In re D.S. , 2016 Ohio 2810 ( 2016 )

[Cite as In re D.S., 2016-Ohio-2810.]
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF OHIO
TENTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
In re: :
[D.S.], : No. 15AP-487
(C.P.C. No. 13JU-16033)
(State of Ohio, :
(REGULAR CALENDAR)
Appellant). :
D E C I S I O N
Rendered on May 3, 2016
On brief: Yeura R. Venters, Public Defender, and David L.
Strait, for appellee D.S. Argued: David L. Strait.
On brief: Ron O'Brien, Prosecuting Attorney, and Seth L.
Gilbert, for appellant. Argued: Seth L. Gilbert.
APPEAL from the Franklin County Court of Common Pleas,
Division of Domestic Relations, Juvenile Branch
SADLER, J.
{¶ 1} Plaintiff-appellant, State of Ohio, appeals the April 13, 2015 judgment of the
Franklin County Court of Common Pleas, Division of Domestic Relations, Juvenile
Branch, finding R.C. 2907.05(A)(4) unconstitutional as applied to defendant-appellee,
D.S., and dismissing the case under Juv.R. 9. For the reasons that follow, we reverse the
trial court's judgment.
I. FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY
{¶ 2} On November 25, 2013, a juvenile delinquency complaint was filed alleging
that D.S., a twelve-year-old, had committed three counts of gross sexual imposition
("GSI"), third-degree felonies under R.C. 2907.05(A)(4). Specifically, the complaint
alleged that on or about October 16, 2013, D.S. "touch[ed] and rub[bed] ["D.M.," a nine-
No. 15AP-487 2
year-old] about his penis on numerous occasions," had anal intercourse with D.M., and
performed fellatio on D.M.1 (Nov. 25, 2013 Complaint, 1.) D.S. denied all counts of the
complaint.
{¶ 3} On June 18, 2014, appellee filed a motion to dismiss2 asserting that "R.C.
2907.05(A)(4), violates the Due Process and Equal Protection Clauses of the United States
and Ohio Constitutions because it is vague and encourages arbitrary and discriminatory
enforcement" under the authority of In re D.B., 129 Ohio St.3d 104, 2011-Ohio-2671, and
the charge "violates Juvenile Rule 9 by failing to avoid formal court action." (June 18,
2014 Motion to Dismiss, 1.) Appellant filed a memorandum contra distinguishing In re
D.B. from the charge at hand and contending the interest of the children and public would
not be served by dismissing the case under Juv.R. 9.
{¶ 4} On November 5, 2014, a hearing on the motion to dismiss was brought
before a magistrate with appearances made by both lawyers. During the hearing,
appellee's lawyer mentioned the possibility that, related to the Juv.R. 9 decision, "an A-N-
D (sic) could be filed. I have had A-N-D (sic) that involve two children and a child who
was sexually inappropriate, or sexually acting out * * *. So there are other vehicles for the
Court. There is the A-N-D (sic) vehicle." (Tr. 9.) In ultimately denying the motion, the
magistrate found that the ruling in In re D.B. did not apply to charges under the GSI
statute and that dismissal was not warranted on the few facts at hand, but noted that after
more facts are learned it "may be such that it is appropriate to dismiss it then." (Tr. 12.)
{¶ 5} Appellee filed objections to the magistrate's decision on November 18, 2014,
and appellant filed a memorandum contra in response. On April 13, 2015, the trial court
sustained the objections to the magistrate's decision and dismissed the case.3 In doing so,
the trial court stated that, although it "is not willing to make the GSI statute
unconstitutional in all cases involving children under the age of thirteen," it found the
statute unconstitutional as applied in this case because "[t]hese children are quite close in
age, it is arbitrary to decide who should be charged and who should not, given there is no
threat of force or violence." (Apr. 13, 2015 Decision and Entry, 4.) The court further
1D.S. was born in July 2001, and D.M. was born in December 2003.
2 On the same day, appellee additionally filed a motion to suppress statements made by D.S. to police.
3 The decision references a hearing on the objections, but a transcript of that hearing is not present in the
record on appeal.
No. 15AP-487 3
noted that if two of the charges were charged as rape under R.C. 2907.02(A)(1)(b), "the
Court would have dismissed the charges based on In re D.B. and provided alternative
means for treatment and/or rehabilitation of both children." (Apr. 13, 2015 Decision and
Entry, 4.)
{¶ 6} The court additionally dismissed the case under Juv.R. 9, reasoning:
[T]here are alternative methods available to provide for the
treatment needs of both children and to protect the
community as a whole without the use of formal Court action.
If the parents are not able to provide the treatment necessary,
a dependency action may be filed on behalf of the child
needing the services. The Court does not find it is in the best
interest of either child, given the facts of this case, to continue
with the prosecution of this matter.
(Apr. 13, 2015 Decision and Entry, 4.)
II. ASSIGNMENTS OF ERROR
{¶ 7} Appellant filed a timely appeal, assigning two assignments of error for our
review:
[1.] The Juvenile Court Erred in Finding R.C. 2907.05(A)(4)
Unconstitutional as Applied to this Case.
[2.] The Juvenile Court Abused Its Discretion in Dismissing
the Complaint Under Juv.R. 9.
III. DISCUSSION
A. First Assignment of Error
{¶ 8} In his first assignment of error, appellant contends the trial court erred in
determining that D.S. satisfied his burden of showing that R.C. 2907.05(A)(4) was
unconstitutionally applied in this case. We agree.
{¶ 9} In reviewing objections to a magistrate's decision, "the trial court must
conduct an independent analysis of the underlying issues, undertaking the equivalent of a
de novo determination and independently assessing the facts and conclusions contained
in the magistrate's decision." Shihab & Assoc. Co. v. Ohio Dept. of Transp., 168 Ohio
App.3d 405, 2006-Ohio-4456, ¶ 13 (10th Dist.). The trial court then may, under the Rules
of Juvenile Procedure, "hear a previously-referred matter, take additional evidence, or
return a matter to a magistrate," and may "adopt or reject a magistrate's decision in whole
No. 15AP-487 4
or in part, with or without modification." Juv.R. 40(D)(4)(b). Appellate courts "generally
review a trial court's adoption, denial or modification of a magistrate's decision for an
abuse of discretion." Brunetto v. Curtis, 10th Dist. No. 10AP-799, 2011-Ohio-1610, ¶ 10.
However, where the appeal from the trial court's action on a magistrate's decision
presents only a question of law, the standard of review is de novo. Id. Thus, the
constitutionality of a statute, a question of law, is reviewed de novo on appeal. State v.
N.D.C., 10th Dist. No. 06AP-790, 2007-Ohio-5088, ¶ 23; In re D.R., 7th Dist. No. 12 MA
16, 2012-Ohio-5341, ¶ 16.
{¶ 10} "A regularly enacted statute of Ohio is presumed to be constitutional and is
therefore entitled to the benefit of every presumption in favor of its constitutionality."
State ex rel. Dickman v. Defenbacher, 164 Ohio St. 142, 147 (1955). " 'A statute may be
challenged as unconstitutional on the basis that it is invalid on its face or as applied to a
particular set of facts.' " In re D.B. at ¶ 12, quoting State v. Lowe, 112 Ohio St.3d 507,
2007-Ohio-606, ¶ 17. "In an as-applied challenge, the challenger 'contends that
application of the statute in the particular context in which he has acted, or in which he
proposes to act, [is] unconstitutional.' " Id., quoting Ada v. Guam Soc. of Obstetricians &
Gynecologists, 506 U.S. 1011 (1992). If a party challenges a statute on the ground that it is
unconstitutional as applied to a particular set of facts, "the burden is upon the party
making the attack to present clear and convincing evidence of a presently existing state of
facts which makes the Act unconstitutional and void when applied thereto." Cleveland
Gear Co. v. Limbach, 35 Ohio St.3d 229, 231 (1988), citing Belden v. Union Cent. Life Ins.
Co., 143 Ohio St. 329 (1944), paragraph six of the syllabus.
{¶ 11} As stated by the Supreme Court of Ohio in Cross v. Ledford, 161 Ohio St.
469 (1954), "[c]lear and convincing evidence is that measure or degree of proof which is
more than a mere 'preponderance of the evidence,' but not to the extent of such certainty
as is required 'beyond a reasonable doubt' in criminal cases, and which will produce in the
mind of the trier of facts a firm belief or conviction as to the facts sought to be
established." Id. at paragraph three of the syllabus. "Where the degree of proof required
to sustain an issue must be clear and convincing, a reviewing court will examine the
record to determine whether the trier of facts had sufficient evidence before it to satisfy
the requisite degree of proof." Id. at 477.
No. 15AP-487 5
{¶ 12} In R.C. 2907.05, the legislature criminalized "gross sexual imposition." The
section at issue, R.C. 2907.05(A)(4), states in pertinent part:
No person shall have sexual contact with another, not the
spouse of the offender; cause another, not the spouse of the
offender, to have sexual contact with the offender * * * when
any of the following applies: * * * The other person * * * is less
than thirteen years of age, whether or not the offender knows
the age of that person.
" 'Sexual contact' means any touching of an erogenous zone of another, including without
limitation the thigh, genitals, buttock, pubic region, or, if the person is a female, a breast,
for the purpose of sexually arousing or gratifying either person." R.C. 2907.01(B). Acting
"purposefully" is a culpable mental state as described in R.C. 2901.22(A) ("A person acts
purposely when it is the person's specific intention to cause a certain result, or, when the
gist of the offense is a prohibition against conduct of a certain nature, regardless of what
the offender intends to accomplish thereby, it is the offender's specific intention to engage
in conduct of that nature.").
{¶ 13} Appellee argued in his objections to the magistrate's decision that R.C.
2907.05(A)(4) is analogous to the statutory rape section, R.C. 2907.02(A)(1)(b), which the
Supreme Court in In re D.B. determined to be unconstitutionally applied where the case
involved two children under the age of thirteen. Appellant argues that the statutory rape
statute is distinguishable, as R.C. 2907.02(A)(1)(b) prohibits "sexual conduct," a term
that, as opposed to the definition for "sexual contact," excludes a mental state. (Emphasis
sic.) (Appellant's Brief, 7.) Appellant cites three appellate district opinions—In re T.A., 2d
Dist. No. 2011-CA-28, 2012-Ohio-3174; In re K.A., 8th Dist. No. 98924, 2013-Ohio-2997;
and In re K.C., 1st Dist. No. C-140307, 2015-Ohio-1613—which concluded the same.
Appellant further argues that the trial court was incorrect to distinguish these appellate
opinions from this case on such a limited record and on the trial court's perceived
insignificance of the age disparity between the present victims, which the court stated
made the parties "difficult" but not impossible to distinguish. (Appellant's Brief, 15-16,
citing Apr. 13, 2015 Decision and Entry, 3.)
{¶ 14} In re D.B. involved a twelve-year-old who was adjudicated a delinquent
child in connection with five counts of "statutory rape" under R.C. 2907.02(A)(1)(b)
No. 15AP-487 6
arising from sexual conduct occurring with an eleven-year-old. Id. at ¶ 13. The appellate
court affirmed the trial court's decision. The Supreme Court reversed and, instead, held
R.C. 2907.02(A)(1)(b) "unconstitutional as applied to a child under the age of 13 who
engages in sexual conduct with another child under 13." Id. at syllabus. In so holding, the
court found that statute to be unconstitutionally vague "because the statute authorizes
and encourages arbitrary and discriminatory enforcement" and emphasized that "when
two children under the age of 13 engage in sexual conduct with each other, each child is
both an offender and a victim, and the distinction between those two terms breaks down."
Id. at ¶ 24. The court likewise found that the application of R.C. 2907.02(A)(1)(b) violated
the equal protection clause because both children allegedly engaged in sexual conduct
with a person under the age of thirteen, but only D.B. was charged. Id. at ¶ 31-32.
{¶ 15} As indicated by appellant, three appellate districts have considered the
application of the holding in In re D.B. to cases involving GSI charged under R.C.
2907.05(A)(4). The first, In re T.A., involved a ten-year-old adjudicated a delinquent
under the charge of R.C. 2907.05(A)(4) by having sexual contact with a two-year-old. The
second, In re K.A., involved a twelve-year-old adjudicated a delinquent under the charge
of R.C. 2907.05(A)(4) by having sexual contact with a five-year-old. The third, In re K.C.,
involved a twelve-year-old adjudicated a delinquent under the charge of R.C.
2907.05(A)(4) by having sexual contact with a six-year-old. At least two of these cases, In
re T.A. and In re K.C., involved acts that would meet the definition of "sexual conduct"
applicable to the rape statute. All three appellate districts concluded that R.C.
2907.05(A)(4) was not unconstitutionally applied because, as opposed to the strict
liability "sexual conduct" element of statutory rape, the mens rea of "purpose" embedded
in the "sexual contact" element of GSI provides a way to distinguish between a victim and
an offender. In re T.A. at ¶ 25-27; In re K.A. at ¶ 10-12; and In re K.C. at ¶ 12-14.
{¶ 16} We agree with the reasoning of these appellate districts. The Supreme
Court in State v. Dunlap, 129 Ohio St.3d 461, 2011-Ohio-4111, held that R.C.
2907.05(A)(4) establishes "a mens rea of purpose in regard to the sexual contact between
the defendant and the victim." Id. at ¶ 1. As such, R.C. 2907.05(A)(4) provides a means
of differentiating between the victim and the offender, an attribute which distinguishes it
from the statutory rape provision at issue in In re D.B.
No. 15AP-487 7
{¶ 17} Furthermore, while we agree with the trial court that differentiating
between the parties may be "more difficult" here where the ages of the parties are
somewhat close, identifying the victim and offender is nonetheless possible through the
"purpose" element of R.C. 2907.05(A)(4)—no matter the age span between the minors
involved.4 (Apr. 13, 2015 Decision and Entry, 3.) See State v. Lindsey, 10th Dist. No.
14AP-751, 2015-Ohio-2169, ¶ 35, quoting State v. Garner, 74 Ohio St.3d 49, 60 (1995),
and State v. Robinson, 161 Ohio St. 213 (1954), paragraph five of the syllabus (" '[T]he law
has long recognized that intent, lying as it does within the privacy of a person's own
thoughts, is not susceptible of objective proof' * * * [but] 'may be deduced from all the
surrounding circumstances.' ").
{¶ 18} Lastly, the fact that at least two of the charges in this case could have been
charged as rape under R.C. 2907.02(A)(1)(b), subjecting those charges to dismissal by
way of In re D.B., is not dispositive to the constitutionality of R.C. 2907.05(A)(4) as
applied here. See, e.g., In re T.A. at ¶ 4, 27, and In re K.C. at ¶ 3, 14. The same acts may
properly fit the definition of both sexual conduct and sexual contact, and it is within the
discretion of the prosecutor to pursue the lesser charge. See R.C. 2907.01(A) and (B);
LeFever v. State, 10th Dist. No. 12AP-1034, 2013-Ohio-4606; State v. Wilson, 58 Ohio
St.2d 52, 55 (1979).
{¶ 19} Therefore, considering all the above, the trial court erred in finding R.C.
2907.05(A)(4) unconstitutional as applied in this case, and, on this record, appellant did
not fulfill his burden to present clear and convincing evidence of facts which would
otherwise make the act unconstitutional when applied to him.
{¶ 20} Accordingly, appellant's first assignment of error is sustained.
B. Second Assignment of Error
{¶ 21} Appellant's second assignment of error asserts that the trial court abused its
discretion in dismissing the complaint under Juv.R. 9. Specifically, appellant argues that
the trial court erred by dismissing the complaint under Juv.R. 9 "despite a near non-
existent factual record" and despite being readily distinguishable from In re M.D., 38
4 We note that this is not a case where appellee produced evidence that both children acted with the purpose
to arouse or gratify.
No. 15AP-487 8
Ohio St.3d 149 (1988), the leading case exploring dismissal of a juvenile complaint
inappropriately brought under Juv.R. 9. (Appellant's Brief, 30.)
{¶ 22} "Whether delinquency proceedings should go forward remains a matter
largely with the judge's discretion." In re N.K., 8th Dist. No. 82332, 2003-Ohio-7059,
¶ 23. See In re Corcoran, 68 Ohio App.3d 213, 216 (11th Dist.1990). " 'The term "abuse of
discretion" connotes more than an error of law or judgment; it implies that the court's
attitude is unreasonable, arbitrary or unconscionable.' " Blakemore v. Blakemore, 5 Ohio
St.3d 217, 219 (1983), quoting State v. Adams, 62 Ohio St.2d 151, 157 (1980).
{¶ 23} Juv.R. 9 governs "[i]ntake" of juveniles, in other words, "the discretion
initially exercised by the prosecutor in bringing the instant charges." In re M.D. at 151. It
states:
(A) Court action to be avoided. In all appropriate cases
formal action should be avoided and other community
resources utilized to ameliorate situations brought to the
attention of the court.
(B) Screening; Referral. Information that a child is within
the court's jurisdiction may be informally screened prior to
the filing of a complaint to determine whether the filing of a
complaint is in the best interest of the child and the public.
In deciding whether the court properly exercised its discretion in dismissing the case
under Juv.R. 9, we must liberally interpret and construct the rule so as to "provide for the
care, protection, and mental and physical development of children subject to the
jurisdiction of the juvenile court, and to protect the welfare of the community; and * * *
to protect the public interest by treating children as persons in need of supervision, care
and rehabilitation." Juv.R. 1(B)(3) and (4). See also In re M.D. at 153 ("The best
interests of the child and the welfare and protection of the community are paramount
considerations in every juvenile proceeding in this state.").
{¶ 24} The Supreme Court in In re M.D. describes an "inappropriate" filing of a
delinquency case involving children under the age of thirteen. Id. at 154. The appellant in
that case, M.D., was adjudicated a delinquent child under a complicity to rape statute for,
while "playing doctor," instructing a five-year-old to place his penis in another five-year-
old child's mouth to take her temperature. Id. at 150. In reversing that adjudication, the
No. 15AP-487 9
Supreme Court determined the facts at hand "lead[] to the inescapable conclusion that the
conduct of [M.D.] and the other children involved herein did not constitute a sexual
assault or complicity thereto * * * but rather could more accurately be characterized as
childhood curiosity and exploration." Id. at 151. The court further found that prosecution
of a felony sex offense violated Juv.R. 9 where prosecution violated a local county intake
policy, the facts of the case did not suggest a sexual motivation, the record showed the
best interest of the child, and the public was not served by filing the complaint.
Specifically, both counsel for one of the five-year-olds and a report of a mental health
counselor assigned to M.D. showed that prosecution of the complaint was detrimental to
both the five-year-old's family and to M.D.
{¶ 25} Here, unlike in In re M.D., no record evidence exists that the conduct at
issue was innocent child's play showing no crime occurred or that proceeding to the
adjudication stage would not be in the best interest of the child and the community.
Instead, to dismiss the case under Juv.R. 9, the trial court's decision relied on the
availability of alternative treatment methods in the abstract, the possibility of filing a
dependency action if D.S.'s parents are "not able to provide the treatment necessary," and
"the facts of this case." (Apr. 13, 2015 Decision and Entry, 4.) Compared to In re M.D.,
the trial court's reasoning and the present record is devoid of sufficient information from
which to determine whether the case is "inappropriate" to file in juvenile court. In re
M.D. at 154; Juv.R. 9(A). Therefore, we find that on this record, the trial court abused its
discretion and committed error.
{¶ 26} Accordingly, appellant's second assignment of error is sustained.
IV. CONCLUSION
{¶ 27} Having sustained appellant's two assignments of error, we hereby reverse
the judgment of the Franklin County Court of Common Pleas, Division of Domestic
Relations, Juvenile Branch, and remand this matter to the trial court for further
proceedings consistent with this decision.
Judgment reversed;
cause remanded.
KLATT, J., dissents.
LUPER SCHUSTER, J., concurs.
No. 15AP-487 10
KLATT, J., dissenting.
{¶ 28} Because I do not believe the trial court abused its discretion when it
dismissed the complaint pursuant to Juv.R. 9, I respectfully dissent.
{¶ 29} As noted in the majority decision, in deciding whether the court properly
exercised its discretion in dismissing the case under Juv.R. 9, we must liberally interpret
and construct the rule so as to "provide for the care, protection, and mental and physical
development of children subject to the jurisdiction of the juvenile court, and to protect the
welfare of the community; and * * * to protect the public interest by treating children as
persons in need of supervision, care and rehabilitation." Juv.R. 1(B)(3) and (4). See also
In re M.D., 38 Ohio St.3d 149, 153 (1988) ("The best interests of the child and the welfare
and protection of the community are paramount considerations in every juvenile
proceeding in this state.").
{¶ 30} Although the evidentiary record in this case is relatively thin, I believe there
is evidence in the record to support the trial court's conclusion that the conduct at issue
was not criminal in nature and that proceeding to the adjudication stage would not be in
the best interest of the child and the community. There was evidence before the trial
court indicating: (1) the ages of the children involved (age 12 and age 9 boys), (2) the
children were three years apart in age, and (3) the complaint contained no allegation of
force or threat of force. Given this evidence, I do not believe the trial court abused its
discretion when it dismissed the complaint pursuant to Juv.R. 9.
{¶ 31} I would affirm the trial court's judgment based upon Juv.R. 9, and I would
find appellee's constitutional challenge to R.C. 2907.05(A)(4) moot. Because the majority
reaches a different conclusion, I respectfully dissent.
LUPER SCHUSTER, J., concurring.
{¶ 32} For the reasons stated in the lead decision, I concur that the second
assignment of error should be sustained. I also concur with the lead decision's conclusion
that the first assignment of error should be sustained; however, I would do so on more
narrow grounds. Accordingly, I concur separately.
{¶ 33} I agree with the lead decision that the inclusion of a mens rea distinguishes
the statutory elements of gross sexual imposition from the statutory elements of rape.
However, I do not agree with the lead decision to the extent it suggests, consistent with
No. 15AP-487 11
the reasoning of other appellate districts, that the presence of the mens rea element
always provides a means of differentiating between the victim and the offender. For
example, if evidence in a case demonstrated that two children under the age of 13 had
sexual contact with each other and both children acted with the requisite mens rea, it
would be impossible to distinguish between the victim and the offender. In such a case, if
one child were prosecuted but not the other, the reasoning of In re D.B., 129 Ohio St.3d
104, 2011-Ohio-2671, would apply, and an as-applied constitutional challenge to R.C.
2907.05(A)(4) could be sustained.
{¶ 34} Here, while only appellee was charged, he did not meet his burden to prove
that the statute is unconstitutional as applied. Specifically, appellee did not provide
evidence that both children had the requisite mens rea to make the enforcement arbitrary
and discriminatory. If appellee's argument is that neither child had the requisite mens
rea, then the defense is to an element of the crime and not an as-applied constitutional
challenge. For these reasons, I concur separately.
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