State v. A.K.H. , 2023 Ohio 220 ( 2023 )

[Cite as State v. A.K.H., 2023-Ohio-220.]
COURT OF APPEALS OF OHIO
EIGHTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
COUNTY OF CUYAHOGA
STATE OF OHIO, :
Plaintiff-Appellee, :
No. 111581
v. :
A.K.H., :
Defendant-Appellant. :
JOURNAL ENTRY AND OPINION
JUDGMENT: AFFIRMED
RELEASED AND JOURNALIZED: January 26, 2023
Civil Appeal from the Cuyahoga County Court of Common Pleas
Case No. CR-02-422170-ZA
Appearances:
Michael C. O’Malley, Cuyahoga County Prosecuting
Attorney, and Anthony T. Miranda, Assistant Prosecuting
Attorney, for appellee.
Cullen Sweeney, Cuyahoga County Public Defender, and
Michael V. Wilhelm, Assistant Public Defender, for
appellant.
MARY EILEEN KILBANE, J.:
Defendant-appellant A.K.H. appeals the trial court’s decision that,
pursuant to R.C. 2953.31, A.K.H. was not an eligible offender for purposes of sealing
his conviction and the court’s denial of A.K.H.’s application to seal his records of
conviction (“motion to seal records”). For the following reasons, we affirm.
Factual and Procedural History
This case stems from convictions in two separate criminal cases. In
2002, in Cuyahoga C.P. No. CR-01-410193-B, A.K.H. was convicted of preparation
of drugs for sale and possession of criminal tools, both felonies of the fifth degree.1
In the same year, in Cuyahoga C.P. No. CR-02-422170-ZA, A.K.H. was convicted of
assault, a misdemeanor of the first degree and trafficking in drugs, a felony of the
third degree.2
On October 27, 2021, A.K.H. filed a motion pursuant to R.C. 2953.32
that requested the trial court seal his convictions in the above-referenced cases. On
the same date, the trial court ordered an expungement report. The expungement
report identified the above-referenced convictions as well as a 2005 disorderly
conduct conviction in Bedford Municipal Court; a 2006 disorderly conduct
conviction in Garfield Heights Municipal Court; and a 2012 possession of marijuana
conviction in Lyndhurst Municipal Court.3 The expungement report did not identify
the felony classifications of the 2005, 2006, and 2012 convictions nor the code
1 A.K.H.’s convictions in Cuyahoga C.P. No. CR-01-410193-B will merge for
purposes of his motion to seal his records. See R.C. 2953.31(A)(1)(b) that reads, in
pertinent part: “When two or more convictions result from or are connected with the same
act or result from offenses committed at the same time, they shall be counted as one
conviction.”
2 A.K.H.’s convictions in Cuyahoga C.P. No. CR-02-422170-ZA will merge for
purposes of his motion to seal his records. See R.C. 2953.31(A)(1)(b).
3 The expungement report listed additional prior charges that were dismissed or
nolled and, therefore, are not referenced here.
sections violated in conjunction with the convictions. On November 22, 2021, the
state filed a brief in opposition to A.K.H.’s motion to seal his records that argued
A.K.H. did not meet the statutory definition of an eligible offender. Specifically, the
state argued A.K.H.’s two felony convictions and three misdemeanor convictions
disqualified him under R.C. 2953.31’s definition of an eligible offender.
On March 23, 2022, the trial court conducted a hearing on A.K.H.’s
motion to seal records. During the hearing, the parties stated that the Bedford and
Lyndhurst convictions were classified as misdemeanors of the first degree; the
parties were unaware of the classification for the 2006 Garfield Heights Municipal
Court conviction. A.K.H. argued he met the R.C. 2953.31 definition of an eligible
offender under an equal protection claim. On May 25, 2022, the trial court issued a
journal entry that stated A.K.H. did not qualify as an eligible offender and denied
his motion to seal records.
On June 8, 2022, A.K.H. filed a timely notice of appeal,4 presenting a
single assignment of error for our review:
The trial court erred in denying [A.K.H.’s] application for expungement
as he is an eligible offender as a matter of law.
Legal Analysis
In his sole assignment of error, A.K.H. argues that the trial court erred
when it found he was not an eligible offender as defined in R.C. 2953.31 and denied
his motion to seal records. The state argues that A.K.H. failed to introduce sufficient
4 A.K.H. filed an appeal from Cuyahoga C.P. No. CR-02-422170-ZA only.
evidence to demonstrate that he was an eligible offender. Specifically, the state
argues that (1) A.K.H. failed to show that his disorderly conduct convictions were for
similar behavior prohibited under R.C. 2917.11 and punished under that statute as
minor misdemeanors, and (2) A.K.H. relied on evidence outside the record.
An appellate court generally reviews a trial court’s denial of an
R.C. 2953.32 motion to seal the record of a conviction under an abuse of discretion
standard. Bedford v. Bradberry, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 100285, 2014-Ohio-2058,
¶ 5, citing State v. Hilbert, 145 Ohio App.3d 824, 827, 764 N.E.2d 1064 (8th
Dist.2001). The term abuse of discretion implies that the court’s attitude is
unreasonable, arbitrary, or unconscionable. Blakemore v. Blakemore, 5 Ohio St.3d
217, 450 N.E.2d 1140 (1983); Johnson v. Abdullah, 166 Ohio St.3d 427, 2021-Ohio-
3304, 187 N.E.3d 463. However, before a court decides whether to grant an
application to seal an offender’s record of conviction, the court must determine
whether the applicant is an eligible offender. R.C. 2953.32(C)(1)(a). The
determination of an applicant’s status as an eligible offender is an issue of law
reviewed under a de novo standard. State v. J.C., 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 108730,
2020-Ohio-1617, ¶ 7, citing State v. M.E., 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 106298, 2018-
Ohio-4715, ¶ 6, citing State v. M.R., 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 94591, 2010-Ohio-6025,
¶ 15.
Additionally, “R.C. 2953.31 and 2953.32 must be liberally construed
and the relief available must be liberally granted.” State v. J.C., 8th Dist. Cuyahoga
No. 94427, 2010-Ohio-4686, ¶ 9, citing Hilbert at 827, 764 N.E.2d 1064.
Ohio law permits a trial court to order the sealing of a record of
conviction of an eligible offender. R.C. 2953.32. An eligible offender includes
(1) those to whom R.C. 2953.31(A)(1)(a) does not apply,5 and (2) those who were
convicted of exactly two felony convictions and two misdemeanor convictions in this
state or any other jurisdiction. R.C. 2953.31(A)(1)(b). A court does not consider
minor misdemeanor convictions when it assesses one’s status as an eligible offender.
R.C. 2953.31(A)(2). Further, “[w]hen two or more convictions result from or are
connected with the same act or result from offenses committed at the same time,
they shall be counted as one conviction.” R.C. 2953.31(A)(1)(b).
Applying the statutory definition of eligible offender, we find that
A.K.H.’s two felony convictions in Cuyahoga C.P. No. CR-01-410193-B resulted from
the same act or resulted from the same offenses committed at the same time and,
therefore, are counted as one conviction. R.C. 2953.31(A)(1)(b). Similarly, in
Cuyahoga C.P. No. CR-02-422170-ZA, A.K.H.’s third-degree felony and first-degree
misdemeanor convictions are considered one felony conviction.
5 An individual qualifies as an “eligible offender” under R.C. 2953.31(A)(1)(a) if he
or she satisfies the following:
Anyone who has been convicted of one or more offenses in this state or any other
jurisdiction, if all of the offenses in this state are felonies of the fourth or fifth degree or
misdemeanors and none of those offenses are an offense of violence or a felony sex offense
and all of the offenses in another jurisdiction, if committed in this state, would be felonies
of the fourth or fifth degree or misdemeanors and none of those offenses would be an
offense of violence or a felony sex offense.
R.C. 2953.31(A)(1)(a). Pursuant to A.K.H.’s criminal history, neither party
submitted that A.K.H. qualified as an “eligible offender” under R.C. 2953.31(A)(1)(a).
R.C. 2953.31(A)(1)(b). In 2005, the Garfield Heights Municipal Court convicted
A.K.H. of disorderly conduct, a misdemeanor of the first degree, and in 2012, the
Lyndhurst Municipal Court convicted A.K.H. of possession of marijuana, a
misdemeanor of the first degree. We take judicial notice that the 2006 conviction
in Bedford Municipal Court for disorderly conduct was classified as a misdemeanor
of the fourth degree.6 With two felony convictions, two first-degree misdemeanors,
and one fourth-degree misdemeanor, A.K.H. was disqualified as an eligible offender
under R.C. 2953.31. However, our review does not end here, but next addresses
A.K.H.’s alleged equal protection violation.
A.K.H. implicitly conceded at the hearing on his motion to seal
records that he did not initially meet the statutory definition of an eligible offender
but argued that the 2005 and 2006 disorderly conduct convictions demonstrated an
equal protection violation and, therefore, he met the definition of an eligible
offender. Under his equal protection claim, A.K.H. argued that his disorderly
conduct convictions should be treated as minor misdemeanors for expungement
purposes because the Ohio Revised Code classifies such convictions as minor
misdemeanors. Specifically, if A.K.H. were convicted under R.C. 2917.11 for
6 “An appellate court is permitted to take judicial notice of publicly accessible
online court dockets.” Fipps v. Day, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 111633, 2022-Ohio-3434,
¶ 2, fn. 1, citing State ex rel. Everhart v. McIntosh, 115 Ohio St.3d 195, 2007-Ohio-4798,
874 N.E.2d 516; State v. Estridge, 2d Dist. Miami No. 2021-CA-25, 2022-Ohio-208, ¶ 12,
fn. 1 (“We note that it is a common practice for appellate courts to take judicial notice of
publicly accessible online court dockets.”). But see State ex rel. Bradford v. Bowen, 167
Ohio St.3d 477, 2022-Ohio-351, 194 N.E.3d 345, ¶ 12 (“Everhart merely recognized that
other courts have taken judicial notice of court records that were available on the
Internet.”).
disorderly conduct — rather than under the Garfield Heights and Bedford municipal
ordinances — he would be eligible to have his records sealed because the convictions,
classified as minor misdemeanors under the Ohio Revised Code, would not impact
his status as an eligible offender. A.K.H. argued the classification of the 2005 and
2006 disorderly conduct convictions as first-degree and fourth-degree
misdemeanor convictions, respectively, denied him equal protection under the law.
This is a creative argument, but we are limited to the facts here and cannot assume
the disorderly conduct convictions were minor misdemeanors.
“[A]n equal protection challenge may be successfully raised where
individuals with convictions from one community defining the offense with an
increased penalty are precluded from having their records sealed whereas
individuals with convictions from another community applying a less stringent
penalty are not precluded from having their records sealed, and this distinction is
not rationally related to a legitimate governmental interest.” State v. T.S., 2020-
Ohio-5182, 162 N.E.3d 137, ¶ 11 (8th Dist.), citing State v. J.S., 8th Dist. Cuyahoga
No. 101329, 2015-Ohio-177, ¶ 14.7
“The federal and state Equal Protection Clauses are essentially the
same and require that all similarly situated individuals be treated in a similar
7 We note that “the Ohio Supreme Court has determined a municipal ordinance
that increases the penalty for a crime from a minor misdemeanor to a higher-level
misdemeanor, rather than to a felony, is not in conflict with the general laws of Ohio
within the meaning of Article XVIII, Section 3, of the Ohio Constitution.” J.S. at ¶ 12,
citing Niles v. Howard, 12 Ohio St.3d 162, 165, 466 N.E.2d 539 (1984). Here, a separate
issue is raised by A.K.H.’s equal protection claim.
manner.” J.S. at ¶ 13, citing Ohio Apt. Assn. v. Levin, 127 Ohio St. 3d 76, 2010-Ohio-
4414, 936 N.E.2d 919, ¶ 33. “‘[A] statute that does not implicate a fundamental right
or a suspect classification’” violates equal-protection principles if it is not “‘rationally
related to a legitimate government interest.’” J.S. at ¶ 13, quoting State v. Williams,
126 Ohio St.3d 65, 2010-Ohio-2453, 930 N.E.2d 770, ¶ 39. This court held that “the
expungement statutes do not implicate a fundamental right or suspect
classification.” J.S. at ¶ 14. Further, we discern no rational basis or legitimate
governmental interest that allows redress for some applicants to seal their
conviction records but denies redress to other similarly situated applicants. See T.S.
at ¶ 14. However, the facts before us do not demonstrate A.K.H. was similarly
situated to offenders convicted under the relevant Ohio Revised Code section —
R.C. 2917.11 — for a minor misdemeanor.
Pursuant to R.C. 2917.11, a conviction of disorderly conduct is
generally classified as a minor misdemeanor. R.C. 2917.11(E)(1). However, if an
offender’s behavior falls within the parameters of R.C. 2917.11(E)(3) or (4), the
offense is elevated to a misdemeanor of the fourth degree. R.C. 2917.11(E)(1)-(4).
Absent evidence that shows A.K.H.’s 2005 and 2006 disorderly conduct convictions
would be classified under R.C. 2917.11 as minor misdemeanors — rather than
misdemeanors of the fourth degree — A.K.H. cannot demonstrate his 2005 and
2006 convictions were for the same conduct that would amount to a minor
misdemeanor if he had been convicted under the Ohio Revised Code. Thus, A.K.H.’s
equal protection claim lacks merit.
We are constrained by the evidence presented and, therefore, must
affirm the trial court’s ruling that found A.K.H. did not qualify as an eligible offender
and denied his motion to seal his record of convictions.
Judgment affirmed.
It is ordered that appellee recover from appellant costs herein taxed.
The court finds there were reasonable grounds for this appeal.
It is ordered that a special mandate issue out of this court directing the
common pleas court to carry this judgment into execution.
A certified copy of this entry shall constitute the mandate pursuant to Rule 27
of the Rules of Appellate Procedure.
MARY EILEEN KILBANE, JUDGE
EILEEN A. GALLAGHER, P.J., and
MICHELLE J. SHEEHAN, J., CONCUR