the statute requires the
sentencing court to afford the state an opportunity to present information "relevant to the
imposition of sentence." Thus, the state would have the opportunity to supplement the
record to support a finding that Garrett shared a "special relationship of trust and confidence
[with the victim] equivalent to a fiduciary relationship."
{¶ 51} Based upon this record, applying the R.C. 2929.13(B)(1)(b)(viii) "position of
trust" to Garrett runs contrary to the supreme court's guidance that R.C.
2929.13(B)(1)(b)(viii) have a narrow application and be limited to "private individuals who
occupy a special relationship of trust and confidence equivalent to a fiduciary relationship
and whose offense relates to that fiduciary relationship [to prevent] the disqualification of
persons who are not clearly meant to be excluded[.]" Massien, 2010-Ohio-1864 at ¶ 34.
{¶ 52} Garrett offered to do the victim the "favor" of delivering money to the victim's
grandson. The victim trusted Garrett to do so. By stealing the money, Garrett committed a
simple breach of that trust. However, based upon the little known of Garrett's job duties
and the nature of the resulting relationship she shared with the victim, the record does not
support a finding that Garrett breached any duties of a fiduciary nature by participating in
the theft of the money the victim entrusted to her.
{¶ 53} For the reason set forth herein, those set forth in the Garrett majority opinion,
and with regard and respect for our colleagues in the majority, we dissent.
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