State v. Richardson ( 2017 )


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  • [Cite as State v. Richardson, 
    2017-Ohio-9229
    .]
    IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF OHIO
    SECOND APPELLATE DISTRICT
    MONTGOMERY COUNTY
    STATE OF OHIO                                        :
    :
    Plaintiff-Appellee                           :   C.A. CASE NO. 26191
    :
    v.                                                   :   T.C. NO. 12CR3299
    :
    CLINTON RICHARDSON                                   :   (Criminal Appeal from
    :    Common Pleas Court)
    Defendant-Appellant                          :
    :
    ...........
    OPINION
    Rendered on the 22nd day of December, 2017.
    ...........
    ANDREW T. FRENCH, Atty. Reg. No. 0069384, Assistant Prosecuting Attorney, 301 W.
    Third Street, 5th Floor, Dayton, Ohio 45422
    Attorney for Plaintiff-Appellee
    KRISTIN L. ARNOLD, Atty. Reg. No. 0088794, 1502 Liberty Tower, 120 W. Second
    Street, Dayton, Ohio 45402
    Attorney for Defendant-Appellant
    .............
    -2-
    FROELICH, J.
    {¶ 1} Clinton Richardson was convicted after a bench trial in the Montgomery
    County Court of Common Pleas of operating a vehicle while under the influence of drugs
    or alcohol (prior felony OVI within 20 years/test refusal), a third-degree felony, and
    endangering children, a first-degree misdemeanor. Specifically, the State asserted that
    Richardson had driven while under the influence of hydrocodone; Richardson’s child was
    in the vehicle at the time. On appeal, Richardson claimed that his convictions were
    based on insufficient evidence and were against the manifest weight of the evidence.
    {¶ 2} On March 4, 2015, we vacated Richardson’s conviction on the ground that it
    was based on insufficient evidence. State v. Richardson, 
    2015-Ohio-757
    , 
    29 N.E.3d 354
    (2d Dist.). We reasoned that the State’s evidence “was not sufficient to establish a nexus
    between Richardson’s impairment and any painkiller he was or was not taking.” Id. at ¶
    26. In light of our holding, we did not address Richardson’s manifest weight argument.
    {¶ 3} The State appealed our judgment, and the Ohio Supreme Court reversed.
    State v. Richardson, 
    150 Ohio St.3d 554
    , 
    2016-Ohio-8448
    , 
    84 N.E.3d 993
    .               The
    Supreme Court noted, as we found, that there was sufficient evidence to establish that
    Richardson had ingested hydrocodone and that Richardson was impaired. However, the
    Court further concluded that there was sufficient evidence to support his OVI conviction,
    stating:
    The dissent asserts that no rational factfinder could have linked
    Richardson’s ingestion of hydrocodone with his demonstrated impairment.
    Dissenting opinion at ¶ 32. When the effects of a drug are sufficiently well
    known — as they are with hydrocodone — expert testimony linking
    -3-
    ingestion of the drug with indicia of impairment is unnecessary. And there
    was lay testimony that connected Richardson’s impairment to the
    hydrocodone, i.e., the testimony of an experienced and well-trained police
    officer. On these facts, we hold that the evidence was sufficient to support
    Richardson’s OVI conviction.
    (Emphasis in original.) Id. at ¶ 19. The Supreme Court remanded the matter to this
    appellate court for consideration of Richardson’s manifest weight argument.
    {¶ 4} For the following reasons, we conclude that Richardson’s convictions were
    not against the manifest weight of the evidence. Accordingly, the trial court’s judgment
    will be affirmed.
    I. Factual and Procedural History
    {¶ 5} According to the State’s evidence, at approximately 4:30 p.m. on October
    31, 2012, Richardson rear-ended Deborah Leopold’s vehicle as she waited at a traffic
    light to turn left from Third Street onto Wayne Avenue in Dayton. Richardson had not
    been driving fast, and there was no damage to Leopold’s vehicle. When Leopold got out
    of her vehicle to talk with Richardson, she noticed that Richardson’s speech was “very
    slurred and pretty much incomprehensible” and that he did not make eye contact. He
    also “fumbled” with his wallet and dropped all of his cards on the street while looking for
    his insurance information. Leopold did not notice any odor of an alcoholic beverage or
    see any open containers or drugs in Richardson’s truck. She did notice that Richardson
    had a small child in the back seat, and she was concerned about Richardson’s ability to
    drive. She called the police.
    {¶ 6} Dayton Police Officer Jonathan Miniard and his partner responded to the
    -4-
    accident. Miniard approached Richardson in his vehicle and observed Richardson with
    “both hands on the steering wheel kind of slumped forward staring ahead.” It took
    Richardson a moment to register the officer’s presence. Miniard noticed a burnt smell,
    and he learned that Richardson had tried to light a cigarette and it singed the side of his
    hair. Richardson’s truck was still running, so Officer Miniard asked Richardson to turn it
    off. Richardson “couldn’t figure out how to put it back into park;” Officer Miniard did that
    for him and turned off the vehicle.
    {¶ 7} Officer Miniard asked Richardson to exit his vehicle. When he got out, he
    slid out of the driver’s seat and was unsteady. The officer escorted Richardson to the
    front of his cruiser. Miniard asked Richardson if he had drunk anything or taken any
    medication. Richardson denied that he had consumed any alcohol, but stated that he
    was on pain medication. When asked if he had taken any, Richardson responded,
    “Yeah.” Miniard noticed that Richardson had slurred speech, seemed to have difficulty
    understanding questions, and gave incoherent answers. Richardson told Miniard that
    he had to get his son home.
    {¶ 8} Officer Miniard testified that he had been involved in numerous OVI
    investigations in his 14 years as a Dayton police officer and that he had taken training
    and refresher courses on OVI detection. Miniard decided to administer field sobriety
    tests on Richardson, and he conducted the horizontal gaze nystagmus (HGN) test, the
    walk and turn test, and the one-leg stand test. Miniard noticed a 45 degree angle of
    nystagmus and slight jerking in Richardson’s eyes during the HGN test, which indicated
    impairment. Richardson also had difficulty paying attention during the test. On the walk
    and turn test, Richardson exhibited seven out of eight “clues” indicating possible
    -5-
    impairment. Officer Miniard marked three out of a possible four clues for impairment on
    the one-leg stand test. Miniard concluded that Richardson was under the influence of
    “some type of possibly narcotics,” and he placed Richardson under arrest.
    {¶ 9} Officer Miniard read Richardson BMV 2255 and asked him if he would
    submit to a blood test.      Richardson refused.       No chemical tests were performed.
    Richardson never indicated to Officer Miniard that he was having a medical emergency,
    and he did not ask for medical treatment; Richardson had reported to the officer that he
    had a bad back and problems with his neck prior to the accident. Miniard transported
    Richardson to jail.
    {¶ 10} The parties stipulated at trial that Richardson was previously convicted of
    felony OVI in State v. Richardson, Warren C.P. No. 2006 CR 23305.
    {¶ 11} On January 28, 2013, Richardson was indicted for OVI, in violation of R.C.
    4511.19(A)(2), and endangering children, in violation of R.C. 2919.22(C)(1).                R.C.
    4511.19(A)(2) provides:
    No person who, within twenty years of the conduct described in division
    (A)(2)(a) of this section, previously has been convicted of or pleaded guilty
    to a violation of this division, a violation of division (A)(1) or (B) of this
    section, or any other equivalent offense shall do both of the following:
    (a) Operate any vehicle, streetcar, or trackless trolley within this state
    while under the influence of alcohol, a drug of abuse, or a combination of
    them.
    (b) Subsequent to being arrested for operating the vehicle, streetcar,
    or trackless trolley as described in division (A)(2)(a) of this section, being
    -6-
    asked by a law enforcement officer to submit to a chemical test or tests
    under [R.C. 4511.191], and being advised by the officer in accordance with
    [R.C. 4511.192] of the consequences of the person’s refusal or submission
    to the test or tests, refuse to submit to the test or tests.
    Because Richardson had a prior felony OVI conviction, the OVI was charged as a third-
    degree felony.    R.C. 2919.22(C)(1) prohibits operating a vehicle in violation of R.C.
    4511.19 with a child in the vehicle.
    {¶ 12} Richardson subsequently moved to suppress the statements he made to
    the police. After a hearing, the trial court ruled that the statements Richardson made
    after exiting his car and prior to being placed in the cruiser were admissible. However,
    the trial court suppressed the statements Richardson made in the cruiser prior to being
    given Miranda warnings and, because he did not voluntarily waive his Miranda rights, all
    statements made afterward.
    {¶ 13} Richardson waived a jury trial, and the matter was tried to the court. The
    State offered the testimony of Ms. Leopold and Officer Miniard, as summarized above.
    Richardson did not make a Crim.R. 29(A) motion at the end of the State’s case.
    Richardson then testified on his own behalf, and presented the testimony of Dr. Charles
    Russell; after questioning regarding his qualifications, the trial court found Dr. Russell to
    be an expert in chemical dependency.
    {¶ 14} Richardson stated at trial that he had suffered numerous broken bones
    (including both femurs, hip, elbow, vertebrae, and wrist) and other injuries and had been
    to two different pain clinics in the past three years; for several years, he received a
    prescription for “hydrocodone acetaminophen.” In October 2012, he generally took three
    -7-
    pills per day. He testified that he had run out of medication on October 29, 2012 (two
    days before the accident), was suffering from hydrocodone withdrawal at the time of the
    accident, and that he had not consumed alcohol or drugs. He testified that he was trying
    to go to the hospital at the time of the accident.
    {¶ 15} Dr. Russell testified that Richardson was opiate tolerant on October 31,
    2012, and that he was taking medication with 325 mg of acetaminophen and 10 mg of
    hydrocodone, three times a day.         Dr. Russell described the symptoms of opiate
    withdrawal and stated that the symptoms Richardson described were consistent with
    withdrawal.    Dr. Russell concluded that “there’s a decent possibility that he was
    withdrawing from opiates, but I wouldn’t call that a reasonable degree of medical
    certainty.”
    {¶ 16} Upon consideration of the evidence, the trial court found Richardson guilty
    of both offenses. On May 6, 2014, the trial court sentenced Richardson to one year in
    prison for OVI, of which 120 days were mandatory, and to six months in jail for
    endangering children, to be served concurrently. Richardson was required to attend and
    complete mandatory drug and alcohol treatment. The trial court further ordered a lifetime
    suspension of Richardson’s driver’s license and that his 1998 Dodge Ram truck be
    forfeited to the Dayton Police Department. Richardson did not file a motion to stay his
    sentence.
    {¶ 17} As discussed above, Richardson appealed from his convictions, claiming
    that his convictions were against the manifest weight of the evidence and based on
    insufficient evidence. Based on the remand from the Ohio Supreme Court, the matter is
    now before us for consideration of Richardson’s manifest weight argument.
    -8-
    {¶ 18} We note that Richardson died on February 5, 2016, while his appeal was
    pending before the Ohio Supreme Court. Upon remand, we ordered the parties to advise
    us how or whether this appeal should proceed in light of Richardson’s death. On August
    9, 2017, we granted the State’s motion, pursuant to App.R. 29(A), to substitute
    Richardson’s appellate counsel as the party/representative in this appeal.
    II. Manifest Weight of the Evidence
    {¶ 19} “[A] weight of the evidence argument challenges the believability of the
    evidence and asks which of the competing inferences suggested by the evidence is more
    believable or persuasive.” State v. Wilson, 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 22581, 2009-Ohio-
    525, ¶ 12; see Eastley v. Volkman, 
    132 Ohio St.3d 328
    , 
    2012-Ohio-2179
    , 
    972 N.E.2d 517
    , ¶ 19 (“ ‘manifest weight of the evidence’ refers to a greater amount of credible
    evidence and relates to persuasion”). When evaluating whether a conviction is against
    the manifest weight of the evidence, the appellate court must review the entire record,
    weigh the evidence and all reasonable inferences, consider witness credibility, and
    determine whether, in resolving conflicts in the evidence, the trier of fact “clearly lost its
    way and created such a manifest miscarriage of justice that the conviction must be
    reversed and a new trial ordered.” State v. Thompkins, 
    78 Ohio St.3d 380
    , 387, 
    678 N.E.2d 541
     (1997), citing State v. Martin, 
    20 Ohio App.3d 172
    , 175, 
    485 N.E.2d 717
     (1st
    Dist.1983).
    {¶ 20} Because the trier of fact sees and hears the witnesses at trial, we must
    defer to the factfinder’s decisions whether, and to what extent, to credit the testimony of
    particular witnesses.    State v. Lawson, 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 16288, 
    1997 WL 476684
     (Aug. 22, 1997). The fact that the evidence is subject to different interpretations
    -9-
    does not render the conviction against the manifest weight of the evidence. Wilson at ¶
    14. A judgment of conviction should be reversed as being against the manifest weight
    of the evidence only in exceptional circumstances. Martin, 20 Ohio App.3d at 175.
    {¶ 21} In State v. May, 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 25359, 
    2014-Ohio-1542
    , we
    discussed in detail the evidence that is required to prove a violation of R.C. 4511.19 based
    on medication. We stated:
    [W]hen a prosecution under R.C. 4511.19(A)(1)(a) is based on
    driving under the influence of medication, the State must do more than
    simply present evidence that the defendant has taken the medication and
    shows signs of impairment.          The United States Food and Drug
    Administration has approved more than a thousand prescription drugs
    (which are “drugs of abuse” under Ohio law), all of which may have any
    number of different side effects. Not all side effects involve the impairment
    of judgment or reflexes. Although some medications may be familiar to
    some jurors, the various physiological effects of different medications [are]
    outside the common knowledge of most jurors and many trial judges.
    The essence of R.C. 4511.19(A)(1)(a) is to prohibit impaired driving
    while under the influence. It is certainly not intended to criminalize the
    operation of a vehicle by a person taking a cholesterol or blood pressure
    medication, let alone an anti-narcoleptic or ADHD prescription, unless that
    drug negatively influences the defendant’s driving abilities. And in many
    situations, especially those involving prescription drugs, this can only be
    proved by direct testimony linking the influence of the drug to the driving.
    -10-
    This could be established through the testimony of an expert who is familiar
    with the potential side effects of the medication, or perhaps of a layperson
    (such as a friend or family member) who witnessed the effect of the
    particular drug on the defendant-driver.
    We therefore conclude that, in order to establish a violation of R.C.
    4511.19(A)(1)(a) based on medication, the State must also present some
    evidence (1) of how the particular medication actually affects the defendant,
    and/or (2) that the particular medication has the potential to impair a
    person’s judgment or reflexes. Without that information, the jury has no
    means to evaluate whether the defendant’s apparent impairment was due
    to his or her being under the influence of that medication.1
    We emphasize that the State is not required to support its case under
    R.C. 4511.19(A)(1)(a) with evidence of the exact amount of alcohol or the
    drug of abuse that was consumed or ingested by the defendant. It is often
    the case that, upon initiating a traffic stop, a police officer detects an odor
    of an alcoholic beverage on the driver and there is no available evidence as
    to the exact amount that the defendant consumed. However, as noted by
    the Ohio Supreme Court, “almost any lay witness, without having any
    special qualifications, can testify as to whether a person was intoxicated.”
    Columbus v. Mullins, 
    162 Ohio St. 419
    , 421, 
    123 N.E.2d 422
     (1954). In all
    cases, a jury must determine, based on totality of the evidence, whether the
    1
    This requirement does not extend to violations of R.C. 4511.19(A)(1)(b)-(j), since these
    are per se violations based on the legislature’s implicit determinations that specific
    concentrations of specific drugs negatively influence driving.
    -11-
    defendant was driving under the influence of alcohol and/or a drug of abuse.
    (Additional citations omitted.) May at ¶ 46-49. See also, e.g., State v. Husted, 2014-
    Ohio-4978, 
    23 N.E.3d 253
     (4th Dist.) (State failed to identify drug that was consumed, nor
    was there evidence of how the unspecified drug affected the defendant or had the
    potential to impair a person’s judgment or reflexes).
    {¶ 22} The Ohio Supreme Court’s ruling in Richardson did not change the
    requirement that the State provide evidence of a nexus between the ingestion of a
    substance of abuse and the driver’s impairment. Rather, the Supreme Court held that,
    under the facts of this case, the State had presented sufficient evidence of that nexus.2
    {¶ 23} At trial, Officer Miniard and Leopold testified about Richardson’s behavior,
    which reflected that Richardson was impaired at the time of the accident.         Miniard
    testified in detail about the field sobriety tests that he conducted and that Richardson
    performed poorly on each of those tests. The State also played a small portion of the
    video from the police cruiser, which reflected that Richardson was slow to respond to
    questions, inattentive, and needed assistance walking.
    {¶ 24} Richardson testified that he sought treatment for severe pain in June 2010
    and was prescribed a variety of strong pain medications, including hydrocodone. In
    2
    The Ohio Supreme Court accepted this case as both a jurisdictional appeal and certified
    conflict case. The Supreme Court asked the parties to brief the following question:
    “Once the State presents evidence that a person is impaired and has taken a specific
    prescription medication, is the trier of fact able to draw a reasonable inference that the
    driver has violated R.C. 4511.19(A)(1)(a) or R.C. 4511.19(A)(2), without evidence (lay or
    expert) as to how the medication actually affects the driver and/or expert testimony about
    whether the particular medication has the potential to impair a person's judgment or
    reflexes?” State v. Richardson, 
    143 Ohio St.3d 1439
    , 
    2015-Ohio-3427
    , 
    36 N.E.3d 187
    ,
    quoting 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 26191 (May 27, 2015). In its opinion, the Supreme
    Court decertified the conflict and declined to answer the certified-conflict question.
    Richardson, 
    2016-Ohio-8448
    , at ¶ 11.
    -12-
    March 2012, Richardson saw Dr. Saleh, who prescribed a medication consisting of 10 mg
    hydrocodone and 325 mg acetaminophen; at that time, Richardson took six tablets per
    day. Richardson testified that, in October 2012, he generally took three pills per day.
    As emphasized by the Supreme Court, the prosecutor asked Richardson at trial about the
    portion of the video where Officer Miniard asked Richardson about what he had taken;
    Richardson’s responses indicated that he had told the officer that he (Richardson) had
    taken 30 mg of hydrocodone, which was consistent with Richardson’s having taken three
    pills. The trial court reasonably concluded that Richardson had ingested hydrocodone.
    {¶ 25} As noted above, the Supreme Court found that the State had presented
    evidence linking Richardson’s ingestion of hydrocodone to his demonstrated impairment.
    The court concluded that the effects of hydrocodone were “well known” and that Officer
    Miniard’s testimony provided evidence of a nexus between Richardson’s ingestion of
    hydrocodone and his impairment.
    {¶ 26} In contrast, Richardson testified that he did not experience side effects from
    hydrocodone and that, instead, he had been experiencing the effects of withdrawal from
    hydrocodone at the time of the collision. When asked how the medication affected him,
    Richardson responded, “By this point in time, I had been taking the painkiller medication
    for so long they no longer had any real side effects, you know, that I felt any kind of
    drowsiness, dizziness, feelings of euphoria, if you will, anything of that nature that would
    cloud your judgment. Long ago, I stopped having these side effects. The narcotic
    painkiller basically just did its job and numbed the pain.”       Defense counsel asked
    Richardson if he suffered from confusion, disorientation, or problems with balancing,
    walking, or focus while on hydrocodone; Richardson responded that he did not.
    -13-
    Richardson testified that he continued taking the combined acetaminophen/hydrocodone
    medication until October 2012, at which time he was taking three per day. He stated,
    “[B]y this time, I had been taking narcotic painkillers for, every day for two-and-a-half
    years so I felt no side effects from those, whatsoever.”
    {¶ 27} During his testimony, Richardson also described his symptoms of
    hydrocodone withdrawal. He stated that he had insomnia and had not slept for two
    nights, he was disoriented, fatigued, weak, sweating, had cold chills, vomiting, and
    diarrhea. Richardson testified that he suffered from all of those symptoms at the time of
    the accident. Richardson further testified that he had suffered from withdrawal one prior
    time in 2010, and he had similar symptoms. Richardson testified that he had run out of
    medicine two days before the collision; he could not explain why he had run out.
    {¶ 28} Dr. Russell’s testimony focused on whether Richardson’s symptoms
    constituted symptoms of withdrawal. On cross-examination, the State asked Dr. Russell
    several questions related to whether Richardson’s medical records provided an
    explanation for Richardson’s poor performance on the field sobriety tests. Richardson’s
    medical records generally did not indicate that he suffered from conditions that would
    affect his performance on the tests. Dr. Russell was not asked about the actual or
    potential effects of 10 mg of hydrocodone on Richardson.
    {¶ 29} Considering all of the evidence presented at trial, we cannot conclude that
    Richardson’s convictions were against the manifest weight of the evidence. There was
    substantial evidence that Richardson was driving while impaired and there was conflicting
    evidence as to whether Richardson’s poor performance on the field sobriety tests could
    be explained by hydrocodone withdrawal.        Richardson testified that he was “opiate
    -14-
    tolerant” and denied having any side effects from his medication; he stated that
    hydrocodone simply provided pain relief. However, the trial court could have concluded
    that Richardson did not testify truthfully about his medication usage, particularly given
    that he should have had a supply of medication to last until November 9, he could not
    explain why he ran out of medication early, and he denied taking more than prescribed
    (three per day).
    {¶ 30} In reaching its verdict, the trial court, as the trier of fact, was free to believe
    all, part, or none of the testimony of each witness and to draw reasonable inferences from
    the evidence presented. State v. Baker, 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 25828, 2014-Ohio-
    3163, ¶ 28. Although the trial court could have reasonably found in Richardson’s favor,
    we cannot conclude, given the Supreme Court’s holding, that trial court “lost its way” when
    it found Richardson guilty of OVI and child endangering.
    {¶ 31} Richardson’s assignment of error based on manifest weight is overruled.
    III. Conclusion
    {¶ 32} The trial court’s judgment will be affirmed.
    .............
    TUCKER, J., concurring in judgment only.
    HALL, P.J., concurring:
    {¶ 33} I agree that Clinton Richardson’s conviction for driving under the influence
    of hydrocodone is not against the manifest weight of the evidence.
    {¶ 34} I write separately to again express my disagreement with the extensive
    quote from State v. May in paragraph 21 of the lead opinion. I do so not only because I
    disagree with it but also because, in my view, the Supreme Court’s decision in this case
    -15-
    effectively overruled that portion of May.
    {¶ 35} In May, I concurred based on the overwhelming evidence of impairment by
    alcohol intoxication, but I wrote then:
    * * * I write separately to express my disagreement with the following
    sentence: “We agree with [appellant] that, when a prosecution under R.C.
    4511.19(A)(1)(a) is based on driving under the influence of medication, the
    State must do more than simply present evidence that the defendant has
    taken the medication and shows signs of impairment.” (supra ¶ 46). And I
    disagree with the determination that “in order to establish a violation of R.C.
    4511.19(A)(1)(a) based on medication, the State must also present some
    evidence (1) of how the particular medication actually affects the defendant
    * * * and/or (2) that the particular medication has the potential to impair a
    person's judgment or reflexes.” (supra ¶ 48). Neither comment is necessary
    to our disposition of this case because we conclude that “[t]he State
    presented overwhelming evidence that May drove her vehicle while under
    the influence of alcohol.” (supra ¶ 54). With that conclusion, discussion of
    the evidence required to show impairment by medicine or drugs is dicta.
    Moreover, I don’t agree with either quoted statement. It just depends.
    May, 
    2014-Ohio-1542
    , at ¶ 57 (Hall, J., concurring).
    {¶ 36} In the Supreme Court’s decision in this case, the previously-quoted dicta
    passage from May was rejected. The Supreme Court stated: “When the effects of a drug
    are sufficiently well known—as they are with hydrocodone—expert testimony linking
    ingestion of the drug with indicia of impairment is unnecessary.” Richardson, 2016-Ohio-
    -16-
    8448, at ¶ 19. In addition, the Supreme Court noted that there was lay testimony
    connecting Richardson’s impairment to hydrocodone. 
    Id.
     Moreover, the Supreme Court
    quoted and embraced my statement in our initial Richardson decision that “ ‘[o]n this
    record, where it is undeniably apparent that the defendant was substantially impaired
    because he had taken pain killers, more specifically hydrocodone, I do not believe it was
    necessary to introduce evidence of the pharmaceutical properties of what he ingested to
    find him guilty of driving under the influence.’ ” Id. at ¶ 8, quoting State v. Richardson,
    
    2015-Ohio-757
    , 
    29 N.E.3d 354
     (2d Dist.), ¶ 36 (Hall, J., dissenting).
    {¶ 37} In my view, the dicta from May quoted in paragraph 21 of the majority
    opinion is not the law in Ohio.
    ..........
    Copies mailed to:
    Andrew T. French
    Kristin L. Arnold
    Hon. Barbara P. Gorman
    

Document Info

Docket Number: 26191

Judges: Froelich

Filed Date: 12/22/2017

Precedential Status: Precedential

Modified Date: 12/22/2017