State v. Bolen , 2016 Ohio 7821 ( 2016 )

[Cite as State v. Bolen, 2016-Ohio-7821.]
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF OHIO
THIRD APPELLATE DISTRICT
SENECA COUNTY
STATE OF OHIO,
PLAINTIFF-APPELLEE, CASE NO. 13-16-01
v.
BRIAN P. BOLEN, OPINION
DEFENDANT-APPELLANT.
Appeal from Seneca County Common Pleas Court
Trial Court No. 13-CR-0134
Judgment Affirmed
Date of Decision: November 21, 2016
APPEARANCES:
James E. Melle for Appellant
Derek W. DeVine for Appellee
Case No. 13-16-01
SHAW, P.J.
{¶1} Defendant-appellant, Brian P. Bolen, appeals the December 8, 2015
judgment entry of sentence issued by the Seneca County Common Pleas Court
journalizing his convictions by no contest plea on one count of Possession of
Marijuana and one count of Tampering with Evidence, and sentencing him to serve
six years in prison on the Possession of Marijuana conviction and eighteen months
in prison on the Tampering with Evidence conviction, to be served concurrently.
On appeal, Bolen assigns as error the trial court overruling his combined “Motion
to Suppress Evidence and for Order in Limine.”
{¶2} On August 14, 2013, the Seneca County Grand Jury returned a two
count indictment against Bolen alleging Count One, Possession of Marijuana, in
violation of R.C. 2925.11(A),(C)(3)(f), a felony of the second degree, and Count
Two of Tampering with Evidence, in violation of R.C. 2921.12(A)(1), a felony of
the third degree. The charges arose from the execution of a search warrant, which
resulted in the seizure of several items including, six bails of marijuana totaling
59.27 pounds, numerous live plants, and other drugs and drug-related items. The
events leading up to the execution of the warrant involved two open burn incidents
that occurred on a vacant lot next to Bolen’s home. While Officer Brandon Bell of
the Fostoria Police Department was investigating the second open burn incident, he
smelled and observed marijuana plants growing behind Bolen’s home. After
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receiving no response from knocking at the front and back doors and hearing people
move around inside, he attempted to make contact with the occupants by knocking
on a ground level window near the property line with the vacant lot, through which
he observed marijuana remnants and drug paraphernalia on a kitchen table inside
the home. Officer Bell’s observations of the live marijuana plants and the marijuana
remnants and drug paraphernalia formed the basis for the issuance of the search
warrant of Bolen’s home.
{¶3} On March 19, 2015, Bolen appeared for arraignment and pleaded not
guilty to the charges in the indictment.
{¶4} On October 13, 2015, Bolen filed a “Motion to Suppress Evidence and
for Order in Limine.” Bolen raised several issues alleging the search warrant to be
defective, including that the warrant was not authorized to be executed at night, the
supporting affidavit was not properly sworn to, and Officer Bell’s continued
viewing inside the residence through the window exceeded the scope of the initial
reason for him being on the premises and therefore constituted an unlawful
warrantless search. Bolen also argued that the “plain view” exception to the warrant
requirement did not apply. The State filed a response to Bolen’s arguments for
suppression.
{¶5} On November 16, 2015, the trial court held a hearing on Bolen’s
“Motion to Suppress Evidence and for Order in Limine.”
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First Open Burn Incident
{¶6} The prosecution presented the testimony of personnel from the Fostoria
Fire Department to establish that on July 22, 2012, at 5:01 p.m., the fire department
received a report of an “open burn complaint” on a vacant lot near Spruce Street in
Fostoria. (Supp. Hrg. at 13). The three-feet-high fire consisted mainly of brush and
limbs and was located approximately fifty feet from the closest structure. Scott
Basinger, Shift Captain with Fostoria Fire Department, testified that he spoke to a
man who admitted to starting the fire to “clean up the area a little bit” and advised
him that it was illegal to burn debris in this manner. (Id. at 25). Capt. Basinger
explained that it is not typical protocol for the fire department to take the names of
people they encounter on an open burn complaint. Therefore, he did not know the
name of the man and could not identify the man as Bolen in court.1 However, Capt.
Basinger observed the man enter a home adjacent to the burn site and identified the
home located at 576 Spruce Street, which was later determined to belong to Bolen,
from a photograph introduced at the hearing. The fire was cleared at approximately
5:18 p.m. and the fire department personnel returned to the station.
Second Open Burn Incident
{¶7} Later that night, at approximately 9:57 p.m., fire department personnel
were called back to the same location on the vacant lot, this time by law
1
For reasons not apparent from the record, the suppression hearing took place nearly three and half years
after the incident.
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enforcement, who had been dispatched there to investigate a second open burn
complaint. The second fire was burning in the same place as the first, but was larger
than before. Capt. Basinger again responded to the call and was greeted by Officer
Brandon Bell of the Fostoria Police Department at the scene. Capt. Basinger relayed
information to Officer Bell about the man they encountered at the prior incident,
who admitted to starting the fire.
{¶8} Together, Capt. Basinger and Officer Bell went to the residence where
Capt. Basinger had seen the man enter a few hours before, which was identified as
the house located at 576 Spruce Street. According to Capt. Basinger, they first
approached the rear door.2 Capt. Basinger recalled motion sensor lights illuminating
and lighting up the entire backyard of the residence, which provided a clear view of
the items in backyard. He also noticed lights on in the interior of the home. When
no one answered, they walked around to the front door, which also had no response.
He then conversed with Officer Bell, who asked him if anyone from the fire
department noticed the marijuana plants growing in the backyard. Capt. Basinger
stated he did not notice the plants. After the attempts to make contact with the man
at the rear and front doors, Capt. Basinger returned to assist with clearing the fire,
which was completed by 10:38 p.m.
2
Photographs depicting the burn site and Bolen’s house introduced at the hearing reveal that the vacant lot
was situated next to Bolen’s home providing a clear and an unobstructed side view of Bolen’s entire property
from the lot.
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{¶9} Officer Bell also provided testimony regarding the second open burn
incident. He explained that law enforcement was dispatched to the location of the
second fire and that they were aware of a prior fire set there hours before. Officer
Bell knew that the vacant lot was separate from the 576 Spruce Street home.
{¶10} Officer Bell explained that when he arrived to the vacant lot to
investigate the fire, he could smell the odor of raw marijuana emanating in the air.3
He estimated the site of the fire being twenty-five to thirty feet from the nearest
structure, which was the home at 576 Spruce Street. He could see into the backyard
of the 576 Spruce Street property because of the light illuminated from the fire truck
and other external sources. (Supp. Hrg. at 88). He observed marijuana plants
growing behind the home. He also shined his flashlight into the backyard of the 576
Spruce Street property to confirm his observation of the marijuana plants. (Id. at
72). He testified that he did not need to be on the 576 Spruce Street property to
observe the marijuana plants. (Id. at 73). He informed fire department personnel
about seeing the marijuana plants while still on the vacant lot and asked if they had
noticed the plants during the first open burn call, to which they indicated no. (Id. at
89-90). He explained at that point he was investigating both the open burn
complaint and the marijuana plants he observed.
3
Officer Bell testified to his six years of training, education, and experience in marijuana detection in the
marijuana eradication unit. He also is a K-9 handler and uses raw marijuana for training purpose.
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{¶11} Officer Bell attempted to make contact with the residents by knocking
on the front and rear doors of the home. When he approached the rear door of the
home, he again noticed the marijuana plants when the motion sensor lights
illuminated. He recalled seeing lights on inside and hearing people move inside the
home, but no one answered the knocks on the doors. Office Bell then approached a
window on the side of the house facing the open vacant lot where the fire was
located. He explained why he approached the window: “To try, attempt to make
contact with someone based on the fact I knocked on the front, rear door. I could
hear people inside. At that point, I didn’t know if maybe they were in a room that
they couldn’t hear me, so I knocked on the window then.” (Supp. Hrg. at 77).
{¶12} According to Officer Bell, the window stood approximately three feet
from the ground. Standing three to four feet from the window, Officer Bell could
see a kitchen table through the blinds, which were opened and titled at an angle. On
the table, there appeared to be a paper plate with what looked like a “marijuana
pipe” and “some kind of marijuana remnants on the plate.” (Supp. Hrg. at 78).
Officer Bell took a photograph of what he observed through the window for
“preservation of evidence.” (Id. at 96). He could not recall if he was on the curtilage
of the property when he took the photograph because there was nothing to indicate
the property line. He also photographed the marijuana plants in the backyard.
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{¶13} Officer Bell requested a search warrant for the 576 Spruce Street
property based upon (1) his smell and observation of the marijuana plants growing
behind the home, and (2) his observation of the suspected marijuana and drug
paraphernalia through the window of the home. He also relayed information to law
enforcement that he knocked on the front and rear doors of the residence and no one
answered. Detective Gabriel Wedge of the Fostoria Police Department prepared the
search warrant and supporting affidavit based upon the information obtained by
Officer Bell and presented them to the Tiffin-Fostoria Municipal Court Judge, who
reviewed the documents and authorized the execution of the search warrant. During
the execution of the search warrant, Officer Bell encountered Bolen in the home.
He also found several personal effects belonging to Bolen in the home, as well as
the six bails of marijuana totaling 59.27 pounds, numerous live plants, and other
drugs and drug-related items.
{¶14} On November 30, 2015, the trial court overruled Bolen’s “Motion to
Suppress Evidence and for Order in Limine,” finding that the odor of raw marijuana
detected by Officer Bell and his subsequent observation of the marijuana plants in
the backyard of Bolen’s property were sufficient to constitute probable cause to
support the issuance of the search warrant. The trial court also found that the “plain
view” exception applied to the drugs and drug-related items observed through the
window. Specifically, the trial court concluded:
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The odor of marijuana alone, when detected by a person
competent to identify it, is enough to justify the issuance of a
search warrant. Here, Officer Bell observed marijuana plants on
the property at 576 Spruce Street, and also observed suspected
marijuana and drug paraphernalia through the window of the
residence while trying to make contact with the occupants. The
viewing of the marijuana plants in the yard alone would be
enough to justify the search warrant.
***
Defendant also argues that Officer’s [sic] Bell’s look inside the
window and observation of alleged marijuana and drug
paraphernalia does not fall within the “plain view” exception to
the warrant requirement. Officer Bell, however, was lawfully on
the property when he observed the marijuana plants on the
property and other items through the widow of the home. He
looked through the window in an attempt to contact the occupants
of the home, which was within the scope of his authority.
(Doc. No. 52 at 3-4.)
{¶15} The trial court further found no merit in Bolen’s arguments regarding
the alleged search warrant defects based upon an unauthorized nighttime search and
an improper supporting affidavit.
{¶16} On December 7, 2015, Bolen withdrew his previously tendered not
guilty pleas and entered pleas of no contest with consent to a finding of guilt to the
charges stated in the indictment. As part of the plea agreement, Bolen agreed to
surrender the house located at 576 Spruce Street. The trial court accepted Bolen’s
no contest pleas and found him guilty of the second degree felony Possession of
Marijuana and the third degree felony Tampering with Evidence charges.
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{¶17} The trial court sentenced Bolen to a mandatory six-year prison term
for the Possession of Marijuana offense and an eighteen-month prison term for the
Tampering with Evidence offense. The trial court ordered the prison terms to be
served concurrently.
{¶18} Bolen filed this appeal, asserting the following assignments of error.
ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR NO. I
THE TRIAL COURT ERRED IN DENYING DEFENDANT’S COMBINED
MOTION IN LIMINE AND MOTION TO SUPPRESS.
ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR NO. II
THE TRIAL COURT ERRED IN FAILING TO FIND THAT OFFICER BELL
UNLAWFULLY ENTERED THE CURTILAGE OF DEFENDANT’S
RESIDENCE WITHOUT A WARRANT AND CONDUCTED A
WARRANTLESS SEARCH OF THE INSIDE OF THE RESIDENCE BY
LOOKING THROUGH A ONE INCH OPENING BETWEEN SLATS OF A
KITCHEN WINDOW BLIND ON THE SIDE WINDOW AFTER 10 P.M.
ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR NO. III
THE TRIAL COURT ERRED IN FINDING AND CONCLUDING THAT THE
ITEMS OBSERVED BY OFFICER BELL THROUGH THE KITCHEN
WINDOW WERE IN PLAIN VIEW.
ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR NO. IV
THE TRIAL COURT ERRED IN FAILING TO FIND THE SEARCH
WARRANT, OBTAINED AFTER A WARRANTLESS SEARCH, WAS
TAINTED AND THE RESULTS OF THE SEARCH MUST BE SUPPRESSED
AND THE SURRENDERED PROPERTY RETURNED.
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ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR NO. V
THE TRIAL COURT ERRED IN FAILING TO FIND THAT THE SEARCH
OF THE SEIZED COMPUTERS WAS UNCONSTITUTIONAL BECAUSE IT
WAS DERIVATIVE OF THE ITEMS SEIZED AS A RESULT OF THE
TAINTED SEARCH WARRANT.
ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR NO. VI
THE TRIAL COURT ERRED IN DENYING DEFENDANT HIS
CONSTITUTIONAL RIGHTS UNDER THE FOURTH AMENDMENT TO
THE UNITED STATES CONSTITUTION AND ARTICLE, 1, SECTION 14
OF THE OHIO CONSTITUTION.
First, Second, Third, and Fourth Assignments of Error
{¶19} Due to the interrelated nature of these assignments of error, we elect
to address them together.
{¶20} In his first and second assignments for error, Bolen claims that the trial
court erred in overruling his Combined Motion in Limine and Motion to Suppress.
Specifically, Bolen argues that Officer Bell conducted an unconstitutional
warrantless search of his home at 576 Spruce Street when Officer Bell looked
through the window and observed the marijuana remnants and drug paraphernalia
on the kitchen table inside. Bolen further claims in his third assignment of error that
the trial court erred in determining that the plain view exception to the warrant
requirement applied because Officer Bell was not permitted to be in the location
where he viewed the evidence through the window. In his fourth assignment of
error, Bolen contends that the search warrant subsequently obtained for his home
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was tainted because the affiant officer included a description of Officer Bell’s
observation through the window as one of the grounds for probable cause in the
supporting affidavit. For all these reasons, Bolen maintains that the evidence
obtained during the execution of the search warrant should be suppressed as fruits
of the poisonous tree and that the trial court erred in overruling his motion to
suppress.
Standard of Review
{¶21} Under Ohio law, “[a]ppellate review of a motion to suppress presents
a mixed question of law and fact. When considering a motion to suppress, the trial
court assumes the role of trier of fact and is therefore in the best position to resolve
factual questions and evaluate the credibility of witnesses.” State v. Burnside, 100
Ohio St.3d 152, 2003-Ohio-5372, ¶ 8, citing State v. Mills, 62 Ohio St.3d 357, 366,
582 N.E.2d 972 (1992). Accordingly, “an appellate court must accept the trial
court’s findings of fact if they are supported by competent, credible evidence.” Id.,citing State v. Fanning, 1 Ohio St.3d 19, 20 (1982). Further, “[a]ccepting these
facts as true, the appellate court must then independently determine, without
deference to the conclusion of the trial court, whether the facts satisfy the applicable
legal standard.” Id., citing State v. McNamara, 124 Ohio App.3d 706, 707, (4th
Dist.1997).
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Officer Bell was Lawfully Positioned Outside the Window
{¶22} On appeal, Bolen focuses almost exclusively on Officer Bell’s conduct
of looking into the side window of the home as the basis for contending an
unconstitutional warrantless search occurred.4 The primary tenant of Bolen’s
position on appeal is that Officer Bell was not permitted to be on the curtilage
outside the ground floor window when he observed the marijuana remnants and
drug paraphernalia on a kitchen table through the window. Thus, Bolen attempts to
isolate this moment of time without giving due consideration to the facts and
circumstances leading up to Officer Bell’s decision to knock on the window, which
are also necessary to review in determining whether Officer Bell’s conduct was
reasonable under the Fourth Amendment.
{¶23} It is undisputed that Officer Bell was dispatched to investigate the
second open burn incident on the vacant lot adjacent to the 576 Spruce Street
property. There, he was told by the firefighters attending to the fire that a man living
at the home situated on the 576 Spruce Street property admitted to starting the first
open burn hours earlier. While standing on the vacant lot at the site of the fire,
Officer Bell also detected the odor of raw marijuana and observed marijuana plants
growing in the backyard of the home situated on the 576 Spruce Street property.
4
Bolen argues that two unlawful searches “were made from a position where [Officer Bell] was not lawfully
authorized to be:” (1) when Officer Bell looked through the window and observed the marijuana remnants
and drug paraphernalia, and (2) when Officer Bell took a photograph of the items to preserve evidence. (Appt.
Brief at 12).
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{¶24} At the suppression hearing, Officer Bell testified to his experience and
expertise in detecting and identifying the odor of raw marijuana. See note 3, supra.
As noted by the trial court in its judgment entry overruling Bolen’s motion to
suppress, the Supreme Court of Ohio has found that “[t]he smell of marijuana, alone,
by a person qualified to recognize the odor, is sufficient to establish probable cause
to conduct a search.” State v. Moore, 90 Ohio St.3d 47 (2000), paragraph one of the
syllabus. “Moore makes no clear distinction between the smell of burnt marihuana
and the smell of fresh marihuana.” State v. Navarro, 3d Dist. Seneca No. 13-15-28,
2016-Ohio-749, ¶ 26. Thus, based upon the odor of raw marijuana and the
observation of the marijuana plants behind the home, Officer Bell garnered the
requisite probable cause to obtain a search warrant before ever stepping foot upon
the 576 Spruce Street property.
{¶25} Notwithstanding this fact, Officer Bell specifically testified that he
walked onto the 576 Spruce Street property with Capt. Basinger to investigate both
the open burn incident and the marijuana plants by speaking to the occupants inside
the home. The record is unclear as to whether Officer Bell and Capt. Basinger
approached the rear or front door of the home first. Bolen appears to take issue with
the fact that Officer Bell may have initially approached the rear door, by entering
the curtilage of the home from the adjacent vacant lot to do so, rather than first
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approaching the front door.5 The curtilage is the area around a home that a resident
may reasonably expect to enjoy the sanctity and privacy of the home and is protected
from unreasonable searches and seizure under the Fourth Amendment. Oliver v.
United States, 466 U.S. 170, 180, 104 S.Ct. 1735, 80 L.Ed.2d 214 (1984).
{¶26} However, “[a] law enforcement officer may enter a home’s curtilage
without a warrant if he has a legitimate law-enforcement objective, and the intrusion
is limited.” Turk v. Comerford, 488 Fed.Appx. 933, 947 (6th Cir.2012), citing
United States v. Weston, 443 F.3d 661, 667 (8th Cir.2006). “One such permissible
warrantless intrusion is the investigative technique known as ‘knock and talk,’
where a police officer knocks on the front door of a home for purposes of speaking
to the occupants or asking for consent to search the premises.” Pritchard v.
Hamilton Twp. Bd. of Trustees, 424 Fed.Appx. 492, 499 (6th Cir.2011). “An officer
may initiate a knock and talk without any objective level of suspicion.” Pritchard
at 499; State v. Miller, 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 24609, 2012-Ohio-5206, ¶ 16.
{¶27} To this end, Officer Bell’s entrance upon the curtilage of the home to
conduct a “knock and talk” with the person who had previously admitted to the
firefighters that he started the first fire and/or to the occupants who may have
knowledge regarding the marijuana plants were clearly legitimate law-enforcement
5
We note that the photographs depicting the home situated on 576 Spruce Street and the adjacent vacant lot
show that there were no fences or landscaping demarking the property line between the two parcels, and there
was an unobstructed view of the entire property from the vacant lot.
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objectives and provided limited intrusion on the occupant’s expectation of privacy.
Notably, in approaching the back door to conduct a “knock and talk,” Officer Bell
was able to more closely observe the live marijuana plants growing in the back yard
of the 576 Spruce Street property, confirming his initial determination from the
vacant lot.
{¶28} In attempting to make contact with the occupants of the home, Officer
Bell knocked multiple times on both the front and back doors. It was at this time
that Officer Bell observed interior lights illuminated and heard moving people inside
the home. Officer Bell testified that the lack of response to his knocking on the
doors and the indication of someone inside the home prompted him to approach the
ground level window located at the side of the home near the vacant lot.6 He
explained his specific intention in approaching the window was “[a]t that point, I
didn’t know if maybe [the occupants] were in a room that they couldn’t hear me, so
I knocked on the window then.” (Supp. Hrg. at 77). The record demonstrates that
it was while Officer Bell was attempting to make contact with the occupants at the
window that he observed the remnants of marijuana and drug paraphernalia on a
nearby kitchen table, which, in addition to the live marijuana plants, formed one of
6
Officer Bell testified that he was standing three to four feet from the window when he knocked. He also
indicated that since the incident occurred at night, visibility was limited and there no light source to indicate
the property line between the 576 Spruce Street property and the vacant lot.
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the two independent bases of probable cause for obtaining the search warrant of the
home.
{¶29} Bolen contends that Officer Bell was not permitted to be on the
curtilage outside the ground level window. However, “where knocking at the front
door is unsuccessful in spite of indications that someone is in or around the house,
an officer may take reasonable steps to speak with the person being sought out even
where such steps require an intrusion into the curtilage.” Hardesty v. Hamburg,
Twp., 461 F.3d 646, 654 (6th Cir.2006). Under the circumstances outlined above
and considering each step taken by Officer Bell in the investigation of the second
open burn incident and the live marijuana plants, including conducting a “knock and
talk,” we do not find it was unreasonable for Officer Bell to approach the ground
level window near the burn site to make contact with the occupants whom he
suspected to be inside the home nor did such conduct constitute an impermissible
intrusion upon the occupants’ privacy in violation of the Fourth Amendment.
{¶30} Accordingly, we do not find error in the trial court’s determination that
Officer Bell “was lawfully on the property when he observed the marijuana plants
on the property and other items through the window of the home. He looked through
the window in an attempt to contact the occupants of the home, which was within
the scope of his authority.” (Doc. No. 52 at 3-4.)
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The Plain View Doctrine Applies
{¶31} This leads us to address Bolen’s third assignment of error under which
he argues the trial court erred in concluding that the plain view doctrine applied to
the facts of this case—specifically, that the marijuana remnants and drug
paraphernalia were in Officer Bell’s plan view when he knocked on the window to
make contact with the occupants. Pursuant to the plain view doctrine, the
warrantless search or seizure by a law enforcement officer of an object in plain view
does not violate the Fourth Amendment if (1) the officer did not violate the Fourth
Amendment in arriving at the place where the object could be plainly viewed, (2)
the officer has a lawful right of access to the object, and (3) the incriminating
character of the object is immediately apparent. State v. Robinson, 103 Ohio App.3d
490, 494 (1st Dist.1995), citing Horton v. California, 496 U.S. 128, 136–137, 110
S.Ct. 2301, 110 L.Ed.2d 112 (1990).
{¶32} Bolen’s primary objection to the trial court’s application of the plain
view doctrine to this case is his contention that Officer Bell was not lawfully
positioned on the curtilage outside the window when he observed the marijuana
remnants and drug paraphernalia. However, light of our previous discussion on this
point, we similarly find no error in the trial court’s determination that the plain view
doctrine applied to the facts of this case.
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The Search Warrant is Valid
{¶33} In his fourth assignment of error, Bolen argues that the search warrant
was invalid. The search warrant executed in this case had two primary grounds for
establishing probable cause (1) the marijuana plants Officer Bell observed growing
in the area behind the home and (2) the marijuana remnants and drug paraphernalia
Officer Bell viewed through the window while attempting to make contact with the
occupants. Bolen does not dispute that Officer Bell’s observation and olfactory
detection from the vacant lot of the marijuana plants growing in the backyard
constituted probable cause to obtain a search warrant. Instead, he claims that Officer
Bell’s conduct of looking through the ground level window amounted to an
unlawful search and tainted the entire search warrant requiring the results of the
search to be suppressed.
{¶34} Notwithstanding our determination that no illegal search occurred in
this matter, even assuming arguendo that Officer Bell had not been properly
positioned outside the window while conducting a legitimate law-enforcement
objective, we are not persuaded by Bolen’s arguments that including a description
of Officer Bell’s observations through the window in the supporting affidavit
invalidated the search warrant. Bolen relies heavily on a prior case decided by this
Court, State v. Foster, in support of his contention that the warrant should be
invalidated as “fruits of the poisonous tree.” See Foster, 3d Dist. Allen No. 1-14-
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54, 2015-Ohio-3401. However, a review of Foster reveals the facts in that case are
readily distinguishable.
{¶35} There, law enforcement conducted a warrantless search of a home
under the pretense of completing a search for intruders after receiving call from the
alarm company indicating that a home alarm had been sounded. Foster at ¶ 2. The
officers observed the front door cracked open upon responding. Id. When inside
the home, the officers pulled bags off a shelf and found large amounts of money and
crack cocaine. Id. at ¶ 3. At a subsequent hearing, the officers admitted that under
the circumstances they should have obtained a search warrant prior to opening the
bags and acknowledged that the bags could not be hiding an intruder, but they
nevertheless elected to proceed with the warrantless search. Id. at ¶ 10. After no
intruders were found in the home, the officers called for a search warrant of the
home, citing the money and the crack cocaine as the basis for probable cause. Id.
at ¶ 3. Foster appealed the trial court’s overruling of his motion to suppress in that
case.
{¶36} This Court determined on appeal that the money and crack cocaine
should have been suppressed by the trial court because they were the result of an
illegal warrantless search. Id. at ¶ 15. We also determined that “[b]ecause the
‘fruits’ of the illegal search were included as a basis for the warrant, the warrant
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itself was tainted and we have no way of knowing whether a warrant would have
been issued in this case absent the statement that they had found cocaine.” Id.
{¶37} In the instant case, there were two separate and distinct grounds
establishing probable cause in the affidavit accompanying the search warrant of the
home. In its judgment entry overruling Bolen’s motion to suppress, the trial court
specifically found that Officer Bell’s observation and smell of the marijuana plants
alone constituted probable cause to “justify the issuance of a search warrant.” (Doc.
No. 52 at 3). Moreover, Officer Bell’s detection and confirmation of the marijuana
plants growing in the backyard of the property occurred prior to and was
independent from his observation of the marijuana remnants and drug paraphernalia
through the window. Thus, there was no causal connection between the two bases
for probable cause. Consequently, we find no error in the trial court’s conclusion
that even without the description of the evidence viewed as a result of Officer Bell
looking through the window, the detection of the marijuana plants alone justified
the issuance of the search warrant.
{¶38} We further note that “[t]he exclusionary rule bars the use of evidence
secured by an unconstitutional search and seizure.” State v. Johnson, 141 Ohio
St.3d 136, 2014-Ohio-5021, ¶ 40, citing Weeks v. United States, 232 U.S. 383, 394,
34 S.Ct. 341, 58 L.Ed. 652 (1914) (announcing the exclusionary rule), and Mapp v.
Ohio, 367 U.S. 643, 655, 81 S.Ct. 1684, 6 L.Ed.2d 1081 (1961) (extending the
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exclusionary rule to the states). Application of the exclusionary rule to evidence
found as a result of an unconstitutional search and seizure is not a personal
constitutional right to be exercised by the defendant. Id., citing Davis v. United
States, 564 U.S. 229, 131 S.Ct. 2419, 2426, 180 L.Ed.2d 285 (2011). “[T]he
exclusionary rule’s ‘sole purpose * * * is to deter future violations of the Fourth
Amendment[,] and [w]here suppression fails to yield “appreciable deterrence,”
exclusion is “clearly * * * unwarranted.” ’ ” Id., quoting Davis at 2426-27, quoting
United States v. Janis, 428 U.S. 433, 454, 96 S.Ct. 3021, 49 L.Ed.2d 1046 (1976).
{¶39} Unlike in Foster where the law enforcement officers admitted that
they should have obtained a warrant before they searched the contents of the bags
inside the home, in this case, the record indicates that Officer Bell reasonably and
accurately believed he was acting within in the scope of his authority to conduct a
“knock and talk” with the occupants of the home when he approached the window
and viewed the marijuana remnants and the drug paraphernalia. More importantly,
the police conduct in actually searching and seizing the items in this case was based
upon approval of these circumstances by the municipal judge in a search warrant
affirming that these observations constituted probable cause and were therefore
executed lawfully in good faith.
{¶40} The exclusionary rule generally applies where police exhibit “
‘deliberate,’ ‘reckless,’ or ‘grossly negligent’ disregard for Fourth Amendment
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rights, * * * ” but not “when the police act with an objectively ‘reasonable good-
faith belief’ that their conduct is lawful.” Davis v. United States, supra, 131 S.Ct.
at 2427. If the police “conduct involves only simple, ‘isolated’ negligence, the
deterrence rationale loses much of its force, and exclusion cannot ‘pay its way.’ “
Id. at 2427–2428, citing United States v. Leon, 468 U.S. 897, 104 S.Ct. 3405, 82
L.Ed.2d 677 (1984). “[A]n assessment of the flagrancy of the police misconduct
constitutes an important step in the calculus.” Leon at 911, 104 S.Ct. 3405.
Accordingly, we find no merit in Bolen’s arguments that the inclusion of Officer
Bell’s observation through the ground floor window as one basis for establishing
probable cause somehow rendered the search warrant invalid. 7
{¶41} Based on the foregoing discussion, we conclude that the trial court did
not err in overruling Bolen’s motion to suppress. Bolen’s first, second, third, and
fourth assignments of error are overruled.
7
Bolen cites a handful of cases in support of his argument that all the evidence seized as a result of the
execution of the search warrant must be suppressed. See e.g., State v. Vondenhuevel, 3d Dist. Logan No. 8-
04-15, 2004-Ohio-5348; State v. Morgan, 5th Dist. Fairfield No. 13-CA-30, 2014-Ohio-1900; State v.
Peterson, 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 22008, 173 Ohio App.3d 575, 2007-Ohio-5667. In citing these cases,
Bolen appears to be advocating for a bright line rule stating that an officer can never be lawfully positioned
on or near the curtilage of the home regardless of the particular facts and circumstances of the case and the
reasonableness of the officer’s conduct in effectuating a legitimate law-enforcement objective. To the
contrary, each of these cases highlights the importance of a case-by-case analysis rather than a sweeping rule
on this issue. Moreover, none of the cases cited by Bolen involve the same set of facts as in this case and we
find these cases to be inapposite to the one currently before us.
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Fifth Assignment of Error
{¶42} In his fifth assignment of error, Bolen argues that the trial court erred
in failing to suppress the results from the search of his three computers. The record
reflects that a second warrant was issued for the contents of the computer after the
seizure of the computers pursuant to the execution of the first search warrant. Bolen
first argues the second warrant issued for the computer contents was invalid based
on his presumption that the first warrant for the seizure of the computers was tainted
by an illegal search. However, since we have already dispensed with that argument
and found the first search warrant valid, we do not find merit in Bolen’s argument
in this respect.
{¶43} Bolen alternatively argues that the first search warrant was flawed
because the supporting affidavit was so expansive that it failed to meet the
particularity requirement under the Fourth Amendment to properly seize the
computers. Incidentally, Bolen failed to raise this particular argument regarding the
computers in his “Motion to Suppress Evidence and for Order in Limine” and now
contends the issue was preserved under a generalized statement in the motion to
suppress that “all of the evidence gathered in this case” should be suppressed.
Arguably, Bolen’s claim on appeal with respect to the computers is waived.
{¶44} Nevertheless, Bolen cites State v. Castagnola in support of this
contention that the warrant description of what was to be seized was overly broad.
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145 Ohio St.3d 1, 2015-Ohio-1565. However, a review of that case reveals it to be
fact specific and distinguishable from the present case. See also State v. Knoefel,
11th Dist. Lake No. No. 2014-L-088, 2015-Ohio-5207, ¶¶ 129-30 (noting the
limited application of Castagnola). Moreover, the record demonstrates that the
contents of the computer revealed its user was Bolen and it had “various searches
on it indicating marijuana-related questions and K2 or spice type of questions
related to that.” (Plea and Sent. Hrg. at 19). It is unclear how suppression of the
computer’s contents would affect the outcome of Bolen’s case on appeal when he
plead no contest to a second degree felony possession offense based upon the
amount of marijuana found in the home. Accordingly, we do not find that the trial
court erred in failing to suppress the results from the search of Bolen’s three
computers and we overrule Bolen’s fifth assignment of error.
Sixth Assignment of Error
{¶45} In his sixth assignment of error, Bolen claims his plea agreement is a
“nullity” based upon his allegation that his Fourth Amendment rights were violated.
Having already considered and rejected Bolen’s arguments with respect to Officer
Bell’s conduct of knocking on the ground floor window, we do not find merit in his
claim that the plea agreement is a “nullity.” Bolen also argues that the forfeiture of
the 576 Spruce Street property, the transfer of which only appears in the record as
part of the plea agreement, was improper because it was not charged in the
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indictment as required by R.C. 2941.1417 and a civil forfeiture action was not
commenced within 60 days as provided by R.C. 2981.03(F) and R.C. 2981.05.
Notably, the State did not address this argument raised by Bolen in its brief.
{¶46} Pursuant to R.C. 2981.03, a prosecutor may seek forfeiture of a seized
property by either including a forfeiture specification in the charging instrument,
R.C. 2981.04, or by filing a civil action, R.C. 2981.05, or both. State v. Hagan, 11th
Dist. Ashtabula No.2014-A-0013, 2014-Ohio-4308, ¶ 13. The record in this case
contains no indication that the prosecution pursued a civil forfeiture complaint
pursuant to R.C. 2981.05, therefore, the issue raised by Bolen can only pertain to
criminal forfeiture.
{¶47} It is well recognized that forfeitures are not favored and, whenever
possible, forfeiture statutes must be construed so as to avoid a forfeiture of property.
State v. West, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga Nos. 97391 and 97900, 2013-Ohio-96, ¶ 31, citing
State v. Lilliock, 70 Ohio St.2d 23, 25–26 (1982). With regard to criminal forfeiture,
R.C. 2981.04(A)(1) describes the manner in which criminal forfeiture proceedings
are to be initiated.
Property described in division (A) of section 2981.02 of the
Revised Code may be forfeited under this section only if the
complaint, indictment, or information charging the offense or
municipal violation, or the complaint charging the delinquent act,
contains a specification of the type described in section 2941.1417
of the Revised Code that sets forth all of the following to the extent
it is reasonably known at the time of the filing:
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(a) The nature and extent of the alleged offender’s or
delinquent child’s interest in the property;
(b) A description of the property;
(c) If the property is alleged to be an instrumentality, the
alleged use or intended use of the property in the
commission or facilitation of the offense.
{¶48} R.C. 2981.04(A)(1)(emphasis added).
{¶49} Section 2941.1417(A) of the Revised Code sets forth the language to
be included in a forfeiture specification contained in the charging instrument and
states:
Property is not subject to forfeiture in a criminal case unless the
indictment, count in the indictment, or information charging the
offense specifies, to the extent it is reasonably known at the time
of filing, the nature and extent of the alleged offender's interest in
the property, a description of the property, and, if the property is
alleged to be an instrumentality, the alleged use or intended use
of the property in the commission or facilitation of the offense.
The specification shall be stated at the end of the body of the
indictment, count, or information and shall be in substantially the
following form:
“SPECIFICATION (or SPECIFICATION TO THE FIRST
COUNT). The grand jurors (or insert the person's or prosecuting
attorney's name when appropriate) further find and specify that
(set forth the alleged offender's interest in the property, a
description of the property subject to forfeiture, and any alleged
use or intended use of the property in the commission or
facilitation of the offense).”
{¶50} R.C. 2941.1417(A)(emphasis added).
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{¶51} Thus, the plain and unambiguous language of R.C. 2981.04(A)(1) and
R.C. 2941.1417(A) requires the State to include a forfeiture specification in the
charging document if the State intends to pursue criminal forfeiture of the
defendant’s property.8 These statutes are designed to apprise the defendant of the
State’s reasons supporting its allegation that the property in question is subject to
criminal forfeiture. See State v. Little, 12th Dist. Butler No. CA2014-01-020, 2014-
Ohio-4756, ¶ 34, fn. 4 (“Notice * * * is a procedural requirement contained in both
R.C. 2981.04(A)(1) and (2) that must be given to the alleged offender in order to
establish the trial court’s authority to order forfeiture.”).
{¶52} Here, the record demonstrates that the State failed to include a
forfeiture specification in the indictment as required by R.C. 2981.04(A)(1). The
statute clearly indicates the legislative intent that property that is reasonably
foreseen to be subject to forfeiture may be forfeited “only if” the charging document
contains the necessary forfeiture specification under R.C. 2941.1417. Moreover,
8
We note that R.C. 2981.04(A)(2) provides an alternative method for the State to comply with the statutory
notice requirement if (1) the property subject to forfeiture is not reasonably foreseen to be subject to forfeiture
at the time of filing the charging instrument, and (2) the prosecutor, upon discovering the property to be
subject to forfeiture, gave prompt notice to the offender under the applicable criminal rule. “In all other
instances, i.e., where the property is reasonably foreseen to be subject to forfeiture, the state must comply
with provisions found in R.C. 2981.04(A)(1).” State v. Little, 12th Dist. Butler No. CA2014-01-020, 2014-
Ohio-4756, ¶ 31. Here, there is nothing in the record to suggest that the property at 576 Spruce Street was
not reasonably foreseen by the State to be subject to forfeiture at the time of filing the charging instrument
given the fact that the offenses included in the indictment were based upon conduct that occurred while
utilizing the premises. Nevertheless, the record further indicates that the State did not comply with the notice
requirements of R.C. 2981.04(A)(2) because it also failed to include notice of its allegation that the property
was subject to forfeiture in the bill of particulars as required by the statute. See R.C. 2981.04(A)(2) citing
Crim.R. 7(E).
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Case No. 13-16-01
while the plea agreement in this case mentioned the address of the property at issue,
the record is devoid of any evidence that the State apprised Bolen of the nature and
extent of his interest in the property or the alleged use or intended use of the property
in the commission or facilitation of the offenses. Simply put, there is nothing in the
record to demonstrate that the State attempted to comply with any of the statutory
forfeiture requirements.
{¶53} In fact, the only mention of the 576 Spruce Street property in this case
is found in the “sentencing recommendation” portion of the written plea agreement,
which appears in the record as follows:
If the Defendant enters a plea of No Contest with a Consent to a
Finding of Guilty to the charges as stated in the indictment, the
Parties will jointly recommend to the Court that the Defendant be
sentenced for Count One to a mandatory prison term of six (6)
years to be served concurrently with the sentence Defendant is
serving out of Wyandot County and, for Count Two, a stated
prison term of eighteen (18) months, to be served concurrently
with Count One for a total stated prison term of six (6) years
mandatory. The Defendant further agrees to surrender the house
located at 576 Spruce Street, Fostoria, Seneca County, Ohio. The
parties will further recommend the Defendant pay court costs.
The parties otherwise reserve the right to speak at sentencing.
(Doc. No. 57 at 3)(emphasis added).
{¶54} The trial court held the change of plea and sentencing hearings
simultaneously. After conducting the Crim. R. 11 colloquy with Bolen, Bolen
changing his plea and signing the written plea agreement, and the trial court
accepting Bolen’s plea, the trial court proceeded to sentencing. Defense Counsel
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requested that the trial court implement the agreed-upon sentencing
recommendation set forth in the negotiated plea agreement. Defense Counsel also
informed the trial court of the following transaction.
Defense Counsel: I would further indicate for the record that I
have been given an executed warranty deed for the property at
576 Spruce Street and that property has been successfully
surrendered to the City of Fostoria. So I, I have that in my
possession.
(Dec. 7, 2015 Hrg. at 21).
{¶55} The trial court proceeded to pronounce the sentence at which point the
following exchange transpired.
Trial Court: I’m ordering that you forfeit the real estate at 576
Spruce Street, Fostoria, Seneca County, Ohio. And order that
you pay court costs in this case.
***
Defense Counsel: Your Honor, may I interrupt you?
Trial Court: You may.
Defense Counsel: Are you sure that you want to put an order on
to forfeit since Mr. Bolen’s already transferred? I’m just thinking
about all that language from the last couple Court of Appeals
cases on what’s required to go through the forfeiture.
Prosecutor: We really didn’t consider this a forfeiture, Your
Honor. We consider this a surrender.
Trial Court: I will take it out.
Prosecutor: And that’s why we included it in our—
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Trial Court: Thank you, [Defense Counsel]. I will take it out. It
is not—will not be in the sentencing order and I vacate that
portion of what I discussed on forfeiture. All right.
Defense Counsel: Thank you, Your Honor.
(Id. at 27-28).
{¶56} In accordance with the foregoing discussion between counsel and the
trial court, there is nothing in the trial court’s judgment entry of sentence mentioning
the 576 Spruce Street property as “surrendered,” “forfeited,” or otherwise
transferred in conjunction with the disposition of this criminal case.
{¶57} In sum, because the State did not invoke the criminal forfeiture
procedure by including a specification in the indictment or subsequently providing
statutory notice in a bill of information9 and because the trial court did not include
an order effectuating the transfer of possession of Bolen’s property in connection
with this case, we find there is no order compelling the transfer of the property in
the case before us. Accordingly, we find Bolen’s arguments and assignment of error
as they pertain to an improper forfeiture are moot as there is no order of forfeiture
issued by the trial court regarding the 576 Spruce Street property for us to review.
9
Notably, some appellate courts have held that when the State failed to properly initiate criminal forfeiture
proceedings pursuant to R.C. 2981.04(A), the trial court does not have the authority to order forfeiture of the
property as part of its sentence. See State v. Little, 12th Dist. Butler No. CA2014-01-020, 2014-Ohio-4756,
¶ 34, fn. 4 (finding the initiation of criminal forfeiture proceedings pursuant to the statute as constituting a
matter of subject-matter jurisdiction that cannot be waived). See, e.g., State v. Christian, 2d Dist.
Montgomery No. 25256, 2014–Ohio–2672, ¶ 136 (finding unpersuasive the State’s argument that appellant
waived the notice requirement by failing to object to the forfeiture in the trial court); see also State v. Mbodji,
129 Ohio St.3d 325, 2011–Ohio–2880, ¶ 10 (objections to subject-matter jurisdiction cannot be waived).
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{¶58} For all these reasons, the assignments of error are overruled and the
judgment is affirmed.
Judgment Affirmed
PRESTON, J., concurs.
ROGERS, J., concurring separately.
{¶59} I concur with the opinion of the majority including the result reached
on the issue of forfeiture, since there is no order to review. I write separately only
to express my concern that the tactic of surrender of property, as opposed to
forfeiture, raises concerns we cannot answer in this opinion.
{¶60} Ohio law does not favor forfeiture. State ex rel. Pizza v. Rezcallah, 84
Ohio St. 3d 116, 131 (1998). Thus, forfeiture is only proper if the correct steps are
taken.
The language of R.C. 2941.1417 could not be more clear and
unequivocal. ‘Property is not subject to forfeiture in a criminal case’
unless the required information is contained in the specification. R.C.
2981.04(A)(1) is equally clear.
(Emphasis added) State v. Schmidt, 3d Dist. Seneca No. 13-13-07, 2014-Ohio-758,
¶ 20 (Rogers, J., dissenting), quoting R.C. 2941.1417.
Further, R.C. 2981.04(A)(1) provides, in part,
Property described in division (A) of section 2981.02 of the Revised
Code may be forfeited under this section only if the complaint,
indictment, or information charging the offense or municipal
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Case No. 13-16-01
violation, or the complaint charging the delinquent act, contains a
specification of the type described in section 2941.1417 of the
Revised Code that sets forth all of the following to the extent it is
reasonably known at the time of the filing: * * *
(Emphasis added.)
{¶61} Because the surrender takes place in the context of a criminal
prosecution, I think the terminology is mere semantics. The State appears to be
coercing a prohibited forfeiture without due process, which raises issues of ethics
and professionalism for both the prosecution and defense counsel.
/jlr
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