Fedex Corporate Serv., Inc. v. Heat Surge, L.L.C. , 2019 Ohio 217 ( 2019 )

[Cite as Fedex Corporate Serv., Inc. v Heat Surge, L.L.C., 2019-Ohio-217.]
COURT OF APPEALS
STARK COUNTY, OHIO
FIFTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
FEDEX CORPORATE SERVICES, INC. : JUDGES:
: Hon. John W. Wise, P.J.
Plaintiff-Appellee : Hon. W. Scott Gwin, J.
: Hon. Earle E. Wise, Jr., J.
-vs- :
:
HEAT SURGE, LLC : Case No. 2018CA00026
:
Defendant-Appellant : OPINION
CHARACTER OF PROCEEDING: Appeal from the Court of Common
Pleas, Case No. 2016CV01859
JUDGMENT: Affirmed
DATE OF JUDGMENT: January 22, 2019
APPEARANCES:
For Plaintiff-Appellee For Defendant-Appellant
MARK J. SHERIFF LEE E. PLAKAS
2000 West Henderson Road EDMOND J. MACK
Columbus, OH 43220 MARIA C. KLUTINOTY EDWARDS
220 Market Avenue South
Eighth Floor
Canton, OH 44702
Stark County, Case No. 2018CA00026 2
Wise, Earle, J.
{¶ 1} Defendant-Appellant, Heat Surge, LLC, appeals the March 9, 2018
judgment entry of the Court of Common Pleas of Stark County, Ohio, overruling its
objections and granting judgment to Plaintiff-Appellee, FedEx Corporate Services, Inc.
FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY
{¶ 2} In 2010, appellee started providing shipping services to appellant. In 2013,
the business relationship ended because appellant was not timely paying for the services.
{¶ 3} On August 15, 2016, appellee filed a complaint against appellant for breach
of contract, account, and unjust enrichment. Appellee alleged appellant had an unpaid
balance of $56,733.88. A bench trial before a magistrate was held on May 4, 2017. By
decision filed October 11, 2017, the magistrate found in favor of appellee on its unjust
enrichment claim and awarded appellee $56,733.88.
{¶ 4} Appellant filed objections, claiming there was insufficient evidence to
establish the nature of the actual shipping services performed by appellee and the value
thereof, the trial exhibits were not admitted into evidence and constituted inadmissible,
unauthenticated hearsay, appellee did not establish that appellant was the entity who
conferred a benefit on appellee, appellee could not plead both breach of contract and
unjust enrichment, and there was no finding of fraud, misrepresentation, or bad faith on
the part of appellant to support the unjust enrichment claim. By judgment entry filed
March 9, 2018, the trial court overruled the objections, approved and confirmed the
magistrate's decision, and rendered judgment in favor of appellee in the amount of
$56,733.88.
Stark County, Case No. 2018CA00026 3
{¶ 5} Appellant filed an appeal and this matter is now before this court for
consideration. Assignment of error is as follows:
I
{¶ 6} "THE TRIAL COURT ERRED IN FAILING TO ENGAGE IN AN
INDEPENDENT REVIEW OF THE MAGISTRATE'S DECISION, ADOPTING THE
MAGISTRATE'S DECISION, AND ISSUING A RULING THAT WAS NOT SUPPORTED
BY THE EVIDENCE IN THE RECORD."
I
{¶ 7} Appellant claims the trial court erred in overruling its objections without
engaging in an independent review and in adopting the magistrate's decision that was
unsupported by the evidence. We disagree.
{¶ 8} As explained by this court in Langley v. Langley, 5th Dist. Coshocton No.
2103CA0015, 2014-Ohio-1651, ¶ 20:
When reviewing objections to a magistrate's decision, the trial court
is not required to follow or accept the findings or recommendations of its
magistrate. In re Anderson, 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 25367, 2013-Ohio-
2012, ¶ 14. In accordance with Civ. R. 53, the trial court must conduct an
independent review of the facts and conclusions contained in the
magistrate's report and enter its own judgment. Id. Thus, the trial court
engages a de novo standard of review, and should not adopt the
magistrate's factual findings unless it agrees with them. Crosby v.
McWilliams, 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 19856, 2003-Ohio-6063, at ¶ 33-34.
Stark County, Case No. 2018CA00026 4
The trial court has discretion to determine whether to sustain or overrule an
objection to a magistrate's decision, and we will not reverse that
determination absent an abuse of that discretion. Wade v. Wade, 113 Ohio
App.3d 414, 419, 680 N.E.2d 1305 (1996). For this court to find an abuse
of discretion, we must conclude that the trial court's determination was
unreasonable, arbitrary or unconscionable. Blakemore v. Blakemore, 5
Ohio St. 3d 217, 450 N.E.2d 1140 (1983).
{¶ 9} First, appellant argues the trial court did not conduct an independent review
of the magistrate's decision. In its March 9, 2018 judgment entry overruling appellant's
objections, the trial court specifically stated the following:
Pursuant to Civ.R. 53(D)(4)(d), the Court has undertaken an
"independent review as to the objected matters to ascertain that the
magistrate has properly determined the factual issues and appropriately
applied the law."
After an independent review of the record, the Court has determined
that the Magistrate property (sic) determined the factual issues and
appropriately applied the law.
{¶ 10} The trial court wrote a seven page judgment entry addressing each of the
objections. Appellant may not agree with the result of the trial court's review, but has not
Stark County, Case No. 2018CA00026 5
demonstrated that the trial court did not conduct an independent review. This argument
lacks merit.
{¶ 11} Next, appellant argues appellee failed to meet its burden of proving that it
conferred a $56,733.88 benefit on appellant to support its unjust enrichment claim.
{¶ 12} As explained by this court in Robinette v. PNC Bank, 5th Dist. Licking No.
15-CA-47, 2016-Ohio-767, ¶ 23:
The elements of an unjust enrichment claim are: (1) a benefit
conferred by a plaintiff upon a defendant; (2) knowledge by the defendant
of the benefit; and (3) retention of the benefit by the defendant under
circumstances where it would be unjust to do so without payment.
Hambleton v. R.G. Barry Corp., 12 Ohio St. 3d 179, 183, 465 N.E.2d 1298
(1984). Under Ohio law, unjust enrichment is a claim under quasi-contract
law that arises out of the obligation cast by law upon a person in receipt of
benefits that he is not justly entitled to retain. See Beatley v. Beatley, 160
Ohio App. 3d 600, 2005-Ohio-1846, 828 N.E.2d 180. Unjust enrichment
entitles a party only to restitution of the reasonable value of the benefit
conferred. St. Vincent Med. Ctr. v. Sader, 100 Ohio App .3d 379, 384, 654
N.E.2d 144 (6th Dist.1995).
{¶ 13} A plaintiff must establish the elements of unjust enrichment by a
preponderance of the evidence. "Preponderance of evidence means the greater weight
of evidence. * * * The greater weight may be infinitesimal, and it is only necessary that it
Stark County, Case No. 2018CA00026 6
be sufficient to destroy the equilibrium." Travelers' Insurance Company of Hartford, Conn.
v. Gath, 118 Ohio St. 257, 261, 160 N.E. 710 (1928).
{¶ 14} Appellant argues appellee did not present any evidence as to the services
performed or the value of said services. Appellant also argues any documentation as to
value was not admitted into evidence, was not properly authenticated, and constituted
inadmissible hearsay.
{¶ 15} The sole witness at the trial was Mark Orris, an employee of appellee's for
twenty-eight years, fifteen years as District Sales Manager for northeast Ohio. T. at 6.
Mr. Orris testified appellee started providing shipping services to appellant around 2010.
T. at 7. He personally spoke with "a number of different people" at appellant's business
"[o]ver the years." T. at 22. Appellant would produce a FedEx label and place that label
on its packages "which tells us the service they want from us and the location to deliver
it." T. at 8. Appellee would pick up the packages and deliver them according to the
instructions provided by appellant. Id. In 2013, appellee terminated its business
relationship with appellant because they failed to timely pay on the invoices. T. at 8-9.
Appellant was charged a standard price "minus the discounts in place that we had
negotiated with them." T. at 9. Appellant had a rate structure that was "unique to them."
Id. Appellant was billed weekly with a standard invoice. T. at 10. Mr. Orris testified that
appellee owed $56,733.88 on unpaid invoices. T. at 13. He obtained the figure from
Exhibit B, attached to the complaint. Id. Mr. Orris testified the exhibit was prepared in
the ordinary course of business and the amounts listed were true and correct. T. at 14,
30. Defense counsel cross-examined Mr. Orris on the exhibit. T. at 26-29, 36-37.
Stark County, Case No. 2018CA00026 7
Appellant did not present any evidence to refute the amount of the charges or that the
services were provided by appellee as requested.
{¶ 16} Appellant argued to the magistrate about the appropriateness of Exhibit B
to support appellee's breach of contract and account claims. T. at 39-41, 43-44.
However, the magistrate/trial court did not grant judgment to appellee under the breach
of contract or account claims, but under the claim of unjust enrichment. We find Exhibit
B to be sufficient to establish the value of services rendered for a determination under
unjust enrichment. Mr. Orris testified to his personal knowledge of the business
relationship between appellant and appellee, and had personal knowledge of the
outstanding balance, the exact amount contained in Exhibit B which was prepared by an
employee for appellee in the ordinary course of business. Exhibit B was attached to the
complaint and was presented to the witness during the trial. Mr. Orris testified he was
familiar with the operation of appellee's business and the exhibit's preparation in the
ordinary course of business. We do not find an issue with the use of Exhibit B. Evid.R.
803(6) and 901(A) and (B)(1).
{¶ 17} Appellant argues appellee did not present any evidence as to appellee
conferring a benefit to appellant because any alleged shipping services were not
performed by appellee, but by a different entity, FedEx Ground.
{¶ 18} Mr. Orris testified he is employed by appellee and the rate structure comes
from the FedEx Corporate level, not from any specific sub-company. T. at 19-20.
Appellant proactively placed FedEx labels on its packages and instructed appellee to
deliver them. Appellant did not dispute that the services were rendered as requested.
Appellant did not pay the invoices for the delivery services. Appellant did not present any
Stark County, Case No. 2018CA00026 8
evidence to challenge the amounts contained in the invoices. Appellant received shipping
services without paying for the services. Thus, appellee conferred a benefit on appellant.
{¶ 19} Appellant argues appellee erroneously pled unjust enrichment as a "fail-
safe" to its breach of contract claim. Appellant did not err in pleading both theories. Willey
v. Blackstone, 180 Ohio App. 3d 303, 2008-Ohio-7035, 905 N.E.2d 250 (5th Dist.). "While
it is true that a party may not recover for the same services under both a contractual claim
and a claim for quantum meruit, a party is not barred from seeking alternative theories
and recovering under a quantum meruit theory if his contractual claim fails." Building
Industry Consultants, Inc. v. 3M Parkway, Inc., 182 Ohio App. 3d 39, 2009-Ohio-1910,
911 N.E.2d 356, ¶ 17 (9th Dist.).
{¶ 20} Appellant argues appellee was required to show that the conferral of the
benefit was the product of fraud, misrepresentation, or bad faith by appellant in accepting
and retaining the benefit. In its judgment entry overruling this objection, the trial court
noted the following: "Neither the Ohio Supreme Court nor the Fifth District Court of
Appeals require a finding of fraud, misrepresentation, or bad faith in order for a plaintiff to
succeed on a claim of unjust enrichment." We agree. Appellant's reliance on this court's
opinion in Alliance Mall Company v. Pauli, 5th Dist. Stark No. CA-7326, 1988 WL 38009
(March. 28, 1988), is misplaced. That case involved the breach of a lease agreement by
the defendant and an unjust enrichment claim against the plaintiff by a third-party
intervenor (mechanic's lien against the defendant).
{¶ 21} Upon review, we do not find the trial court erred or abused its discretion in
overruling the objections, adopting and confirming the magistrate's decision, and entering
judgment in favor of appellee in the amount of $56,733.88. Sufficient evidence was
Stark County, Case No. 2018CA00026 9
presented to establish that appellant received a benefit that was conferred upon it by
appellee, appellant had knowledge of the benefit, and retention of the benefit by appellant
without payment to appellee would be unjust.
{¶ 22} The sole assignment of error is denied.
{¶ 23} The judgment of the Court of Common Pleas of Stark County, Ohio is
hereby affirmed.
By Wise, Earle, J.
Wise, John, P.J. and
Gwin, J. concur.
EEW/db 19