State v. Mack , 2017 Ohio 8397 ( 2017 )

[Cite as State v. Mack, 2017-Ohio-8397.]
Court of Appeals of Ohio
EIGHTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
COUNTY OF CUYAHOGA
JOURNAL ENTRY AND OPINION
No. 101261
STATE OF OHIO
PLAINTIFF-APPELLEE
vs.
CLARENCE MACK
DEFENDANT-APPELLANT
JUDGMENT:
AFFIRMED
Civil Appeal from the
Cuyahoga County Court of Common Pleas
Case No. CR-91-262888-A
BEFORE: Celebrezze, J., Keough, A.J., and Kilbane, J.
RELEASED AND JOURNALIZED: November 2, 2017
ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLANT
John B. Gibbons
2000 Standard Building
1370 Ontario Street
Cleveland, Ohio 44113
Timothy F. Sweeney
The 820 Building, Suite 430
820 West Superior Avenue
Cleveland, Ohio 44113
ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEE
Michael C. O’Malley
Cuyahoga County Prosecutor
BY: Katherine Mullin
Joseph J. Ricotta
Assistant County Prosecutors
1200 Ontario Street, 8th Floor
Cleveland, Ohio 44113
FRANK D. CELEBREZZE, JR., J.:
{¶1} This cause is before us pursuant to the February 22, 2017 remand from the
Ohio Supreme Court for further review of our decision released June 4, 2015,1 in view of
the court’s recent decision in State v. Mack, 148 Ohio St. 3d 1409, 2017-Ohio-573, 69
N.E.3d 749. The Ohio Supreme Court directed this court to consider the merits of this
appeal.
{¶2} Appellant, Clarence Mack, seeks review of the lower court’s decision
denying his successive petition for postconviction relief and motion for new trial. He
argues that Ohio’s postconviction procedures are unconstitutional, trial counsel was
constitutionally ineffective, the state improperly withheld evidence at trial, and he met all
the requirements for a successful postconviction petition and motion for new trial. After
a thorough review of the record and law, we affirm the lower court’s determination.
I. Factual and Procedural History
{¶3} Appellant was convicted of the 1991 murder of Peter Sanelli, for which he
was sentenced to death. The evidence established that appellant shot and killed Peter
while he and Thomas Sowell were stealing Peter’s car on Prospect Avenue in Cleveland.
A detailed recitation of the evidence adduced at trial can be found in this court’s opinion
that resulted from appellant’s direct appeal. State v. Mack, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No.
62366, 1993 Ohio App. LEXIS 5758 (Dec. 2, 1993) (“Mack I”). In that opinion, this
State v. Mack, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 101261, 2015-Ohio-2149.
1
court affirmed appellant’s convictions and sentence, overruling the following assigned
errors:
1. [Appellant] was denied due process of law when the court denied his
motion for discovery and inspection;
2. The trial court denied [appellant] due process when it overruled his
motion for grand jury testimony;
3. The court denied [appellant’s] right to be free from unreasonable search
and seizure by overruling a motion to suppress evidence seized during a
warrantless arrest;
4. The trial court denied [appellant] his right to a jury from a fair, impartial
cross-section of the community, when it dismissed for cause jurors who
expressed concern about the death penalty but stated they could follow the
law;
5. The trial court denied [appellant’s] right to a jury from a fair, impartial
cross-section of the community, when it did not dismiss for cause jurors
who believed death was the only proper sentence for someone convicted of
felony murder;
6. [Appellant] was denied his right of confrontation when a non-examining
coroner, Dr. Robert Challener, testified concerning an autopsy made by a
non-testifying coroner;
7. [Appellant] was denied the right to confrontation when state witness
Anthony Sanelli testified about out-of-court conversations he had with
Timothy Willis;
8. [Appellant] was denied due process of law when the court permitted
detective Edward Lucey to testify as an expert;
9. [Appellant] was denied his right against self-incrimination by the
introduction of a statement made by [him] when he had not been advised of
his constitutional rights;
10. [Appellant] was denied his right to defend himself by the exclusion of
impeachment testimony against Timothy Willis;
11. [Appellant’s] convictions are against the manifest weight of the
evidence;
12. [Appellant’s] right to life is violated by his conviction for a felony
murder specification that was not supported by sufficient evidence to prove
his guilt beyond a reasonable doubt;
13. [Appellant] was denied his constitutional right to a fair and impartial
jury at his trial by the introduction of gruesome and inflammatory
photographs;
14. The court denied [appellant] his right to a fair, impartial jury when it
allowed gruesome and inflammatory photographs during the penalty phase
of his trial;
15. [Appellant] was denied his right to a trial by a jury by the improper jury
instructions given during his trial;
16. [Appellant] was denied due process of law by the refusal to instruct on
the lesser included offenses of murder and involuntary manslaughter;
17. [Appellant] was denied his right to effective assistance of counsel by
counsel’s failure to preserve the record;
18. [Appellant] was denied his constitutional right to a fair trial by the
cumulative effect of all the errors that occurred during his trial;
19. Repeated prosecutorial misconduct denied [appellant] a fair trial;
20. [Appellant] was denied due process of law when the court improperly
instructed the jury during the penalty phase;
21. [Appellant] was denied his right to effective assistance of counsel
during the penalty phase of his trial;
22. [Appellant] was denied his right to a fair tribunal as the court had
prepared its sentencing memorandum prior to the sentencing hearing of the
trial;
23. [Appellant] was deprived of his constitutional right to a fair trial by the
cumulative effect of all the errors that occurred during his penalty phase;
24. The trial court erred and denied [appellant] his constitutional right to a
fair trial, by denying his motion for a new trial;
25. [Appellant] was denied due process and equal protection of the law [sic]
his conviction of a death penalty specification that does not require proof of
prior calculation and design for principal offenders but does require proof
of prior calculation and design for an aider and abettor;
26. [Appellant’s] death sentence has denied him due process under the law
as the trial court erred in adopting the recommendation of the jury and in
finding that the aggravating circumstances outweighed the mitigating
factors;
27. Imposition of the death sentence violates the Sixth, Eighth and
Fourteenth Amendments to the United States Constitution and Sections 2, 9,
20 and 16, Article I, of the Ohio Constitution.
{¶4} The Ohio Supreme Court likewise affirmed and overruled appellant’s 28
propositions of law argued to that court. State v. Mack, 73 Ohio St. 3d 502, 653 N.E.2d
329 (1995) (“Mack II”). There, he argued the above-claimed errors and added a claim
that his appellate counsel was ineffective.
{¶5} Next, appellant filed his first postconviction relief petition on August 2, 1996.
There he alleged ineffective assistance of trial counsel. The trial court denied the
petition in 1996 without a hearing, but that decision did not become final until 1999 when
findings of fact and conclusions of law were issued. An appeal to this court followed.
State v. Mack, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 77459, 2000 Ohio App. LEXIS 4948 (Oct. 26,
2000) (“Mack III”). There he argued:
(1) trial counsel should have obtained an independent ballistics test on
defendant’s gun when the State’s evidence showed that three bullet casings
at the crime scene came from his gun; (2) Mrs. Carole Mancino, one of his
attorneys at trial, should have been allowed to testify regarding
contradictory statements allegedly made to her by Tim Willis, the State’s
key witness; (3) defense counsel should have properly laid a foundation at
trial for the introduction into evidence of allegedly prior inconsistent
statements made by Curtis Mack and Tim Willis; and (4) defense counsel
should have called four witnesses who purportedly would have called into
question Willis’ credibility on certain details and one witness who would
have allegedly provided him with an alibi.
Id. at 3-4. This court overruled these arguments and affirmed the lower court’s decision.
{¶6} After superior courts to this one declined to hear further appeals, appellant
applied to reopen his appeal, claiming that appellate counsel was ineffective. State v.
Mack, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 62366, 2003-Ohio-2605 (“Mack IV”). This court
declined to reopen the appeal based, in part, on res judicata because appellant had
previously argued in Mack II that appellate counsel was ineffective. This court found
that the following arguments were barred by res judicata:
(1) The prosecutor improperly argued that the aggravated murder was an
aggravating circumstance to be considered by the jury in its weighing
process.
(2) The prosecutor improperly argued the victim impact statement.
(3) The prosecutor misled the jury and minimized the jury’s sense of duty
by arguing that the sentencing verdict was only a recommendation.
(4) The prosecutor improperly, illegally, and unconstitutionally withheld
exculpatory, impeachment and/or mitigation evidence, Mr. Willis’
statement, from the defense.
(5) The trial court denied his motion for discovery and inspection of police
reports, including witness statements.
(6) The trial court improperly instructed the jury to reject a death sentence
before considering a sentence of life in prison.
(7) The trial court improperly instructed the jury on unanimity during the
sentencing phase.
(8) The trial court improperly instructed the jury regarding reasonable doubt
at the sentencing phase.
(9) The trial court improperly instructed the jury on the aggravating
circumstances in this case.
(10) The trial court improperly refused to give lesser included instructions
for murder and/or manslaughter, and proper instructions for specific intent.
(11) The trial court failed to apply the correct standard during voir dire to
challenges pertaining to juror’s views about the death penalty.
(12) The trial court repeatedly erred by using the term “recommendation” in
describing the jury’s sentencing verdict.
(13) The trial court failed to prevent the admission and use of victim impact
evidence during the sentencing phase.
(14) The trial court erred in admitting the autopsy photographs during the
sentencing phase.
(15) The trial court improperly determined that Mr. Mack would be
sentenced to death before conducting the sentencing hearing.
(16) Ohio’s proportionality and appropriateness review denies a defendant
due process and equal protection and fails to guard against arbitrary and
capricious death sentences.
(17) The trial court erred in allowing the hearsay testimony involving Mr.
Willis and Mr. Anthony Sanelli and in otherwise violating the
Confrontation Clause.
(18) Trial counsel was ineffective for not calling other alibi witnesses.
(19) The trial court erred in excluding the testimony of Carol Mancino and
Curtis Mack.
(20) Ohio’s death penalty scheme is unconstitutional.
Mack IV at ¶ 7.
{¶7} This court also analyzed the merits of appellant’s claims for those arguments
that were not barred by res judicata. As it relates to the present appeal, we addressed
appellant’s claim that trial counsel was ineffective because they did not investigate
mitigation evidence for the penalty phase and did not thoroughly investigate the state’s
case. Id. at ¶ 36, 38. This court denied appellant’s application. This decision was
affirmed by the Ohio Supreme Court. State v. Mack, 101 Ohio St. 3d 397,
2004-Ohio-1526, 805 N.E.2d 1108 (“Mack V”).
{¶8} Appellant next filed a writ of habeas corpus in federal court. The federal
district court allowed discovery and an evidentiary hearing. However, after the court
determined that appellant failed to exhaust certain claims, the court stayed habeas
proceedings to give appellant the opportunity to raise three claims in state court.2 As a
result, appellant filed a successive petition for postconviction relief and motion for leave
to file a motion for new trial on December 21, 2011. Appellant also moved to have
counsel appointed for these proceedings. The Office of the Ohio Public Defender
declined to represent appellant below. After that, the attorneys that represented
appellant in the federal proceedings filed a motion for extraordinary fees prior to
These three claims are the same raised in appellant’s third, fourth, and fifth assignments of
2
error.
appointment in the case. The court denied that request, but the attorneys continued to
represent appellant and were compensated through a federal program.
{¶9} The trial court held a hearing on appellant’s petition that began on September
4, 2013, and concluded on September 16, 2013. Post-hearing briefs were submitted by
both sides. On March 20, 2014, the trial court denied appellant’s petition and motion
and issued findings of fact and conclusions of law. Appellant then appealed to this court
assigning six errors for review:
I. The trial court erred when it denied [appellant’s] second-in-time
petition for [postconviction] relief for not meeting the jurisdictional
requirements of R.C. 2953.23, or for any other reason. All requirements
for the court’s jurisdiction under R.C. 2953.23 were met, and [appellant’s]
claims are meritorious, thereby entitling [appellant] to relief from his
unconstitutional convictions and/or sentence of death.
II. [Appellant’s] convictions and death sentence are void or voidable
because Ohio’s [postconviction] procedures do not provide an adequate
corrective process and violate the [C]onstitution.
III. [Appellant’s] convictions and/or sentence of death are void and/or
voidable because [his] trial counsel rendered ineffective assistance in the
guilt/innocence phase of [his] trial by unreasonably failing to investigate
and pursue arguments and evidence that, even under the State’s theory,
[appellant] was not the principal offender and thus not eligible for death, in
violation of [his] constitutional rights.
IV. [Appellant’s] convictions and/or sentence of death are void and/or
voidable because [his] trial counsel rendered ineffective assistance in the
sentencing phase of [appellant’s] trial, in violation of [his] constitutional
rights.
V. [Appellant’s] convictions and/or sentence of death are void and/or
voidable because the [s]tate of Ohio suppressed material exculpatory and/or
impeachment information from [appellant] during and after his trial, in
violation of Brady v. Maryland and its progeny and [appellant’s]
constitutional rights.
VI. The trial court erred in denying [appellant’s] motion for leave to file a
motion for new trial and in failing to grant a new trial.
II. Law and Analysis
A. Jurisdictional Requirements
{¶10} When dealing with successive postconviction relief petitions, the applicant
has a heightened pleading requirement. R.C. 2953.23 governs successive or untimely
petitions. It provides that a court may not entertain an untimely or successive petition
unless the petitioner is able to demonstrate each of the following:
(a) Either the petitioner shows that the petitioner was unavoidably
prevented from discovery of the facts upon which the petitioner must rely to
present the claim for relief, or, subsequent to the period prescribed in
division (A)(2) of section 2953.21 of the Revised Code or to the filing of an
earlier petition, the United States Supreme Court recognized a new federal
or state right that applies retroactively to persons in the petitioner’s
situation, and the petition asserts a claim based on that right.
(b) The petitioner shows by clear and convincing evidence that, but for
constitutional error at trial, no reasonable factfinder would have found the
petitioner guilty of the offense of which the petitioner was convicted or, if
the claim challenges a sentence of death that, but for constitutional error at
the sentencing hearing, no reasonable factfinder would have found the
petitioner eligible for the death sentence.
R.C. 2953.23(A).
{¶11} If the court determines that a petitioner has met these jurisdictional
requirements, then it may analyze the petition as set forth in R.C. 2953.21, where the
petitioner must successfully show by clear and convincing evidence “actual innocence of
that felony offense or, if the person was sentenced to death, establish, by clear and
convincing evidence, actual innocence of the aggravating circumstance or circumstances
the person was found guilty of committing and that is or are the basis of that sentence of
death * * *.”
{¶12} This court reviews the trial court’s decision granting or denying a
postconviction relief petition for an abuse of discretion. State v. Kent, 8th Dist.
Cuyahoga No. 94562, 2010-Ohio-6368, ¶ 8, citing State v. Gondor, 112 Ohio St. 3d 377,
2006-Ohio-6679, 860 N.E.2d 77, ¶ 45.
{¶13} Appellant claims in his first assignment of error that the court erred when it
denied his motion because he did not meet the jurisdictional requirements of R.C.
2953.23. The court, according to its findings of fact and conclusions of law, denied the
motion because appellant did not
establish that there exists new material which he could not with reasonable
diligence have discovered and produced at the trial and that, but for
constitutional error at trial, no reasonable factfinder would have found him
guilty of the offense of which he was convicted or that, but for
constitutional error at the sentencing hearing, no reasonable factfinder
would have found him eligible for the death sentence.
The trial court found that appellant did not carry his burden. The trial court did not deny
the petition outright, but held a hearing, and analyzed the petition properly under R.C.
2953.21. Therefore, the remainder of the discussion of this assigned error will include
appellant’s third and fourth assignments of error where he argues the merits of his
petition.
B. Ineffective Assistance of Trial Counsel
{¶14} Appellant’s third and fourth assignments of error both claim trial counsel
was ineffective. Appellant claims his convictions and sentence are void or voidable as a
result of counsel’s failings in the guilt and penalty phases.
{¶15} Appellant has previously argued ineffective assistance of trial counsel to this
court at least twice. In his direct appeal, appellant claimed counsel was ineffective for
not objecting to a jury instruction and failing to call witnesses during the penalty phase of
trial. In his first postconviction relief petition, he claimed counsel was ineffective for
failing to obtain independent ballistics analysis of a firearm, failing to properly
cross-examine Willis with evidence of inconsistent statements he made, and failing to call
certain witnesses. Appellant also made many of the same claims he now makes in a
motion to reopen his direct appeal, which this court denied in 2003. Mack IV, 8th Dist.
Cuyahoga No. 62366, 2003-Ohio-2605. There, he argued counsel was ineffective for
failing to investigate mitigation evidence, failing to properly cross-examine Willis about
inconsistencies in his testimony, failing to adequately conduct discovery, and failing to
object to certain testimony given by Willis.
{¶16} Now, he again claims his attorney was ineffective for numerous reasons,
some previously argued and some permutations of those arguments. The doctrine of res
judicata prevents repeated attacks on a final judgment for issues that were or could have
been previously litigated. State v. Taylor, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 88020,
2007-Ohio-825, ¶ 8, citing Rogers v. Whitehall, 25 Ohio St. 3d 67, 494 N.E.2d 1387
(1986). “Principles of res judicata prevent relief on successive, similar motions raising
issues which were or could have been raised originally.” Coulson v. Coulson, 5 Ohio
St.3d 12, 13, 448 N.E.2d 809 (1983).
{¶17} The assertions related to a failure to make alternative arguments in the guilt
and mitigation phases of trial that were known or should have been known shortly after
trial are not newly discovered and were previously litigated.
{¶18} Appellant first argues that counsel was ineffective for failing to make
arguments at trial that appellant was not the person that actually killed the victim — that
he was not the principal offender. At trial, counsel argued that appellant was not
involved, that he was somewhere else, and produced witness testimony attempting to
establish an alibi for the time of the murder. The arguments were known at the time of
the first appeal and petition. This argument should have been advanced previously and
is now barred by res judicata.
{¶19} Likewise, appellant’s claims that an adequate investigation was not
undertaken are not newly discovered. Appellant made these claims in 2003 in his
application for reopening. Appellant argues that the application for reopening deals with
the ineffectiveness of appellate counsel and did not properly raise the issue of ineffective
assistance of trial counsel and is therefore not barred by res judicata. Many of the
arguments made in Mack IV in 2003 mirror the arguments made here relative to
ineffective assistance of trial counsel. Appellant waited for almost a decade before
asserting these arguments in the proper forum if his arguments about res judicata are
accepted as true. Even if these arguments are not barred by res judicata, they are not
newly discovered, and therefore, fail to meet one of the elements of a successful
successive petition for postconviction relief. Appellant’s third and fourth assignments
of error are overruled.
C. Adequacy of Postconviction Proceedings
{¶20} Appellant claims in his second assignment of error that Ohio’s
postconviction procedures do not provide for adequate review and relief from trial error,
and this makes his conviction and sentence void or voidable.
{¶21} Appellant claims, like every other civil litigant, he should be afforded
discovery before the court makes a determination whether a hearing is required. He
claims this is an unfair burden because he is required to demonstrate the merits of his case
prior to any additional discovery.
{¶22} Postconviction relief is not like a newly filed civil case. It comes after
lengthy proceedings and discovery. It is a civil, collateral attack on a valid criminal
judgment. Additional discovery is not required in such a situation. Kent, 8th Dist.
Cuyahoga No. 94562, 2010-Ohio-6368, at ¶ 17. See also State v. Russell, 10th Dist.
Franklin No. 16AP-542, 2017-Ohio-2871. Discovery is, however, allowed where a
proper showing is made via motion. See R.C. 2953.21(A)(1).3 The trial court has
discretion to allow additional discovery. State v. Lawson, 12th Dist. Clermont No.
CA2011-07-056, 2012-Ohio-548, ¶ 16.
Further, the legislature in 2017, amended this statute to preclude its application to
3
defendants sentenced to death for claims that were previously raised and rejected in postconviction
proceedings. R.C. 2953.21(J).
{¶23} Here, there is no indication further discovery was required based on the
extensive discovery that took place in appellant’s federal hearings. The trial court
granted appellant a hearing on his motion for postconviction relief, so there is no
indication of any as-applied constitutional violations.
{¶24} Appellant also argues his convictions are void or voidable based on
constitutional violations because the standard of review for a successive postconviction
relief petition is greater than the standards of proof for claims of ineffective assistance of
counsel or that the state withheld exculpatory evidence. But, “[p]ostconviction relief is
not a constitutional right, and it affords a petitioner no rights beyond those granted by the
controlling statute, R.C. 2953.23.” Lawson at ¶ 16, citing, among others, Murray v.
Giarratano, 492 U.S. 1, 109 S. Ct. 2765, 106 L. Ed. 2d 1 (1989).
{¶25} The Lawson court addressed a very similar argument to the one raised here.
It held that the statutory scheme was not unconstitutional and the standard of review was
a validly enacted procedural hurdle:
We also note that the R.C. 2953.23(A)(2)’s clear and convincing standard
did not become applicable until Lawson was afforded a full trial and
mitigation hearing, and then appealed the decision of the jury and trial court
to this court, the Ohio Supreme Court, as well as the federal courts. The
clear and convincing standard applied only after Lawson filed an
unsuccessful petition for postconviction relief and sought a second, and
now a third petition for postconviction relief. As we stated in McGuire, the
legislators created a “reasonable procedural hurdle” when it promulgated
R.C. 2953.23(A)(2), when balancing the need for final judgment against a
petitioner’s right to challenge his conviction on the basis of constitutional
violations. [State v.] McGuire, 12th Dist. [Preble] No. CA2000-10-011,
2001 Ohio App. LEXIS 1826, at 8. The state is entitled at some point to the
finality of the judgment, and applying a clear and convincing standard to a
third petition for postconviction relief is not unconstitutional.
Lawson, 12th Dist. Clermont No. CA2011-07-056, 2012-Ohio-578, at ¶ 32.
{¶26} The Eighth District has come to same conclusions regarding the
constitutionality of former R.C. 2953.234 for successive petitions for postconviction
relief. State v. Taylor, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 80271, 2002-Ohio-2742, ¶ 13. The
statute is not unconstitutional on its face or as applied, as this court and others have
repeatedly held. See, e.g., State v. Cook, 1st Dist. Hamilton No. C-140118,
2014-Ohio-4900.
{¶27} Further, the United States Supreme Court recently addressed a case where a
structural error occurred at trial, but the defendant failed to pursue that error in a direct
appeal and raised it later in postconviction proceedings. Weaver v. Massachusetts, 582
U.S.___, 137 S. Ct. 1899, 198 L. Ed. 2d 420 (2017). In that case, the trial court
improperly closed the courtroom to the public, thus violating the defendant’s right to a
public trial. The court noted that this constituted a structural error that would normally
result in reversal without a showing of prejudice. Id. at 431-432. Rather than apply the
structural error standard, the court found that the claim was appropriately analyzed under
the ineffective assistance of counsel standard, which requires the defendant to show
prejudice. Id. at 435-436. Therefore, the standard of review does depend on the
procedural posture of the case, and requiring a defendant to satisfy a higher burden does
not violate a defendant’s due process rights.
This statute was amended in 2017, but is still substantively the same.
4
{¶28} Appellant’s claim that the system of compensation for attorneys in
postconviction relief deprived him of meaningful review is similarly without merit. The
right to counsel in civil, collateral attacks on valid criminal judgments is not
constitutionally required. State v. Mapson, 41 Ohio App. 3d 390, 391, 535 N.E.2d 729
(8th Dist.1987).
{¶29} Appellant was in fact afforded counsel, albeit through federal procedures.
In this case, counsel sought extraordinary fees prior to being appointed. That motion
sought between $25,000 and $50,000 for representation in the filing of a motion for new
trial/postconviction relief petition. Appellant did not offer substantial reasons to justify
such extraordinary fees.
D. Withholding of Exculpatory or Impeachment Evidence
{¶30} Appellant also claims the state withheld exculpatory evidence or evidence
that could have been used to impeach Willis, a key witness. During the federal habeas
proceedings, the state produced material that appellant claims was not made available
prior to or during trial. He argues this evidence would have made a difference at trial
and requires the court to vacate his convictions and sentence and retry him. Specifically,
appellant identifies ten items he claims the state improperly withheld.
{¶31} The state has a duty to disclose certain information to a criminal defendant.
Brady v. Maryland, 373 U.S. 83, 83 S. Ct. 1194, 10 L. Ed. 2d 215 (1963). This is a
fundamental principle of due process. Id. at the syllabus.
Pursuant to Crim.R. 16(B)(1)(f), a prosecutor is required “to disclose ‘all
evidence * * * favorable to the defendant and material either to guilt or
punishment.’” Cleveland v. Schmidt, 8th Dist. No. 98603, 2013-Ohio-1547,
¶ 21. In Brady, the United States Supreme Court “held that the state must
disclose ‘evidence favorable to an accused * * * where the evidence is
material either to guilt or to punishment.’” Id., quoting Brady at 87. This
rule, however, does not require the prosecutor “to produce the entire file to
the defense. He or she is only required to produce evidence favorable to the
accused that, if suppressed, would deprive the defendant of a fair trial.” Id.
at ¶ 22, citing United States v. Bagley, 473 U.S. 667, 105 S. Ct. 3375, 87
L. Ed. 2d 481 (1985). Under Brady, favorable evidence “includes both
exculpatory and impeachment evidence, but the evidence must be both
favorable and material before disclosure is required.” Id., citing Bagley at
674. Evidence is material “if there exists a ‘reasonable probability’ that the
result of the trial would have been different had the evidence been disclosed
to the defense.” Id., citing Kyles v. Whitley, 514 U.S. 419, 433, 115 S. Ct.
1555, 131 L. Ed. 2d 490 (1995), quoting Bagley at 682.
State v. Sullivan, 10th Dist. Franklin No. 13AP-861, 2014-Ohio-1260, ¶ 18. For
information that was not disclosed to constitute a Brady violation, it must also be
material. The evidence must be material to the convictions in order to warrant a new
trial. “The question is not whether the defendant would more likely than not have
received a different verdict with the evidence, but whether in its absence he received a
fair trial, understood as a trial resulting in a verdict worthy of confidence.” Kyles at 434.
The court went on to set forth that a reasonable probability of a different result is shown
“when the government’s evidentiary suppression ‘undermines confidence in the outcome
of the trial.’” Id., quoting Bagley at 678.
{¶32} The Supreme Court has recognized that three situations exist where Brady
claims may arise:
[W]here previously undisclosed evidence revealed that the prosecution
introduced trial testimony that it knew or should have known was perjured;
* * * where the Government failed to accede to a defense request for
disclosure of some specific kind of exculpatory evidence; * * * where the
Government failed to volunteer exculpatory evidence never requested, or
requested only in a general way.
Kyles at 433.
1. Notes of Willis’s Meeting With the Victim’s Family
{¶33} Willis met with the family of the victim a day or two after the murder at
their glass store that was run by Peter. Peter’s son-in-law, Mike Barone, took notes of
this conversation. At trial, Anthony Sanelli, Peter’s son, testified that the notes were not
given to police. During the previous appeals, it was the state’s argument that these notes
were not turned over to police. However, during the federal proceedings, appellant was
able to show that police were given the notes shortly after the meeting. Appellant argues
that his name does not appear in the notes memorializing the conversation, although the
name of the codefendant, Thomas Sowell, does.
{¶34} The trial prosecutor from appellant’s criminal trial (the “trial prosecutor”)
testified in the federal proceedings that these notes were not disclosed to him and were
not in his file at trial. He appeared to assert that he had no duty to turn over items not in
his possession. However, the Kyles court specifically rejected this argument. Kyles,
514 U.S. at 438, 115 S. Ct. 1555, 131 L. Ed. 2d 490. But these notes were cumulative of
evidence gathered by appellant in preparation for trial. One of appellant’s trial attorneys
interviewed members of the Sanelli family and both attorneys were aware that Willis met
with the family soon after the murder. Anthony Sanelli testified at trial about this
meeting, and the notes also mirror Willis’s first statement to the police.
{¶35} It is true that the notes do not include appellant’s name, but they indicate
that two people were involved and specifically mention one of the codefendants. The
notes indicate that Willis identified the codefendant, Thomas Sowell, as the shooter, but
that is not inconsistent with Willis’s testimony. Both Sowell and appellant fired shots at
Sanelli, as the forensic evidence established. Therefore, the notes are not contradictory
in nature. They identify one perpetrator by name, and Willis identified the second
perpetrator, appellant, to police shortly thereafter. These notes, while helpful in the
cross-examination of Willis, were cumulative of other evidence and do not cast serious
doubt on the verdicts in this case. The notes indicate two people were involved in the
shooting of Peter even though only Sowell was named in this initial conversation.
2. Willis’s First Written Statement to Police
and the Associated Police Report
{¶36} In the first police report documenting Willis’s contact with police, he
relayed that Sowell was the person that shot Peter and that appellant and Reginald
Germany were also involved. A second supplemental police report documented Willis’s
initial phone contact with police and contained materially the same statement. Willis’s
written statement also indicates that police asked Willis to identify Peter’s vehicle prior to
giving a written statement. Appellant claims this is all information that could have been
used to impeach Willis’s testimony. Appellant further claims that the fact that Willis
identified Sowell as the shooter and appellant and Germany were involved constitutes a
Brady violation.
{¶37} The transcript from the federal proceedings indicates trial counsel’s notes
included the disclosure or summary of Willis’s written statements. This court has also
previously found the trial record indicates disclosure of the written statement during trial.
Mack I, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 62366, 1993 Ohio App. LEXIS 5758, at 18. Appellant
raised this in an assignment of error taking issue with the court’s denial of a motion for
discovery and inspection. This court found a lack of prejudice. Id. This also
indicates that a lack of disclosure was not newly discovered and appellant does not
explain why this claimed Brady violation was not brought in the prior postconviction
relief petitions. The supplemental police reports documenting Willis’s contact with
police were duplicative of his written statement that resulted from that contact.
3. Oral Statement Given by Willis to Prosecutors
{¶38} According to the trial prosecutor’s testimony in the federal proceedings, he
met with Willis within one month of trial to discuss his trial testimony. Appellant argues
the notes from this meeting indicate that, for the first time, Willis remembered that
appellant stated, “I shot because you [meaning Sowell] shot.” No prior statement
contains this line Willis claimed was uttered by appellant when appellant, Sowell, and
Willis were discussing the murder shortly after it happened. Appellant argues the
changing nature of Willis’s story as trial approached means this is relevant impeachment
evidence that should have been disclosed prior to trial. Appellant also argues that the
trial prosecutor made note of Willis’s pending burglary case. Appellant asserts these
notes should also have been disclosed because they could be used to infer that an
undisclosed deal had been struck between Willis and the state.
{¶39} The notes do not contain an “I shot because you shot” reference. A
statement contained in the notes indicates that Willis told the trial prosecutor that Sowell
said he shot because Peter was uncooperative: “‘I told the fool to get out, instead he got
in & locked the door. I shot him.’” This is consistent with Willis’s prior written
statement. The trial prosecutor’s testimony in the federal proceedings indicates that he
did not remember taking notes of the meeting. However, when asked about the “I shot
because you shot” statement appellant allegedly made to Willis, the trial prosecutor said
he likely learned about the statement at that meeting. His answer was “I imagine I did.
Yes. I would imagine I did, sure.” The notes of the conversation that we now know
exist do not indicate such a statement was made by Willis at the meeting.
{¶40} Other statements Willis made to police did not contain this statement, and
therefore, these statements serve the same impeachment purposes that appellant alleges
this undisclosed statement would have served. Further, the notes do not indicate that a
deal was reached to secure Willis’s testimony.
4. Notes From Willis’s Second Meeting With the Victim’s Family
{¶41} Appellant points to a police report that was turned over as part of the
discovery in the federal proceedings that an undisclosed meeting between Willis and the
Sanelli family occurred the day following the first meeting. Appellant argues this police
report and any notes constitutes impeachment evidence about Willis’s motive to testify in
order to get a reward from the family. However, appellant’s counsel testified at the
federal hearing he knew of the rewards. He also admitted under questioning from the
state that he used the reward motive to explain Willis’s testimony in his opening
statement at trial.
{¶42} Further, Anthony Sanelli testified at trial that appellant knew of the reward
offered by the family. Also at trial, Willis denied any awareness or interest in the family
reward when he first came forward, but testimony from the meeting participants,
including Willis, indicated he knew of or was informed of the $10,000 reward offered by
the family.
{¶43} At the hearing below, appellant’s attorney similarly admitted that he was
aware of the reward, and used that argument at trial to sow doubt in the minds of the jury
about Willis’s motives. Trial counsel cross-examined Willis extensively about his
motives for testifying, including the reward. Further, there are no notes of this meeting.
During the hearing below, Anthony Sanelli testified that Willis just came in to tell them
he had contacted police and given them the information he had relayed to the family the
day before. While a police report documented that Willis stopped by the store while an
officer happened to be there, the report does not disclose anything of substance. The
failure to disclose this encounter or the police report does not constitute a Brady violation.
At trial, Anthony Sanelli did testify that he did not see Willis again until months after the
original meeting, so this could have been used to impeach that statement. However, the
fact that Willis stopped into the store the next day for a brief visit to inform the family
that he had indeed contacted police is not a material omission that prejudiced appellant.
5. Reports Generated From the Crash of the Victim’s Vehicle
{¶44} A witness reported to Cleveland Police that he saw a man fitting Sowell’s
description crash Peter’s car on Holton Avenue. A police report also indicated that
someone was seen entering the stolen vehicle after it had been crashed into a utility pole
and abandoned. The individual moved the car some distance and took the keys.
{¶45} Appellant argues that the witness to the crash gave a description of the
driver that matched Sowell, rather than appellant. Appellant argues this indicates that it
was Sowell, rather than appellant, who shot Peter. Appellant also argues that the
individual seen moving the car could have returned to the vehicle to retrieve evidence
rather than being an individual who happened upon an abandoned vehicle.
{¶46} This evidence is not exculpatory or readily used for impeachment. Willis
testified that appellant told him that Sowell crashed the car into a pole. So that
information was adduced at trial. Further, simply because Sowell was driving the car does
not conflict with the evidence adduced or the state’s theory of the case. Appellant
claims that it only makes sense that if Sowell was seen driving the car, he must have been
the person on the driver’s side of the vehicle when the car was stolen. Therefore, he
must have been the one who actually killed Peter. The fact that Sowell was driving the
car does not lead to the conclusion that Sowell was the person that killed Peter. This
post hoc argument does not cast doubt on appellant’s conviction. It is also possible that
Sowell wanted to drive the car and appellant let him, or that as appellant was pulling
Peter from the vehicle after shooting and searching him, Sowell came around to the
driver’s side of the car and got in so the two could make a quick escape.
{¶47} All this evidence tends to establish is that Sowell was the person who was
driving the car after the murder. This does not mean that Sowell, rather than appellant,
was the person that caused Peter’s death. This evidence is not exculpatory nor does it
contradict Willis’s statements at trial. Willis testified that Sowell was the driver of the
vehicle when he encountered him and appellant soon after the murder. The accident
reports that were not turned over do not amount to a Brady violation.
6. Reports of Searches of Willis’s Property by Police
{¶48} Appellant argues that he should have been informed that Willis’s house had
been searched four times by police.
{¶49} The trial prosecutor testified during the federal proceedings that the searches
were consensual searches conducted at Willis’s request. He also testified he did disclose
the police reports indicating police searched Willis’s home and property, although the
notes taken by appellant’s attorney do not include disclosure of that fact. Further, notes
taken by one of appellant’s attorneys indicate she was aware that property was recovered
from Willis’s home that tied appellant to other robberies. Appellant was identified by
the victims of those robberies as the person who stole the items. This further casts
doubts on appellant’s arguments that Willis was setting appellant up to escape his own
responsibility in the murder. This is not beneficial to appellant such that it deprived
appellant of an opportunity to properly cross-examine Willis and does not constitute a
Brady violation.
7. Reports of a Police “Ski Mask Task Force”
{¶50} Appellant argues that Willis was a person of interest in several aggravated
robberies and homicides being investigated by a Cleveland Police task force, dubbed the
“Ski Mask Task Force.”
{¶51} The testimony of the trial prosecutor indicated that these task force records
were not a part of his file and no charges were pending or about to be filed before or
during trial relating to this investigation. Willis did have a pending criminal indictment
at the time of trial, but appellant’s attorney testified he knew that. The evidence in the
task force investigation goes only so far to name Willis as a person of interest. This fact
was established at the hearing below by the testimony of Michael O’Malley. The fact
that Willis was a person of interest in certain crimes, and his picture was included in a
book, along with roughly 30 others used by police investigating a series of robberies, does
not amount to material that was required to be disclosed. The testimony adduced at the
federal and state hearings indicates that appellant was not identified by any witness as a
perpetrator of these crimes. The Robert Burgess prosecution was disclosed and trial
testimony indicated that this case was pending against Willis at the time of trial.
Therefore, this information does not constitute Brady material that was required to be
turned over.
8. Evidence That Willis Testified Pursuant to a Plea Agreement
{¶52} In the weeks leading up to appellant’s trial, it was disclosed to appellant’s
counsel that Willis was charged with aggravated robbery involving Robert Burgess.
The charges in this case were ultimately dismissed. Appellant points to a note in the
state’s file of this prosecution that the trial prosecutor called the prosecutor assigned to
Willis’s case and asked him to hold the case to investigate it further. This conversation,
documented by the prosecutor in Willis’s case, occurred on July 30, 1991, a few weeks
after the conclusion of appellant’s trial, and a few days after Willis finished testifying
against Sowell.
{¶53} The evidence adduced at the federal evidentiary hearing and below indicates
Willis received no deal from the state for his testimony. The trial prosecutor testified
that no consideration with other criminal matters was ever exchanged with Willis for his
testimony against appellant. Willis’s attorney testified that he was unaware of any deal.
There is no evidence of the terms of any deal between the state and Willis in the record
before this court.
{¶54} However, appellant makes an inference, based on the sequence of events
that took place in Willis’s criminal matter, that a deal was reached. O’Malley also
indicated during his testimony during a bail hearing involving federal charges against
Willis, that he thought Willis received some type of deal. He testified, at the hearing
below, that this impression was his personal opinion based on, his best recollection, some
notes he read at the time.
{¶55} The trial prosecutor explained the conversation, stating he asked the other
prosecutor to reinvestigate the case because, according to Willis, people were trying to set
him up to discredit him.
{¶56} The notes of the prosecutor in Willis’s case indicate that the case was
dismissed because the victim, Burgess, died of unrelated causes, and without a witness,
they could not prosecute. The trial court found that appellant had not demonstrated that
a deal was reached to secure Willis’s testimony. This court agrees.
9. Evidence of Perjury Committed by Willis.
{¶57} Appellant claims the state withheld evidence that indicated Willis was lying
or that his story changed over time.
{¶58} The trial transcript indicates Willis testified that he was waiting outside of
a recreation center while his child was inside on January 21, 1991. At approximately
5:30, he saw Sowell, Reginald Germany, and appellant in a car, and they stopped to talk.
Sowell exited the car and asked Willis if he had a gun. Sowell indicated the three were
going downtown to get a “hottie,” i.e., a stolen car.
{¶59} Willis testified that at about 7:15 he was walking his daughter back from
The Fairfax Recreation Center. He saw Sowell and appellant in a different vehicle than
they were driving previously. Sowell was driving a car that matched a description of the
car stolen from Peter during the murder. Willis testified that he asked them where they
got the car, and Sowell said they got it on Prospect Avenue. Appellant then asked
Sowell why Sowell shot the man. After Sowell explained that he shot because the man
didn’t do what he said, Willis testified appellant stated, “‘I shot because you shot.’” The
gun that fired the bullets that killed Peter was also found in appellant’s possession.
{¶60} Appellant claims the state should have known Willis’s testimony was
fabricated because the recreation center was closed that day. During the federal
proceedings, appellant introduced testimony from a city of Cleveland employee that on
the day Willis testified he saw appellant and Sowell in the car, the recreation center was
actually closed because it was Martin Luther King, Jr., Day. However, Willis testified
there was a big festival or a talent show or something. This does not indicate that the
state knew Willis’s testimony constituted perjury.
{¶61} Also, the fact that Willis’s testimony differed somewhat from his previous
statements to police does not indicate the state knew or should have known that Willis’s
testimony was untrue. Willis’s testimony was substantially similar to his prior
statements. This does not amount to a Brady violation.
E. Motion for New Trial
{¶62} Finally, appellant claims the court erred in denying his motion for leave to
file a motion for new trial or in denying his motion for new trial.
{¶63} Crim.R. 33 provides criminal defendants the opportunity to correct errors
that affected a substantial right that occurred at trial. It states in relevant part,
[a] new trial may be granted on motion of the defendant for any of the
following causes affecting materially his substantial rights:
***
(2) Misconduct of the jury, prosecuting attorney, or the witnesses for the
state;
***
(6) When new evidence material to the defense is discovered, which the
defendant could not with reasonable diligence have discovered and
produced at the trial. When a motion for a new trial is made upon the
ground of newly discovered evidence, the defendant must produce at the
hearing on the motion, in support thereof, the affidavits of the witnesses by
whom such evidence is expected to be given, and if time is required by the
defendant to procure such affidavits, the court may postpone the hearing of
the motion for such length of time as is reasonable under all the
circumstances of the case. The prosecuting attorney may produce affidavits
or other evidence to impeach the affidavits of such witnesses.
{¶64} The statute also sets forth a period of time within which the motion must be
filed. As it relates to motions based on newly discovered evidence, the rule provides,
[m]otions for new trial on account of newly discovered evidence shall be
filed within one hundred twenty days after the day upon which the verdict
was rendered, or the decision of the court where trial by jury has been
waived. If it is made to appear by clear and convincing proof that the
defendant was unavoidably prevented from the discovery of the evidence
upon which he must rely, such motion shall be filed within seven days from
an order of the court finding that he was unavoidably prevented from
discovering the evidence within the one hundred twenty day period.
Crim.R. 33(B). Here, appellant filed a motion for leave along with his motion for new
trial, and the court conducted a hearing. The trial court accepted the motion, and denied
it in a written decision.
{¶65} In order to be successful, a motion for new trial must establish that the
movant was unavoidably prevented from the discovery of new material evidence that
could not, with reasonable diligence, have been adduced at trial, which would have a
strong probability of a different result.
In addition to demonstrating that a petitioner was unavoidably prevented
from discovering the evidence relied upon to support the motion for new
trial, the petitioner also must show that he filed his motion for leave within
a reasonable time after discovering the evidence relied upon to support the
motion for new trial. If there has been a significant delay, the trial court
must determine whether the delay was reasonable under the circumstances
or whether the defendant has adequately explained the reason for the delay.
State v. Nunez, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 104917, 2017-Ohio-5581, ¶ 17.
{¶66} Further, the evidence must not be merely cumulative of other evidence, and
evidence that merely impeaches or contradicts other evidence is not sufficient where it
does not create a strong probability of a change in result. State v. Petro, 148 Ohio St.
505, 506, 76 N.E.2d 370 (1947), syllabus. Again, the “touchstone of materiality is a
‘reasonable probability’ of a different result * * *.” Kyles, 514 U.S. at 434, 115 S. Ct.
1555, 131 L. Ed. 2d 490, quoting Bagley, 473 U.S. at 682, 105 S. Ct. 3375, 87 L. Ed. 2d 481.
{¶67} Appellant asserts that, based on the arguments advanced in the
postconviction relief petition, the trial court erred in not granting a new trial as well. For
the same reasons set forth above regarding that petition, the trial court did not err in
denying appellant’s motion for new trial. Those arguments not barred by res judicata do
not lead to a reasonable probability of a different result.
III. Conclusion
{¶68} Here the evidence adduced does not undermine the confidence in the
verdicts of guilt, and therefore, the trial court did not abuse its discretion in denying
appellant’s successive petition for postconviction relief and motion for new trial after a
thorough hearing. The system of representation in postconviction proceedings is not
unconstitutional.
{¶69} Judgment affirmed.
It is ordered that appellee recover of appellant costs herein taxed.
The court finds there were reasonable grounds for this appeal.
It is ordered that a special mandate issue out of this court directing the common
pleas court to carry this judgment into execution.
A certified copy of this entry shall constitute the mandate pursuant to Rule 27 of
the Rules of Appellate Procedure.
FRANK D. CELEBREZZE, JR., JUDGE
KATHLEEN ANN KEOUGH, A.J., and
MARY EILEEN KILBANE, J., CONCUR