State v. Muhammad , 2014 Ohio 5771 ( 2014 )

[Cite as State v. Muhammad, 2014-Ohio-5771.]
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS
ELEVENTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
GEAUGA COUNTY, OHIO
STATE OF OHIO, : OPINION
Plaintiff-Appellee, :
CASE NO. 2014-G-3182
- vs - :
RASHAD M. MUHAMMAD, :
Defendant-Appellant. :
Criminal Appeal from the Geauga County Court of Common Pleas, Case No. 13 C
000134.
Judgment: Affirmed.
James R. Flaiz, Geauga County Prosecutor, and Nicholas A. Burling, Assistant
Prosecuting Attorney, Courthouse Annex, 231 Main Street, Suite 3A, Chardon, OH
44024 (For Plaintiff-Appellee).
Brooke M. Burns and Sheryl A. Trzaska, Assistant State Public Defender, 250 East
Broad Street, #1400, Columbus, OH 43215-9308 (For Defendant-Appellant).
CYNTHIA WESTCOTT RICE, J.
{¶1} Appellant, Rashad M. Muhammad, entered pleas of guilty to aggravated
robbery with a firearm specification and improperly handling a firearm in a motor
vehicle. The trial court subsequently sentenced appellant to an aggregate term of 12
years imprisonment. For the reasons discussed below, we affirm.
{¶2} Johnathan and Joshua Moore planned a robbery of the Newbury
Pharmacy in Newbury Township, Geauga County, Ohio. They enlisted the assistance
of Zachary Tiggs from Detroit, Michigan, who, in turn, enlisted the help of appellant.
Once appellant agreed to assist in the robbery, the Moores purchased bus tickets for
appellant and Tiggs to travel to Cleveland, where, in the early morning hours of July 11,
2013, the Moores picked up the two young men. They returned to the Moores’
residence and went to sleep.
{¶3} Upon awakening, Johnathan Moore provided appellant with a loaded .38
special to use in the robbery. Appellant and Tiggs entered the pharmacy at
approximately 9:20 a.m. on July 11, 2013. And, while Tiggs distracted a front pharmacy
employee, appellant went to the rear of the pharmacy and confronted the pharmacist
with the firearm. Appellant placed the firearm to the pharmacist’s face and demanded
all the “controls,” which the pharmacist interpreted to mean all the controlled narcotics.
The pharmacist opened a cabinet and placed between 4,000 and 6,000 pills in a bag,
and the robbers fled.
{¶4} Appellant and Tiggs were picked up by Johnathon Moore. Traffic was
heavy, however, and they had difficulty exiting the parking lot. A witness noticed them
leaving and followed them in his black SUV. Appellant advised Moore to stop the
vehicle so he could “smoke” the guy that was following them.
{¶5} Meanwhile, Joshua Moore had retrieved $80 from an ATM for appellant
and Tiggs to purchase bus tickets back to Michigan. The Moores were subsequently
arrested for their role in the robbery. Geauga County law enforcement officers
contacted the Michigan State Police, who later apprehended both appellant and Tiggs.
The authorities retrieved cell phones, bus tickets, clothing, personal identification, as
well as the stolen pills. Geauga County police officers later drove to Detroit, took
appellant and Tiggs into custody, and transported them back to Geauga County.
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{¶6} On July 12, 2013, a complaint was filed in the Geauga County Juvenile
Court, alleging that the then-17-year-old appellant was delinquent of aggravated
robbery, in violation of R.C. 2911.01(A)(1), a felony of the first degree if committed by
an adult; kidnapping, in violation of R.C. 2905.01(A)(2), a felony of the first degree if
committed by an adult; and felonious assault, in violation of R.C. 2903.11(A)(2), a felony
of the second degree if committed by an adult. Each charge was enhanced with a
firearm specification pursuant to R.C. 2941.145. The state sought to have appellant’s
case transferred to the Geauga County Court of Common Pleas in order to try him as
an adult pursuant to Juv.R. 30 and R.C. 2152.12(A).
{¶7} On August 19, 2013, the juvenile court held a probable cause hearing,
after which it found probable cause to believe appellant committed the offenses charged
in the complaint. The court further determined transfer to the court of common pleas
was mandatory pursuant to R.C. 2152.10(A)(2)(b) and (A)(3).
{¶8} Appellant was subsequently indicted by the Geauga County Grand Jury
on the following charges: aggravated robbery, in violation of R.C. 2911.01(A)(1), a
felony of the first degree; kidnapping, in violation of R.C. 2905.01(A)(2), a felony of the
first degree; theft of drugs, in violation of R.C. 2913.02(A)(1) and (B)(6), a felony of the
fourth degree; improperly handling firearms in a motor vehicle, in violation of R.C.
2923.16(B), a felony of the fourth degree; breaking and entering, in violation of R.C.
2911.13(B), a felony of the fifth degree; and aggravated menacing, in violation of R.C.
2903.21(A), a misdemeanor of the first degree. Counts one, two, and three contained
firearm specifications, pursuant to R.C. 2941.145.
{¶9} On September 19, 2013, appellant entered pleas of guilty to aggravated
robbery with a firearm specification and to improperly handling firearms in a motor
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vehicle. Appellant was sentenced on January 6, 2014. The trial court imposed an
eight-year term of imprisonment for aggravated robbery; three years on the firearm
specification; and twelve months for improperly handling firearms in a motor vehicle. All
terms of imprisonment were ordered to be served consecutively, for an aggregate term
of 12 years. This appeal follows.
{¶10} Appellant assigns five errors for our review. His first assignment of error
provides:
{¶11} “The Geauga County Court of Common Pleas erred when it convicted
Rashad Muhammad of improperly handling a firearm in a motor vehicle because it did
not have subject matter jurisdiction over that offense. R.C. 2151.23(A); R.C.
2152.02(C); R.C. 2152.12(A). Fourteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution; Ohio
Constitution, Article I, Section 16.”
{¶12} Appellant contends that the Geauga County Court of Common Pleas
lacked jurisdiction to enter a judgment of conviction for the count of improperly handling
a firearm in a motor vehicle because that charge was not filed in the initial complaint
charging him in the juvenile court. According to appellant, the court of common pleas
has jurisdiction over only those charges that were pending at the time of transfer. As a
result, he maintains, the charge of improperly handling a firearm in a motor vehicle is
void and the conviction must be vacated. We do not agree.
{¶13} Juvenile courts possess exclusive initial subject-matter jurisdiction over
any matter involving a juvenile alleged to be delinquent for having committed an act that
would constitute a felony if committed by an adult. State v. Golphin, 81 Ohio St. 3d 543,
544 (1998). Before a juvenile may be tried as an adult in a court of common pleas, the
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juvenile court must comply with the transfer provisions in R.C. 2152.12. Id. at 545.
(citing former R.C. 2151.26, which was replaced by current R.C. 2152.12).
{¶14} In this case, the matter was subject to a mandatory transfer to the court of
common pleas pursuant to procedures set forth under the applicable statutes. In
particular, the juvenile court found that appellant was alleged to be delinquent, charged
with two category-two offenses if committed by an adult (i.e., aggravated robbery and
kidnapping); was 17 years old at the time of the act in question; and was alleged to
have a firearm on his person during the commission of the act charged. Pursuant to
R.C. 2152.10(A)(2)(b), the trial court concluded appellant was subject to mandatory
transfer.
{¶15} Furthermore, R.C. 2152.10(A)(3) and R.C. 2152.12(A)(2) require transfer
of a juvenile case to the court of common pleas “if the complaint is filed against a child
who is domiciled in another state alleging that the child is a delinquent child for
committing an act that would be a felony if committed by an adult, and, if the act
charged had been committed in that other state, the child would be subject to criminal
prosecution as an adult under the law of that other state without the need for a transfer
of jurisdiction.” Appellant was domiciled in the state of Michigan at the time of the acts
leading to the charges and Michigan law defines a juvenile as a person who is less than
17 years of age. The trial court therefore determined R.C. 2152.10(A)(3) and R.C.
2152.12(A)(2) provided further basis for the mandatory transfer.
{¶16} Appellant’s first assignment of error does not take issue with the propriety
of the transfer, only the subsequent indictment that the grand jury returned that included
a charge, i.e., improperly handling a firearm in a motor vehicle, not in the original
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complaint. Appellant asserts the court of common pleas did not have subject matter
jurisdiction to try him on this charge.
{¶17} R.C. 2151.23 governs the jurisdiction of the juvenile courts. Subsection
(H) of that statute provides:
{¶18} If a child who is charged with an act that would be an offense if
committed by an adult * * * is transferred for criminal prosecution
pursuant to section 2152.12 of the Revised Code, except as
provided in section 2152.121 of the Revised Code, the juvenile
court does not have jurisdiction to hear or determine the case
subsequent to the transfer. The court to which the case is
transferred for criminal prosecution pursuant to that section has
jurisdiction subsequent to the transfer to hear and determine the
case in the same manner as if the case originally had been
commenced in that court, subject to section 2152.121 of the
Revised Code, including, but not limited to, jurisdiction to accept a
plea of guilty or another plea authorized by Criminal Rule 11 or
another section of the Revised Code and jurisdiction to accept a
verdict and to enter a judgment of conviction pursuant to the Rules
of Criminal Procedure against the child for the commission of the
offense that was the basis of the transfer of the case for criminal
prosecution, whether the conviction is for the same degree or a
lesser degree of the offense charged, for the commission of a
lesser-included offense, or for the commission of another offense
that is different from the offense charged. (Emphasis added).
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{¶19} In State v. Adams, 69 Ohio St. 2d 120 (1982), the Supreme Court of Ohio
held that after a child is properly bound over to the general division for a felony, the child
is bound over for all felonies, even if the other felonies were not the subject of the
transfer proceedings. Effective January 1, 1996, however, the General Assembly
enacted Am.Sub.H.B. No. 1, amending the applicable statutes so as to supersede
Adams, stating at Section 3(B):
{¶20} “‘The General Assembly hereby declares that its purpose in enacting the
language in division (B) of section 2151.011 and divisions (B) and (C) of section
2151.26 of the Revised Code [now R.C. 2152.12] that exists on and after the effective
date of this act is to overrule the holding in Adams, supra, regarding the effect of binding
a child over for trial as an adult.’” State v. Fryerson, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 71683,
2000 Ohio App. LEXIS 456, *14 citing R.C. 2151.23(H)(1) (Feb. 10, 2000), quoting 146
Ohio Laws, Part I, 1, 96.
{¶21} As a consequence of the foregoing amendments, a transferee court
possesses jurisdiction to hear and determine criminal offenses derived from a charged
act that was transferred for criminal prosecution under R.C. 2152.12, but did not have
jurisdiction to adjudicate criminal offenses derived from a charged act that was not the
basis of the transfer. Fryerson, supra.
{¶22} The Eighth Appellate District has specifically addressed the issue when a
juvenile defendant can be indicted on charges different from those that were the basis
of the transfer. In Fryerson, supra, the juvenile defendant was bound over to the court
of common pleas on several charges involving a specific victim and occurrence. After
being bound over, the defendant was indicted on separate charges involving a different
victim and occurrence. The Eighth District held that, because the defendant was not
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bound over on the second set of charges, the court of common pleas did not have
jurisdiction to hear those charges. The court determined that, pursuant to R.C.
2151.23(H), because the different charges were not derived from the charged act that
was the basis of the transfer, those charges could not be heard or resolved in the
general division. Id. at *14.
{¶23} In State v. Bruno, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 77202, 2001 Ohio App. LEXIS
479 (Feb. 8, 2001), the Eighth District again considered the same issue with a different
result. In Bruno, the juvenile defendant was bound over to the court of common pleas
for murder. The grand jury subsequently indicted the defendant for aggravated murder.
On appeal, the defendant argued the trial court’s indictment for aggravated murder
exceeded the jurisdiction bestowed upon it by the juvenile court. The Eighth District
noted “that as long as the indicted offense arose out of the offense that was the basis of
the transfer, the juvenile could be indicted on a different offense, but where the juvenile
was indicted on offenses that did not arise out of the bound over offenses, the trial court
lacked jurisdiction.” Id. at *6-*7 citing Fryerson, supra. Drawing from the Fryerson
holding as well as R.C. 2151.23(H), the Bruno court held that a court of common pleas
has jurisdiction over a charge different from the charge bound over so long as the new
charge is derived from the charged act that was the basis of the transfer. Id. at *8.
{¶24} The issue in the instant matter may be framed accordingly: Did the
charge of improperly handling a firearm in a motor vehicle arise out of the offenses that
were the basis of the transfer or, alternatively, was the improperly-handling charge
derivative of the charged acts at the basis of the transfer?
{¶25} Appellant was transferred on charges of aggravated robbery, kidnapping,
and felonious assault, each with an accompanying firearm enhancement. The facts
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upon which these charges were premised revealed appellant, with a .38 special on his
person, was dropped, with Tiggs, at the pharmacy; appellant used the firearm to rob the
pharmacy; he then fled in Johnathon Moore’s vehicle with the firearm.
{¶26} The additional crime of improperly handling a firearm in a motor vehicle
charged appellant with violating R.C. 2923.16(B), which provides: “No person shall
knowingly transport or have a loaded firearm in a motor vehicle in such a manner that
the firearm is accessible to the operator or any passenger without leaving the vehicle.”
Given the facts of the case, it is reasonable to conclude the charge of improper handling
of a firearm in a motor vehicle was derived from the charged acts that were the basis of
the transfer. Although the charge was a result of a prior act of transporting a loaded
firearm in a vehicle, the crimes for which appellant was transferred could only occur as
they did due to the improper-handling charge. In effect, the criminal acts upon which
the transfer was premised were, in an essential way, completely derivative of
appellant’s act of improper handling. Accordingly, the improper-handling charge was,
under these facts, sine qua non, for the crimes for which appellant was transferred. We
therefore hold the trial court possessed jurisdiction to indict and convict appellant of
improperly handling a firearm in a vehicle pursuant to R.C. 2151.23(H).
{¶27} Appellant’s first assignment of error lacks merit.
{¶28} Appellant’s second, third, and fourth assignments of error state,
respectively:
{¶29} “[2.] The juvenile court erred when it transferred Rashad Muhammad’s
case to criminal court because the mandatory transfer provisions in R.C.
2152.10(A)(2)(b), 2152.12(A)(1)(b), and 2152.12(A)(2)(b) are unconstitutional in
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violation of a child’s right to due process as guaranteed by the Fourteenth Amendment
to the U.S. Constitution and Article I, Section 16, Ohio Constitution.”
{¶30} “[3.] The juvenile court erred when it transferred Rashad Muhammad’s
case to criminal court because the mandatory transfer provisions in R.C.
2152.10(A)(2)(b) and 2152.12(A)(1)(b) violate a child’s right to equal protection as
guaranteed by the Fourteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution and Article I, Section
2, Ohio Constitution.”
{¶31} “[4.] The juvenile court erred when it transferred Rashad Muhammad’s
case to criminal court because the mandatory transfer provisions in 2152.10(A)(2)(b),
2152.12(A)(1)(b), and 2152.12(A)(2)(b) violate the prohibition against cruel and unusual
punishments as guaranteed by the Eighth and Fourteenth Amendments to the U.S.
Constitution and Article I, Section 9, Ohio Constitution.”
{¶32} Under these assigned errors, appellant contends the mandatory statutory
transfer provisions listed above, violate his constitutional rights to due process of law,
equal protection and the prohibition against cruel and unusual punishment. We need
not reach the merits of these challenges, however, because, by virtue of his plea of
guilty, appellant waived the arguments.
{¶33} In State v. Fitzpatrick, 102 Ohio St. 3d 321, 2004-Ohio-3167, the Ohio
Supreme Court held “a defendant who * * * voluntarily, knowingly, and intelligently
enters a guilty plea with the assistance of counsel ‘may not thereafter raise independent
claims relating to the deprivation of constitutional rights that occurred prior to the entry
of the guilty plea.’”. Id. at ¶78, quoting Tollett v. Henderson, 411 U.S. 258, 267 (1973).
A defendant who enters a plea of guilty waives the right to appeal all nonjurisdictional
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issues arising at prior stages of the proceedings. Ross v. Common Pleas, 30 Ohio
St.2d 323, 324 (1972).
{¶34} The constitutionality of the Revised Code’s mandatory bind-over
provisions does not implicate the court of common pleas’ jurisdiction. State v. Bradford,
5th Dist. Stark No. 2013 CA 00124, 2014-Ohio-904, ¶78. Pursuant to R.C. 2151.23(H)
and R.C. 2152.12(I), the court of common pleas has jurisdiction over any case that is
transferred from the juvenile court, regardless of whether it is a mandatory bind-over
under R.C. 2152.12(A) or a discretionary bind-over under R.C. 2152.12(B).1 State v.
Quarterman, 9th Dist. Summit No. 26400, 2013-Ohio-3606, ¶5; see also Bradford,
supra.
{¶35} In this matter, appellant does not argue his pleas were not knowing,
intelligent, or voluntary. Rather, he asserts the juvenile court should not have
transferred his case to the court of common pleas because the transfer statutes upon
which it relied do not comport with the Constitution of Ohio or the United States. By
entering pleas of guilty to aggravated robbery, with a firearm specification, and
improperly handling firearms in a motor vehicle, however, appellant waived his right to
challenge the constitutionality of the mandatory-transfer provisions. State v. Ketterer,
111 Ohio St. 3d 70, 2006-Ohio-5280, ¶104 (an appellant waives any complaint regarding
constitutional violations not related to the entry of a guilty plea.)
1. R.C. 2152.12(I) provides: Upon the transfer of a case under division (A) or (B) of this section, the
juvenile court shall state the reasons for the transfer on the record, and shall order the child to enter into a
recognizance with good and sufficient surety for the child's appearance before the appropriate court for
any disposition that the court is authorized to make for a similar act committed by an adult. The transfer
abates the jurisdiction of the juvenile court with respect to the delinquent acts alleged in the complaint,
and, upon the transfer, all further proceedings pertaining to the act charged shall be discontinued in the
juvenile court, and the case then shall be within the jurisdiction of the court to which it is transferred as
described in division (H) of section 2151.23 of the Revised Code.
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{¶36} Appellant’s second, third, and fourth assignments of error are without
merit.
{¶37} Appellant’s fifth assignment of error provides:
{¶38} “Rashad Muhammad was denied the effective assistance of counsel.
Fifth, Sixth, Eighth, and Fourteenth Amendments to the U.S. Constitution; Ohio
Constitution, Article I, Sections 9 and 10.”
{¶39} Under this assignment of error, appellant asserts he was denied effective
assistance of counsel when his attorney failed to object to the court of common pleas’
subject matter jurisdiction as well as when counsel failed to challenge the mandatory
transfer based upon constitutional violations. We do not agree.
{¶40} Counsel’s performance will not be deemed ineffective unless an appellant
establishes counsel’s performance fell below an objective standard of reasonableness
and the appellant suffered prejudice. See e.g. Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668
(1984).
{¶41} A plea of guilty waives the right to appeal issues of counsel’s purported
ineffectiveness, unless the alleged ineffective assistance caused the guilty plea to be
involuntary. State v. Bennett, 6th Dist. Wood No. WD-08-0005, 2008-Ohio-5812, ¶5;
see also State v. Miller, 11th Dist. Lake No. 2001-L-210, 2003-Ohio-1205, ¶17. In his
brief, appellant has not argued his attorney’s alleged deficient performance caused his
plea not to be entered knowingly, intelligently, or involuntarily. Accordingly, appellant
waived his ineffective-assistance claim.
{¶42} Appellant’s final assignment of error lacks merit.
{¶43} For the reasons discussed in this opinion, the judgment of the Geauga
County Court of Common Pleas is affirmed.
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TIMOTHY P. CANNON, P.J., concurs,
COLLEEN MARY O’TOOLE, J., concurs in part and dissents in part, with a
Concurring/Dissenting Opinion.
_____________________
COLLEEN MARY O’TOOLE, J., concurs in part and dissents in part, with a
Concurring/Dissenting Opinion.
{¶44} I concur with the majority’s well-reasoned disposition of the second
through fifth assignments of error. I respectfully dissent regarding the first, finding the
trial court did not have jurisdiction of the charge of improperly handling firearms in a
motor vehicle. As the majority notes, the Eighth District in Fryerson, supra, determined
that the court of common pleas has jurisdiction of crimes not charged in the juvenile
court, but which derive from the same criminal acts. In this case, appellant was charged
in the juvenile court with delinquencies all stemming from his acts in the pharmacy:
aggravated robbery (if committed by an adult); kidnapping (if committed by an adult);
and felonious assault (if committed by an adult). These all arose directly from appellant
pointing the gun at the pharmacist, and demanding the drugs. As the majority
acknowledges, the improperly handling firearms in a vehicle charge, only brought after
bindover, stems from appellant’s possession of the gun on the way to the pharmacy,
and during the getaway. It simply does not arise from the same criminal acts forming
the basis of the delinquency charges. Fryerson and its progeny do not apply, and the
trial court lacked jurisdiction of this charge.
{¶45} I respectfully concur and dissent.
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