State v. Carlson ( 2023 )

[Cite as State v. Carlson, 2023-Ohio-372.]
COURT OF APPEALS OF OHIO
EIGHTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
COUNTY OF CUYAHOGA
STATE OF OHIO, :
Plaintiff-Appellee, :
No. 111534
v. :
DANIEL CARLSON, :
Defendant-Appellant. :
JOURNAL ENTRY AND OPINION
JUDGMENT: AFFIRMED
RELEASED AND JOURNALIZED: February 9, 2023
Criminal Appeal from the Cuyahoga County Court of Common Pleas
Case No. CR-21-660358-A
Appearances:
Michael C. O’Malley, Cuyahoga County Prosecuting
Attorney, and Fallon Radigan, Assistant Prosecuting
Attorney, for appellee.
The Powers Law Firm, LLC, and John A. Powers, for
appellant.
FRANK DANIEL CELEBREZZE, III, J.:
Defendant-appellant Daniel Carlson appeals his sentence imposed by
the Cuyahoga County Court of Common Pleas, contending that his sentence
imposed pursuant to S.B. 201, the Reagan Tokes Law, was unconstitutional and that
he received ineffective assistance of counsel during sentencing. After a thorough
review of the applicable law and facts, we affirm.
I. Factual and Procedural History
In May 2021, a Cuyahoga County Grand Jury returned a 22-count
indictment against Carlson for conduct occurring between September 2019 through
June 2021. The charges were as follows: pandering sexually oriented matter
involving a minor (Counts 1, 13, 16); illegal use of minor in nudity-oriented material
or performance (Counts 2, 3, 4, 5, 9, 14, 15, 18, 20, 21); compelling prostitution
(Counts 6, 19); extortion (Counts 7, 17); importuning (Counts 8, 10, 11, 12); and
tampering with evidence (Count 22).
Carlson, a teacher and track coach in the Mayfield City School District,
concealed his identity by suggesting that he was a student or a peer and used a social
media application to message former students. Carlson engaged in a pattern where
he would ask the victims to send photographs in exchange for money or gift cards.
The requests began with asking for photos of just the victims’ faces and he would
send a small dollar amount. When the victims realized that Carlson followed
through with his promises to send money, he would escalate the activity and ask for
more explicit photos including nude photos and even videos of sex acts, and the
compensation given to the victims increased. On one occasion, Carlson offered a
victim $15,000 in exchange for sex, though it does not appear that Carlson ever met
with any of the victims in person. Carlson spent approximately $39,050 on money
and gift cards to send to the victims in exchange for photos and videos. The
investigators identified at least 23 victims, and 8 of those identified were under 18
years old; the youngest identified victim was 12 years old.
Eventually, many of the victims informed Carlson that they wanted to
stop, and he threatened them. Carlson also used information against the victims to
ensure that his identity did not get out. He would tell the victims that he knew where
they lived, what sports they played, and would threaten to post all the photos and
videos they sent to him on social media if they did not continue sending them. He
also threatened to tell the police. At sentencing, the state informed the trial court
that it did not believe that any of the images were published or otherwise
disseminated. Carlson allegedly broke the tablet containing the images and threw it
in Lake Erie before he was arrested.
Carlson accepted a plea deal and entered guilty pleas to pandering
sexually oriented matter involving a minor (Count 1); compelling prostitution
(Counts 6, 19); extortion (Counts 7, 17); attempted illegal use of minor in nudity-
oriented material (Counts 9, 18, 20 as amended); importuning (Counts 10, 11, 12);
pandering sexually oriented matter involving a minor (Count 13 as amended);
attempted pandering sexually oriented matter involving a minor (Count 16 as
amended); and tampering with evidence (Count 22). Counts 2, 3, 4, 5, 8, 14, 15, and
21 were nolled.
The court imposed a minimum ten-year prison sentence, running
Counts 1 and 6 consecutively and all others concurrently. The sentence for Count 1,
the only second-degree felony, was imposed pursuant to S.B. 201, the Reagan Tokes
Law. Carlson was advised that pursuant to Count 1, his prison sentence was 7 years
but could be up to 10.5 years under S.B. 201. Carlson was also ordered to register as
a tier II sex offender.
Carlson appeals his sentence, assigning two errors for our review.
1. As amended by S.B. 201, the revised code’s sentences for first- and
second-degree qualifying felonies violated the constitutions of the
United States and the State of Ohio; accordingly, the trial court plainly
erred in imposing a S.B. 201 indefinite sentence.
2. Trial counsel was ineffective when counsel provided the court with a
confidential psychological report that indicated the appellant may be
an above average risk to reoffend sexually.
II. Law and Analysis
In his first assignment of error, Carlson challenges his sentence that
was imposed pursuant to the Reagan Tokes Law, enacted by S.B. 201. Particularly,
Carlson argues that the Reagan Tokes Law is unconstitutional, raising arguments
that the law (1) violates his right to a trial by jury, (2) violates the separation-of-
powers doctrine and, (3) violates due process requirements.
As Carlson acknowledges, all of these constitutional challenges were
resolved in this court’s en banc decision, State v. Delvallie, 2022-Ohio-470, 185
N.E.3d 536 (8th Dist.), that held that the Reagan Tokes Law was constitutional and
did not violate a defendant’s right to trial by jury, did not violate separation-of-
powers principles, and did not violate due process requirements. Finding that
Carlson has not raised any arguments not already addressed in Delvallie, we
overrule his first assignment of error.
In his second assignment of error, Carlson argues that he received
ineffective assistance of counsel. Carlson argues that because his trial counsel
produced a report that the court found persuasive in sentencing, Carlson could have
received a shorter prison sentence or even community-control sanctions in lieu of a
prison sentence.
At the recommendation of trial counsel, Carlson began mental health
treatment services at Advanced Psychotherapy Services (“APS”) in Wickliffe, Ohio.
Among these services was a Sexual Behavior Evaluation (“SBE”), performed by
Chelsea McGowan, a clinical counselor. According to the transcript, Carlson’s
records from APS, including the SBE, were provided to the state and the trial court
for review, but are not in the record before us. On appeal, Carlson argues that his
trial counsel was ineffective for providing the trial court with a copy of the SBE
because the trial court referenced the SBE’s findings several times during sentencing
and cited the SBE as a reason for imposing consecutive sentences.
To establish a claim of ineffective assistance of counsel, Carlson must
demonstrate that his trial counsel’s representation was deficient, and that the
deficient performance was prejudicial. State v. Jones, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No.
102260, 2016-Ohio-688, ¶ 14, citing Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 687-
688, 694, 104 S.Ct. 2052, 80 L.Ed.2d 674 (1984); State v. Weaver, Slip Opinion No.
2022-Ohio-4371, ¶ 68. To establish that counsel was deficient, appellant must
demonstrate that defense counsel’s performance fell below an objective standard of
reasonableness. State v. Bradley, 42 Ohio St.3d 136, 142, 538 N.E.2d 373 (1989).
To establish that counsel’s deficient performance was prejudicial, appellant must
demonstrate that there exists a reasonable probability that, were it not for counsel’s
errors, the results of the proceeding would have been different. State v. White, 82
Ohio St.3d 16, 23, 693 N.E.2d 772 (1998). A reviewing court must give great
deference to counsel’s performance in reviewing an ineffective-assistance-of-
counsel claim. Strickland at 689. “A reviewing court will strongly presume that
counsel rendered adequate assistance and made all significant decisions in the
exercise of reasonable professional judgment.” State v. Pawlak, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga
No. 99555, 2014-Ohio-2175, ¶ 69, citing Bradley at 141.
R.C. 2929.13(D)(1) carries a presumption that first- and second-
degree felonies are subject to a prison term, but under subsection (D)(2), the trial
court may impose community-control sanctions in lieu of a prison term if certain
findings are made. State v. Anderson, 143 Ohio St.3d 173, 2015-Ohio-2089, 35
N.E.3d 512, ¶ 29. If a sentencing court finds that (1) the offender has a lesser
likelihood of recidivism based on the factors enumerated in R.C. 2929.12; and (2)
pursuant to R.C. 2929.12, the offender’s conduct was less serious than conduct
normally constituting the offense, then a community-control sanction may be
imposed in lieu of a prison sentence at the discretion of the sentencing court. R.C.
2929.13(D)(2). Carlson argues that the SBE, which his trial counsel provided,
undermined the first finding because McGowan found that Carlson had an above-
average risk of reoffending and the court relied heavily on this point in imposing a
prison sentence and imposing consecutive sentences.
Counsel’s decisions relating to strategy are granted wide latitude of
professional judgment, and it is not the duty of a reviewing court to analyze trial
counsel’s legal tactics and maneuvers. State v. Edgerson, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No.
101283, 2015-Ohio-593, ¶ 6. The extent of mitigation evidence presented at a
sentencing hearing is generally a matter of trial strategy. (Citations omitted.) State
v. Tinsley, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 105551, 2018-Ohio-278, ¶ 17. If tactical or
strategic trial decisions are unsuccessful, that does not generally constitute
ineffective assistance of counsel. Id., citing State v. Cossack, 7th Dist. Mahoning No.
08 MA 161, 2009-Ohio-3327, ¶ 36. It is clear from the record that Carlson’s trial
counsel introduced those records as mitigation. Carlson’s counsel was attempting
to demonstrate that Carlson had a lesser likelihood of recidivism because Carlson
was so open to treatment:
[TRIAL COUNSEL]: * * * The reason why we wanted to be able to
provide the Court with the full history of his mental health, * * * was
Mr. Carlson is a person who has been suffering, who has been battling
his mental health diagnoses now for years.
(Tr. 73.)
[TRIAL COUNSEL]: * * * [C]ertainly by committing himself to this
ongoing treatment, his ongoing therapy, those are the ways that he can
prove to the community how seriously he takes this.
Certainly since the end of May, early June of last year, that’s exactly
what he’s done. There hasn’t been anything else for him to do other
than to get to the root of his issues. That’s why he has devoted himself
to therapy, to counseling, to make sure that something like this never
happens again, that certainly he has the tools in place to identify what
was going on with him.
* * * [C]ertainly he has benefitted a great deal from his one-on-one
counseling. I think it was the addition of the group counseling through
APS that he was really able to get to the bottom of what was going on,
to be able to speak with counselors, to speak with other individuals who
are dealing with a similar addiction that he suffers from as well, and
recognizing what that addiction is, what are those warning signs, and
how to combat it.
(Tr. 76-77.)
Carlson notes that his presentence investigation came to an opposite
conclusion; that he was at a low risk of reoffending. A review of the record, however,
indicates that trial counsel brought this dichotomy between the documents to the
trial court’s attention:
[TRIAL COUNSEL]: Also, Your Honor, just in taking a look at the
presentence investigation report, it also indicated that there was a low
risk for recidivism in there as well. So that was also a determination
made by the court probation department in making its
recommendations.
THE COURT: But not by his mental health professional.
[TRIAL COUNSEL]: No, Your Honor. That’s just from the court’s
probation department.
THE COURT: Right.
[TRIAL COUNSEL]: But certainly taking a look, that was one of the
things that Ms. McGowan did indicate about his openness to that
treatment and that is something that he has been engaging in since I
believe it was December or January, engaging in the treatment
specifically dealing with the sex-related offenses.
(Tr. 85.)
The fact that the trial court ultimately gave more weight to the SBE
submitted by Carlson’s trial counsel as opposed to the community-control
department’s presentence-investigation report does not demonstrate deficient,
prejudicial conduct by Carlson’s trial counsel.
We further note that during sentencing, the trial court came to its own
conclusion on recidivism separate from the SBE and the presentence-investigation
report. The trial court noted that Carlson was regularly attending counseling while
the events leading to his conviction occurred and never once mentioned these
serious problems to his providers until after he was apprehended. The trial court
noted that “I would suggest having a problem and not addressing it like alcohol or
drugs puts it on the defendant as far as not — and statutorily, [R.C.] 2929.12 renders
that person more likely to reoffend * * *.” (Tr. 82.) The trial court also noted that
even though this was Carlson’s only criminal offense, the conduct went on for nearly
two years.
Carlson also provides numerous arguments suggesting that the trial
court was not provided the appropriate context for interpreting the SBE and directs
us to many government-sponsored and academic studies regarding sexual offenders
who commit their offenses exclusively online. In lieu of providing statistics and
outside media, Carlson’s trial counsel submitted a substantial sentencing
memorandum containing other materials aimed at mitigating Carlson’s sentence.
This memorandum contained substantial details about Carlson’s past, his mental
health struggles, and indeed contained many other details from the SBE intended to
demonstrate the extent of Carlson’s mental health problems. In addition to this,
numerous letters of support from members of Carlson’s family and the community
were submitted. ‘“Strickland does not require counsel to investigate every
conceivable line of mitigating evidence no matter how unlikely the effort would be
to assist the defendant at sentencing.’” State v. Hale, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No.
103654, 2016-Ohio-5837, ¶ 19, quoting Wiggins v. Smith, 539 U.S. 510, 533, 123
S.Ct. 2527, 156 L.Ed.2d 471 (2003). Carlson’s trial counsel submitted a substantial
sentencing memorandum and Carlson’s psychological history as mitigating
evidence. This is clearly a matter of trial strategy, and we cannot say that it was
ineffective, even if it’s not necessarily as successful as trial counsel intended.
Carlson’s suggestion that counsel should have also provided the available statistics
and outside media is therefore without merit.
Carlson has not demonstrated that his trial counsel was deficient and
that the alleged deficient conduct prejudiced him at sentencing. Accordingly,
Carlson’s second assignment of error is overruled.
III. Conclusion
The trial court did not err in sentencing Carlson pursuant to S.B. 201,
the Reagan Tokes Law, pursuant to this court’s en banc Delvallie decision.
Furthermore, the record does not support Carlson’s contention that he received
ineffective assistance of counsel at sentencing.
Judgment affirmed.
It is ordered that appellee recover from appellant costs herein taxed.
The court finds there were reasonable grounds for this appeal.
It is ordered that a special mandate issue out of this court directing the
common pleas court to carry this judgment into execution.
A certified copy of this entry shall constitute the mandate pursuant to Rule 27
of the Rules of Appellate Procedure.
FRANK DANIEL CELEBREZZE, III, JUDGE
ANITA LASTER MAYS, A.J., and
MARY EILEEN KILBANE, J., CONCUR
N.B. Administrative Judge Anita Laster Mays is constrained to apply Delvallie’s en
banc decision. For a full explanation of her analysis, see State v. Delvallie, 2022-
Ohio-4701, 85 N.E.3d 536 (8th Dist.)(Laster Mays, J., concurring in part and
dissenting in part).
Judge Mary Eileen Kilbane joined the dissenting opinion by Judge Lisa B. Forbes
and the concurring in part and dissenting in part opinion by Judge Anita Laster
Mays in Delvallie and would have found the Reagan Tokes Law unconstitutional.