Message
×
loading..

Schmidt v. Schmidt , 2012 Ohio 5252 ( 2012 )


Menu:
  • [Cite as Schmidt v. Schmidt, 2012-Ohio-5252.]
    STATE OF OHIO, MONROE COUNTY
    IN THE COURT OF APPEALS
    SEVENTH DISTRICT
    RICHARD SCHMIDT,                                )   CASE NO.    11 MO 6
    )
    PLAINTIFF-APPELLEE,                     )
    )
    VS.                                             )   OPINION
    )
    MARENA SCHMIDT,                                 )
    )
    DEFENDANT-APPELLANT.                    )
    CHARACTER OF PROCEEDINGS:                           Civil Appeal from Common Pleas Court,
    Case No. 2010-312.
    JUDGMENT:                                           Affirmed.
    APPEARANCES:
    For Plaintiff-Appellee:                             Attorney Rebecca Bench
    23 Driggs Lane
    Bridgeport, Ohio 43912
    For Defendant-Appellant:                            Attorney Mark Morrison
    117 North Main Street
    Woodsfield, Ohio 43793
    JUDGES:
    Hon. Joseph J. Vukovich
    Hon. Cheryl L. Waite
    Hon. Mary DeGenaro
    Dated: November 6, 2012
    [Cite as Schmidt v. Schmidt, 2012-Ohio-5252.]
    VUKOVICH, J.
    {¶1}    Appellant Marena Schmidt appeals the decision of the Monroe County
    Common Pleas Court, which terminated the alternating residential parent status
    regarding one of the parties’ three children and named appellee Richard Schmidt the
    residential parent of that child. The threshold issue is whether the statutory changed
    circumstances provisions applicable to the modification of parental rights and
    responsibilities apply here where there is a separate statute applicable to the
    termination of a shared parenting decree which only requires the court to consider
    whether termination is within the child’s best interests. Since the trial court here did
    not state that the prior shared parenting decree was terminated when it modified the
    parties’ residential parent status and certain portions of the prior decree still exist, we
    agree with the mother that changed circumstances were required.
    {¶2}    As to the trial court’s finding of changed circumstances, the mother
    argues that a nine-year-old’s wishes are not a sufficient changed circumstance to
    justify naming the father as residential parent. However, the trial court heard this
    child declare his wishes and concerns in chambers and could find them sincere,
    serious, and worthy of respect under the circumstances of the case. In addition,
    other changed circumstances involve the mother’s multiple moves since the decree,
    the mother’s untimely adoption revelations without the participation of the father, the
    child’s emotional turmoil and attachment to the father, and the relationship issues
    between the mother and child. Thus, a finding of changed circumstances is not
    unreasonable.
    {¶3}    The modification of custody statute has two other requirements, which
    are not specifically raised as errors by the mother. Still, our review shows that it was
    not unreasonable for the trial court to find that the modification was in the child’s best
    interests and that the harm likely to be caused by the change or environment was
    outweighed by the benefits of the change. The trial court’s decision is upheld.
    STATEMENT OF THE CASE
    {¶4}    The parties began dating while the mother was pregnant with someone
    else’s child. The mother gave birth to that child in the spring of 2002, and the parties
    -2-
    were married in the fall of that year. The husband acted as the child’s father and
    legally adopted him at age five. (Tr. 139). The parties had two other children in 2003
    and 2008.
    {¶5}   In September of 2010, the parties petitioned the court for a dissolution
    and filed a joint shared parenting plan providing that the children would alternate
    weeks with the parties and that each party would be the residential parent while they
    had the children.    The agreement stated that the mother’s residence shall be
    considered the children’s primary residence for school purposes as long as the
    children remain enrolled in either Hannibal Elementary School or River High School.
    It continued to state that if the mother’s residence changes so that the children are no
    longer able to remain enrolled in either school, then the father’s residence shall be
    deemed the primary residence for school purposes if his residence allows the
    children to be enrolled in those schools. On December 15, 2010, the trial court
    entered a decree of dissolution and incorporated the shared parenting plan in its
    decree.
    {¶6}   Six weeks later, the mother filed a motion to modify the court’s order
    regarding the children’s residence for school purposes. She stated that she moved
    from Hannibal and that she was relocating to Neffs, Ohio in Belmont County. She
    stated that although the shared parenting plan provided that the father’s residence
    would be primary for school purposes if she moved from the district, she wanted to
    remain residential parent for school purposes so the children could go to “Belmont
    County Schools” in the 2011-2012 school year.         She also asked to change the
    custody from shared to full custody because the children need stability and she works
    a regular schedule whereas the father works swing shifts.
    {¶7}   The father responded with a memorandum in opposition. As for the
    other two youngest children, the father expressed that shared parenting remained in
    their best interests as they enjoyed spending alternate weeks with each parent.
    Regarding the oldest child, who was about to turn nine, the father filed a motion to
    terminate the shared parenting plan and to modify custody. He disclosed that the
    mother moved in with her boyfriend, which resulted in chaos for all of the children.
    She then announced to the oldest child that her new boyfriend was his biological
    -3-
    father. This announcement resulted in a particularly emotional situation for this child,
    especially since the child had never been informed that he had been adopted and
    since the mother made this revelation without the participation of the adoptive father.
    {¶8}    The father’s motion asked the court to interview the oldest child to
    ascertain that it is in his best interests to terminate shared parenting and to live full-
    time with him. The court interviewed the oldest child in chambers. The parties then
    came to a temporary agreement for the summer, allowing the child to primarily stay
    with the father. The case was heard in August of 2011.
    {¶9}    The counselor for the two older children, who was employed by the
    mother, testified that the child has been having problems in his relationship with his
    mother and the child is very close to his father. (Tr. 9, 11). He said the child wants to
    live with his father, acknowledging that the father has likely attempted to influence the
    child’s decision.     (Tr. 13-14).    It was suggested that the mother should have
    consulted with the counselor and the current father prior to announcing to the child
    that he had been adopted and that he was now living with his biological father. (Tr.
    18-19, 23). The counselor described this event as a “psychological bombshell” for
    which all parties should have been present. (Tr. 19, 21). He noted that the child
    immediately asked to schedule a visit with him after the announcement. (Tr. 21).
    {¶10} The counselor testified that the child likes his school and has a good
    relationship with his classmates. (Tr. 25). He noted that the child was currently
    playing football, which he loved. He described school and sports as being a large
    part of the child’s life. (Tr. 26).
    {¶11} The counselor would not provide a recommendation as to custody but
    merely stated that both parents need to discontinue their “game playing” and to be
    more cooperative. (Tr. 33, 44). He gave an example of the father’s family planning
    an event during the mother’s week while she was at work, the mother stating that
    they could only have the children if she got a day during the father’s week, and the
    father disagreeing so the children ended up not being able to attend the event. (Tr.
    36, 41, 54). It was also noted that the mother registered the child for baseball in the
    league within her school district while the father registered the child for the league
    within the children’s school district. (Tr. 41).
    -4-
    {¶12} The mother testified that the children should remain together. (Tr. 47).
    She complained that the father often has his parents or her grandparents babysit. (Tr.
    48). She opined that the father does not have the children bathe often enough, that
    he does not have a set routine, and that he lets them stay up too late. (Tr. 49-50,
    52). She stated that he has transported the three-year-old without a car seat. (Tr.
    51). She also noted that the father’s house is in foreclosure. (Tr. 50).
    {¶13} At the time of the dissolution, the mother lived in Hannibal (Monroe
    County), which was where she agreed the children would attend school and which
    was near her work across the river in New Martinsville, West Virginia. In December,
    just after the decree, she moved nearly an hour away to Neffs, Ohio (Belmont
    County) with her former boyfriend (the oldest child’s biological father). (Tr. 63). When
    that relationship appeared unsuitable for her children, she moved to Bellaire. (Tr. 68-
    69). Then, in May, she moved to Shadyside, which is more than thirty minutes from
    Hannibal. (Tr. 67).
    {¶14} She testified that she lived within walking distance of the Shadyside
    schools and opined that it was a better district because it had more students. (Tr. 55-
    56). She did not look into the academic ratings of the new district, and she did not
    know if the oldest child could still play football that season or if the middle child could
    cheer there. (Tr. 77). When asked why she agreed with the provision regarding the
    school district in the shared parenting plan, she stated that her lawyer knew that she
    was uncomfortable with that provision. (Tr. 65-66).
    {¶15} It was developed that the mother could pass through Hannibal on her
    drive to work in New Martinsville, West Virginia every weekday. (Tr. 77). It was
    established that the oldest child, who was nine and will be in fourth grade, has
    attended the same school since kindergarten. He receives As and Bs, he has friends
    there, and he plays football, basketball, and baseball, which are a big part of his life.
    The middle child, who was almost eight and entering second grade, has also
    attended since kindergarten.        She was involved in basketball, softball, and
    cheerleading and also has many friends. (Tr. 75-76, 123). After the presentation of
    this information, the mother voiced that children can make friends and play sports
    anywhere. (Tr. 74).
    -5-
    {¶16} The mother’s step-mother, who lives nearly an hour away, testified that
    her teenager babysits the children during the summer while the mother works. (Tr.
    91, 99, 101). She complained that the father sends the children home dirty and that
    he allows them to eat junk food. (Tr. 92). She testified that the middle child misses
    the oldest child since he has been staying with their father. (Tr. 95). The mother’s
    friend also testified that the mother is a good parent. (Tr. 114-115).
    {¶17} The maternal great-grandfather testified that he lives in Monroe County,
    that he and the maternal great-grandmother have helped babysit the children since
    they were born, and that they love watching the children, eschewing any suggestion
    that the father was imposing upon them. (Tr. 105). He opined that he is satisfied
    with the current arrangement whereby the oldest child primarily stays with his father
    and the younger children stay alternate weeks with the parents. (Tr. 106, 108). He
    explained that the mother’s relationship with the children was poor until recently,
    noting that she had been acting selfish. (Tr. 107). He stated that the oldest child has
    really bonded with the father. (Tr. 106). He disputed testimony that the father keeps
    the children in a dirty condition. (Tr. 107).
    {¶18} The father testified as to how upset the oldest child was when the
    mother informed the child he had been adopted by the father and expressed that it
    was a harmful time to tell him. (Tr. 134, 137). He stated that the event brought the
    child even closer to him. (Tr. 136). He opined that the oldest child is unhappy when
    he is staying with his mother unlike the other two children who are happy during their
    week with their mother. He testified that the oldest child has been more cooperative
    about going with his mother since the temporary agreement allowed him to stay with
    the father most of the time as the child knows he will be back soon. (Tr. 142-143).
    The father explained that this child wanted to live with him prior to the dissolution but
    he had encouraged him to give the alternate week arrangement a chance. (Tr. 145,
    153).
    {¶19} The father also testified that he and the oldest child love the outdoors;
    they fish together and watch baseball games. (Tr. 137). He confirmed that the two
    older children have many friends and that it would be especially stressful on the older
    child to switch school districts. (Tr. 128). The father coaches the oldest child in
    -6-
    football, basketball, and baseball. (Tr. 123). He also coaches the middle child in
    softball and basketball. (Tr. 124). His mother is a cook at the school. (Tr. 127). He
    testified that his parents, his aunt, his uncle, and her grandparents live near him. (Tr.
    133). He noted that he previously picked the children up at school for the mother and
    kept them until she got off work on her weeks. (Tr. 130). He testified that he cooks,
    that he has the children bathe every other night, and that he only forgot the car seat
    on one occasion. (Tr. 147-148, 149-150).
    {¶20} The father testified that his house had just entered the foreclosure
    process two weeks ago, pointing out that he was behind because the mother was
    behind when he moved in and that their agreement states that she owes him $8,000
    on the house. (Tr. 120, 167). He states that he is trying to keep the house, but if the
    foreclosure eventually occurs, he will temporarily move into a three-bedroom mobile
    home belonging to his mother that is located behind the school in the district as
    agreed in the shared parenting plan. (Tr. 119, 152). He stated that his girlfriend lives
    with him and that her young children stay with them Monday through Thursday. (Tr.
    151).
    {¶21} On August 23, 2011, the court denied the mother’s motion and ordered
    that, pursuant to the shared parenting plan, the children’s residential address for
    school purposes would change to the father since the mother moved out of the
    school district and the father still lives in the district.   Besides implementing this
    previously agreed-upon modification, the court left the parenting arrangement for the
    two youngest children unchanged.
    {¶22} As for oldest child, however, the court named the father as the
    residential parent with whom the child would primarily reside, named the mother the
    non-residential parent, and granted the mother standard visitation. In doing so, the
    court found changed circumstances in the child’s expressed desire to live with his
    father and noted that the mother relocated multiple times and did not live in the
    agreed school district. The court found that its new order was in the child’s best
    interest, listing various facts and considerations.
    {¶23} The mother filed a timely notice of appeal. Notably, the mother does
    not contest the court’s decision denying her motion or the court’s decision in
    -7-
    changing the school residence designation as agreed in the shared parenting plan.
    Her sole assignment of error revolves around whether or not there were sufficient
    changed circumstances in this case to name the father the sole residential parent of
    the oldest child. The father initially responds that changed circumstances are not
    required here. Thus, we begin with this issue.
    CUSTODY LAW
    {¶24} When allocating parental rights and responsibilities in an original decree
    or in any proceeding for modification, the court shall consider the child’s best
    interests. R.C. 3109.04(B)(1). To determine best interests, the court shall consider
    all relevant factors including: (a) the parents' wishes; (b) the child's wishes if the
    court has interviewed the child; (c) the child's interaction and interrelationship with the
    child's parents, siblings and any other person who may significantly affect the child's
    best interests; (d) the child's adjustment to home, school, and community; (e) the
    mental and physical health of all relevant persons; (f) the parent more likely to honor
    and facilitate court-approved parenting time rights or companionship rights; (g)
    whether either parent has failed to make all child support payments pursuant to a
    child support order; (h) whether either parent or any member of the household of
    either parent previously has been convicted of or pleaded guilty to certain criminal
    offenses involving children; (i) whether the residential parent or one of the parents
    subject to a shared parenting decree has continuously and willfully denied the other
    parent's right to parenting time in accordance with a court order; and (j) whether
    either parent has established a residence, or is planning to establish a residence,
    outside of Ohio.    R.C. 3109.04(F)(1)(a)-(j).    The allocation of parental rights and
    responsibilities deals with the designation of the residential parent and legal
    custodian to one parent or to both (as in many shared parenting decrees). Fisher v.
    Hasenjager, 
    116 Ohio St. 3d 53
    , 2007-Ohio-5589, 
    876 N.E.2d 542
    , ¶ 23-25.
    {¶25} Once the allocation has been performed, division (E)(1)(a) then
    provides that the court shall not modify a prior decree allocating parental rights and
    responsibilities for the care of a child unless it finds, based upon facts that have
    arisen since the prior decree or that were unknown to the court at the time of the prior
    decree, that a change has occurred in the circumstances of the child, the child’s
    -8-
    residential parent, or either of the parents subject to a shared parenting decree and
    the modification is necessary to serve the child’s best interests.
    {¶26} This division continues to state that the court shall retain the residential
    parent designated by the prior decree or the prior shared parenting decree unless
    modification is in the best interests of the child and one of the following applies: (i)
    the residential parent agrees to a change or both parents under shared parenting
    decree agree to a change in designation of the residential parent; (ii) the child, with
    the consent of the residential parent or both parents under a shared parenting
    decree, has been integrated into the family of the person seeking to become
    residential parent; or (iii) the harm likely to be caused by a change of environment is
    outweighed by the advantages of the change of environment to the child.             R.C.
    3109.04(E)(1)(a).
    {¶27} In addition to a modification authorized under (E)(1)(a), there are three
    other types of changes relevant to a shared parenting decree. For instance, the
    parties may jointly modify the terms of a shared parenting plan unless the court finds
    the modification is not in the child’s best interests.      R.C. 3109.04(E)(2)(a).     In
    addition, the court may modify the terms of the plan for shared parenting on its own
    motion at any time or upon request of one or both parents if the court determines the
    modification is in the child’s best interests. R.C. 3109.04(E)(2)(b).
    {¶28} Finally, the court may terminate a prior final shared parenting decree
    that included a shared parenting plan such as the one at issue here upon the request
    of one or both parents or whenever it determines that shared parenting is not in the
    child’s best interests. R.C. 3109.04(E)(2)(c). Upon the termination of a prior final
    shared parenting decree under (E)(2)(c), the court shall proceed and issue a modified
    decree for the allocation of parental rights and responsibilities for the care of the
    children under the standards applicable in divisions (A) through (C) as if no decree
    for shared parenting had been granted and as if no request for shared parenting had
    been made. R.C. 3109.04(E)(2)(d).
    {¶29} The Supreme Court has decided a case where the parents equally
    shared parental rights and responsibilities under a shared parenting agreement
    adopted by the trial court and both later asked to be named sole residential parent
    -9-
    and legal custodian of the child. Fisher v. Hasenjager, 
    116 Ohio St. 3d 53
    , 2007-
    Ohio-5589, 
    876 N.E.2d 542
    , ¶ 2. The trial court found that it was in the child’s best
    interests to terminate the shared parenting plan and found it in the child’s best
    interests for the mother to be designated the residential parent. 
    Id. at ¶
    3. The
    Supreme Court found that the changed circumstances test of (E)(1)(a) applied in that
    case.
    {¶30} To ascertain the effect of that holding, the appellate process of that
    case may be important. The appellate court in Fisher examined the four modification
    provisions in (E)(1)(a), (E)(2)(a), (E)(2)(b), and (E)(2)(c) outlined above. 
    Id. at ¶
    5.
    The appellate court found that (E)(2)(a) was inapplicable because it was not a joint
    modification of the terms. The appellate court also concluded, that although the trial
    court stated that it “terminated” the shared parenting plan, the decision was actually a
    modification and was thus not subject to (E)(2)(c). 
    Id. at ¶
    6. The appellate court
    then analyzed whether to apply the (E)(1)(a) changed circumstance test or the
    (E)(2)(b) best interests test. The appellate court concluded that the trial court was
    permitted to modify the shared parenting plan with respect to the residential parent
    and legal custodian of the child under (E)(2)(b) upon a mere finding of best interests.
    
    Id. at ¶
    9.
    {¶31} The Supreme Court accepted the case as a discretionary appeal, and
    the following certified question was also presented:        whether a change in the
    designation of residential parent and legal custodian of children is a modification of a
    “term” of a shared parenting decree, allowing the designation to be modified solely on
    a finding that the modification is in the best interest of the children pursuant to
    (E)(2)(b) and without a determination that a change in circumstances has occurred
    pursuant to (E)(1)(a).   
    Id. at ¶
    1.   Thus, the Supreme Court did not review the
    appellate court’s decision that this was not a termination of the shared parenting plan
    under (E)(2)(c). Besides noting that the appellate court had found that this was not a
    termination under (E)(2)(c), the Supreme Court majority made no further mention of
    that section.
    {¶32} The Court held that (E)(1)(a) controls when a court modifies an order
    designating the residential parent and legal custodian and this designation cannot be
    -10-
    modified under (E)(2)(b), which allows only for the modification of the terms of a
    shared parenting plan. 
    Id. at ¶
    26 (emphasizing the difference between the order for
    allocation versus the plan containing mere “terms” of shared parenting). The Court
    stated that a modification of the terms of the plan mentioned in (E)(2)(b) would not
    encompass changing the order designating the residential parent but would apply to
    items such as the child's living arrangements, medical care, school placement, and
    child support.    
    Id. at ¶
    30.   The Court noted the various reasons for the higher
    standard for changing the residential parent designation. 
    Id. at ¶
    32-36.
    {¶33} A dissent urged that the case involved the termination of a shared
    parenting decree under (E)(2)(c). The dissent stated that the majority should not
    have relied on the appellate court’s statement that the trial court’s order was not a
    termination. 
    Id. at ¶
    38. The dissent concluded that by failing to analyze that holding,
    the majority answered a question that did not need answered. 
    Id. at ¶
    60.
    {¶34} Thereafter, this court ruled on a case where the trial court granted the
    father’s request to terminate shared parenting and to designate him the residential
    parent. Surgenavic v. Surgenavic, 7th Dist. No. 08MA29, 2009-Ohio-1028, ¶ 5. This
    court stated:
    Although Appellee requested “termination” of the shared
    parenting plan, R.C. 3109.04(E)(2)(c) is not applicable in this case. The
    Ohio Supreme Court, in Fisher v. Hasenjager, 
    116 Ohio St. 3d 53
    , 2007-
    Ohio-5589, 
    876 N.E.2d 546
    , recently recognized that a shared
    parenting plan is not the vehicle by which a trial court designates a
    residential parent or legal custodian. 
    Id., ¶ 31,
    876 N.E.2d 546
    .
    Because the designation of the residential parent and legal custodian
    involves the allocation of parental rights and responsibilities, “R.C.
    3109.04(E)(1)(a) controls when a court modifies an order designating
    the residential parent and legal custodian.” 
    Id., ¶ 26,
    876 N.E.2d 546
    .
    Surgenavic, 7th Dist. No. 08MA29 at ¶ 9.
    {¶35} Thereafter, this court issued a non-unanimous decision regarding the
    effect of the Supreme Court’s Fisher holding and our holding in Surgenavic.           In
    -11-
    Kougher, the father sought termination of the shared parenting decree. Kougher v.
    Kougher, 
    194 Ohio App. 3d 703
    , 2011-Ohio-3911, 
    957 N.E.2d 835
    . The trial court
    denied the motion, holding that the father failed to show changed circumstances. The
    father appealed, arguing that the changed circumstances test was not required under
    (E)(2)(c). We agreed, holding that Fisher only dealt with modification of parental
    rights under a shared parenting plan and did not involve the complete termination of
    shared parenting. 
    Id. at ¶
    5. We noted that Fisher did not decide whether (E)(2)(c)
    had any bearing on (E)(2)(a). 
    Id. at ¶
    15.
    {¶36} We stated that the trial court misinterpreted our prior case of
    Surgenavic.    We distinguished that case, stating that we applied Fisher there
    because it involved termination of a shared parenting plan, rather than a complete
    termination of shared parenting, which includes the termination of the shared
    parenting decree as well as the shared parenting plan. 
    Id. at ¶
    18. We pointed to the
    statement in Fisher that there are differences between the shared parenting plan
    (which implements the specific day-to-day details of shared parenting) and the
    decree itself (the order granting shared-parenting rights or designating parental rights
    and responsibilities). 
    Id. When the
    shared parenting decree is terminated, the court
    must start from scratch and create a completely new parenting order. 
    Id. {¶37} We
    then stated that the order the father was attempting to terminate in
    its entirety was, in all respects, a shared parenting decree incorporating a shared
    parenting plan. 
    Id. at ¶
    22. We thus held that (E)(2)(c) was applicable. We noted
    that (E)(2)(c) requires only the best interests test to determine whether the court
    should “terminate a prior final shared parenting decree that includes a shared
    parenting plan * * *.” 
    Id. We then
    declared, “[t]his statutory subsection was not
    reviewed in the majority opinion of the Ohio Supreme Court's Fisher case, and we
    must allow the plain words of the statute to speak for themselves.” 
    Id. We concluded
    that Fisher does not require a finding of a change in circumstances when a party
    attempts to completely terminate a shared parenting decree under (E)(2)(c). 
    Id. at ¶
    25.
    {¶38} The Kougher dissent noted that Fisher required a change of
    circumstances under (E)(1)(a) whenever the residential parent and legal custodian is
    -12-
    changed, whether in a sole custody situation or a shared parenting situation. 
    Id. at ¶
    49, 58 (DeGenaro, J., dissenting) (and also pointing out how Fisher listed the
    reasons why changed circumstances are important when reallocating parental rights
    and responsibilities). The dissent opined that termination of the plan pursuant to
    (E)(2)(c) presupposes that a change of circumstances has been found by the trial
    court under (E)(1)(a). 
    Id. at ¶
    52.
    {¶39} Without redeciding the controversy here, we conclude that the case
    before is distinguishable because the shared parenting decree here was not actually
    terminated. Firstly, the language of the trial court’s order leaves some terms of the
    shared parenting plan in existence with regards to the oldest child.
    {¶40} We recognize that the trial court did rule that the father shall be named
    the residential parent of the oldest child, the child shall primarily reside with his father,
    the mother shall be deemed the non-residential parent, and the mother shall be
    entitled to parenting time consistent with the court’s standard order of visitation. This
    seems to suggest a termination of shared parenting.
    {¶41} However, (E)(1)(a) speaks of allocation of parental rights and
    responsibilities upon a change in the circumstances of a residential parent or either of
    the parents subject to a shared parenting decree. R.C. 3109.04(E)(1)(a). See also
    Fisher, 
    116 Ohio St. 3d 53
    at ¶ 26 (allocation of parental rights and responsibilities
    means designation of residential parent and legal custodian).
    {¶42} And, the trial court did not actually state that it was terminating the
    shared parenting decree. To the contrary, the court stated that all prior orders not
    specifically addressed shall remain unchanged.           The prior order stated that the
    shared parenting plan was incorporated as if fully rewritten into the court’s decree.
    Said plan provided that the mother shall be residential parent at all times that the
    father is not exercising his rights as residential parent and provided that the father
    was the residential parent every other week for one entire week. These provisions
    may have been eliminated by the court’s new order naming the father as the primary
    residential parent, naming the mother non-residential parent, and imposing standard
    visitation for the mother.
    -13-
    {¶43} Yet, there were also other aspects of the plan. For instance, it stated
    each parent shall have reasonable access by telephone at all times. There is also a
    provision requiring consultation on non-emergency medical treatment, insurance
    coverage, schooling, day care, religion, and discipline. This provision supplied the
    parties with the right to mediation on these subjects if agreement cannot be reached.
    Furthermore, the shared parenting plan contains the allocation of the tax treatment of
    the children.
    {¶44} Finally, the plan and decree clearly still exist regarding the other two
    children. In fact, the court enforced the plan’s provision regarding the modification of
    the residential parent for school purposes due to the mother’s move from the school
    district. Thus, we conclude under the unique circumstances existing herein, that the
    court’s decision was not a termination under (E)(2)(c) but rather than a modification
    under (E)(1)(a) requiring changed circumstances.
    ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR
    {¶45} The mother’s sole assignment of error provides:
    {¶46} “IT IS PREJUDICIAL ERROR TO FIND THAT THE WISHES OF A
    NINE YEAR OLD CHILD ARE SUFFICIENT WITHOUT OTHER CHANGES OF
    CIRCUMSTANCES TO JUSTIFY A MODIFICATION OF RESIDENTIAL PARENT
    STATUS ONE MONTH AFTER THE ORIGINAL DECREE.”
    {¶47} In determining whether a change of circumstances has occurred, the
    Supreme Court has expressed that “custody issues are some of the most difficult and
    agonizing decisions a trial judge must make.” Davis v. Flickinger, 
    77 Ohio St. 3d 415
    ,
    418, 
    674 N.E.2d 1159
    (1997). Thus, the trial court’s decision must not be reversed
    absent an abuse of discretion. 
    Id. The trial
    judge has the best opportunity to view
    the demeanor, attitude, and credibility of each witness, and this is even more crucial
    in a child custody case where there may be much evident in the parties' demeanor
    and attitude that does not translate to the record well. 
    Id. at 418-419.
    “There must
    be a change of circumstances to warrant a change of custody, and the change must
    be a change of substance, not a slight or inconsequential change.”          
    Id. at 418.
    However, the change need not be “substantial.” 
    Id. at 417-418.
                                                                                        -14-
    {¶48} The mother states that a nine-year-old’s wishes are not a sufficient
    changed circumstance. She also asks how there can be changed circumstances so
    soon after the original decree. As to the mother’s complaint about the short amount
    of time that had passed since the prior decree, she was the party who, six weeks
    after the shared parenting decree was issued, filed a motion to ignore the school
    district provision and to terminate shared custody on grounds of a need for stability. A
    month after that, the father responded in opposition and filed his own motion to
    terminate shared parenting with regards to the oldest child. Thus, the timing cannot
    be held against the father.
    {¶49} In determining changed circumstances, the trial court can consider both
    post-decree events and facts unknown to the court at the time of the prior decree.
    R.C. 3109.04(E)(1)(a). The father testified that the oldest child wished to live with
    him even before the shared parenting decree was entered. This fact was unknown to
    the trial court. In addition, post-decree events occurred contributing to the weight of
    the changed circumstances.
    {¶50} For instance, the mother moved three times since the decree (all into
    different school districts), and she changed her mind about which school district the
    children should attend three times in a matter of months. Furthermore, the mother
    released a “psychological bombshell” on the oldest child, who was already having
    troubles with the situation, when she moved in with her former boyfriend and
    announced without the father’s assistance that her boyfriend is the child’s biological
    father. This worsened the child’s already suffering relationship with his mother.
    {¶51} The mother points out that Ohio abolished a child’s right to elect where
    they wish to live and even then, this child would have been too young to have his
    choice binding. See Former R.C. 3109.04(A) (permitting a child of twelve to elect the
    residential parent). However, the court here did not proceed as if it was bound by the
    child’s election.   Upon the father’s request, the court conducted an in camera
    interview with the child as required by R.C. 3109.04(B)(1). The court was thereafter
    permitted to determine the child’s wishes and concerns. R.C. 3109.04(B)(2)(a). The
    court can then attribute the weight it desires to the child’s wishes. As the court
    pointed out, the child had expressed his wishes to both of his parents. The child had
    -15-
    also advised his counselor of his wishes, and the mother’s grandfather was aware of
    those wishes.
    {¶52} The mother also complains that the father manipulated the child’s
    feelings. However, the trial court was in the best position to evaluate whether the
    father was honest or manipulative and whether the child’s wishes arose from his own
    true needs and desires or those of his father.
    {¶53} In conclusion, the child’s wishes were not slight or inconsequential. The
    trial court could find that this child’s wishes were strong and serious based upon
    various issues including those involving the mother’s recent actions. The mother
    agreed to a summer schedule to accommodate the child’s wishes to primarily reside
    with the father, at least temporarily, and this agreement eased the child’s emotional
    issues during transfer to his mother. Furthermore, the court had additional evidence
    before it such as the multiple moves (into various school districts), which the court did
    point to in its entry dealing with changed circumstances, and the mother’s treatment
    of the adoption issue, which was encompassed in the child’s wishes as it firmed up
    the child’s desire.
    {¶54} Considering the entire record, the trial court could reasonably find
    changed circumstance that were of substance and that represented more than a
    slight or inconsequential change.      See 
    Davis, 77 Ohio St. 3d at 418
    .        See also
    Wallace v. Willoughby, 3d Dist. No. 17-10-15, 2011-Ohio-3008 (trial court did not
    abuse its discretion in finding changed circumstances where eleven-year-old
    expressed great desire to reside with father, his desire was so strong that mother
    allowed child to live with father for three months, children were enrolled in three
    different schools within a span of nine months, and mother relocated with children 30
    miles from place they had lived their entire lives).
    {¶55} The text of the mother’s assignment of error only argues that the child’s
    wishes did not constitute sufficient changed circumstances. It does not claim that the
    decision was faulty for any other reason. Although she later cites the other two
    statutory requirements for changing the allocation of parental rights and
    responsibilities, she does not clearly set forth arguments thereon. Still, our analysis
    will proceed with the remainder of the test for changing custody, beginning with the
    -16-
    child’s best interests as the factors analyzed under this element assist in evaluating
    harm versus advantages, the third element.
    {¶56} Each parent wanted to terminate shared parenting and be named
    residential parent. See R.C. 3109.04(F)(1)(a) (wishes of the child’s parents). The
    child’s wishes were ascertained through an in camera interview.              See R.C.
    3109.04(F)(1)(b). The child had a good and very close relationship with his father
    and a troubled relationship with his mother. See R.C. 3109.04(F)(1)(c) (interaction
    and interrelationship with parents, siblings, and others who significantly affect best
    interests). The child has a loving relationship with his maternal great-grandparents,
    which the father encourages. See 
    id. The child
    has a sibling who is less than two
    years younger than him and a sibling who is six years younger than him. See 
    id. {¶57} Although
    the child would not be on the exact schedule as his younger
    siblings, he would still be with them regularly as the father has custody of the younger
    children every other week for the whole week and the mother will have visitation with
    him according to standard visitation, which will often include times when she has the
    other children. The child has many friends in the school district where his father
    lives, and his grandmother works in the school. The child’s paternal grandparents
    live nearby, as do his maternal great-grandparents and a paternal aunt and uncle.
    {¶58} Along these lines, the child is in fourth grade and has attended this
    school district since kindergarten.     The mother states that a child of this age is
    resilient and can make friends and play sports elsewhere. However, the child plays
    at least three sports that are coached by the father, which would likely not continue
    should he reside solely with his mother and attend her school district.
    {¶59} The child’s emotional state is a concern: his counselor expressed that
    the divorce and the revelation of his parentage affected him, and his mother’s
    grandfather expressed that his mother’s actions after the divorce affected his
    relationship with her negatively.     See R.C. 3109.04(F)(1)(e) (mental and physical
    health). And, a trier of fact can acknowledge that a child having issues such as those
    described to the court (after a recent divorce and a jarring revelation of parentage)
    can find much comfort in familiar surroundings and a familiar school.         See R.C.
    3109.04(F)(1)(d) (child’s adjustment to home, school, and community).
    -17-
    {¶60} Even if neither parent has cooperated well with accommodating
    requests for switching days, both parents have honored the court-ordered visitation
    rights and there is no indication that either is unlikely to facilitate future court-ordered
    rights. See R.C. 3109.04(F)(1)(f) (parent more likely to honor and facilitate court-
    ordered visitation), (i) (whether one parent has continuously or willfully denied the
    other his or her right to court-ordered visitation).
    {¶61} Regarding child support arrearages, the father was current.               The
    mother indicated that he was behind a few weeks prior to the final modification
    hearing; however, he explained that this was a worker’s compensation issue and that
    the child support agency advised him that he could pay at the end of the two-week
    compensation check rather than before he received it. See R.C. 3109.04(F)(1)(g).
    Neither parent had been convicted of any of the listed criminal offenses. See R.C.
    3109.04(F)(1)(h). Neither parent appears to be planning a residence out of the state.
    See R.C. 3109.04(F)(1)(j). We do note here though that the mother’s residential
    status has been unstable, and she works in West Virginia.
    {¶62} The mother complains that the children are often left with her
    grandparents while the father has custody.             However, the mother’s grandfather
    testified that he and the mother’s grandmother love the children and they want to
    babysit whenever they can. He dispelled any notions that the father is imposing
    upon them. He also revealed that he has been babysitting since the children were
    born; thus, it is not a new situation that the father is creating, but one started by the
    mother. The trial court could conclude that this shows that the father has the best
    interests of the children in mind by allowing her relatives to participate in the
    children’s lives even when it is his time with the children. The mother’s grandfather
    not only testified that his granddaughter caused her relationship with the children to
    suffer, he also opined that the oldest child would be better served if remained
    primarily with the father as he had over the summer.
    {¶63} For all of these reasons, we conclude that the trial court did not abuse
    its discretion in finding that the modification served the child’s best interests in order
    to satisfy the second part of the test for changing custody.
    -18-
    {¶64} The remaining part of the statutory test for changing the allocation of
    parental rights and responsibilities provides that the court shall retain the residential
    parent designated by the prior decree or the prior shared parenting decree unless: (i)
    both parents in shared parenting decree agree to a change in the residential parent;
    (ii) the child, with the consent of both parents to a shared parenting decree, has been
    integrated into the family seeking to become the residential parent; or (iii) the harm
    likely to be caused by a change of environment is outweighed by the advantages of
    the change in environment to the child. R.C. 3109.04(E)(1)(a)(iii).
    {¶65} Here, both parents agreed to terminate the plan and change the
    residential parent. Still, they did not agree who should be named residential parent.
    The child could be said to have been integrated into the father’s household with the
    mother’s consent as he primarily lived there over the summer pursuant to an
    agreement based upon his desire to live with his father. Still, this was a temporary
    agreement pending the hearing on the opposing motions.
    {¶66} As for the final option, the trial court found that pulling the child out of
    his established environment and community that he cherishes would dramatically
    harm him and that the harm that would result by changing his environment and trying
    to integrate him into a different environment is outweighed by any advantages of
    such a change. The court specified that there would be no advantages by naming
    the mother the residential parent. These were opinions within the trial court’s broad
    discretion.
    {¶67} Even if the child had not been living with the father during the summer,
    it is not unreasonable to find that, under all of the circumstances of this case, any
    harm to the child in changing his environment is outweighed by the advantages of the
    change.       In any event, as aforementioned, the mother does not make specific
    arguments regarding this finding and does not point to any harm to the child by
    changing his environment from spending one week every other week with his mother
    to spending standard visitation with his mother.
    {¶68} The closest argument she makes is in the conclusion to the brief where
    she states that the child would not be seriously harmed by moving in with her and
    attending her school district because children this age are resilient. However, the
    -19-
    court interviewed this specific child, evaluated his emotional situation from this
    interview and the testimony of his counselor and others, and found his wishes to be
    meritorious. It was the trial court’s position to determine whether the child would be
    as resilient as his mother generally believed all children were and to evaluate
    whether the harm the child would suffer while attempting to become resilient should
    be avoided.
    {¶69} For all of the foregoing reasons, this assignment of error is overruled,
    and the judgment of the trial court is hereby affirmed.
    Waite, P.J., concurs.
    DeGenaro, J., concurs.
    

Document Info

Docket Number: 11 MO 6

Citation Numbers: 2012 Ohio 5252

Judges: Vukovich

Filed Date: 11/6/2012

Precedential Status: Precedential

Modified Date: 4/17/2021