State v. Farrow , 2023 Ohio 682 ( 2023 )

[Cite as State v. Farrow, 2023-Ohio-682.]
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF OHIO
FOURTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
LAWRENCE COUNTY
State of Ohio, : Case No. 22CA12
Plaintiff-Appellant, : DECISION AND
JUDGMENT ENTRY
v. :
Quazaa S. Farrow, : RELEASED 3/01/2023
Defendant-Appellee. :
______________________________________________________________________
APPEARANCES:
Brigham M. Anderson, Lawrence County Prosecutor, Ironton, Ohio, for appellant.
Steven H. Eckstein, Washington Court House, Ohio, for appellee.
______________________________________________________________________
Hess, J.
{¶1} The state of Ohio appeals from a judgment of the Lawrence County Court
of Common Pleas granting Defendant-Appellee Quazaa S. Farrow’s motion to suppress
evidence obtained through a warrantless search of a vehicle in which Farrow was a
passenger. The state contends that the trial court erred in determining that the trooper’s
stop consisted of two separate searches and not one continuous search. The trooper
initially stopped the vehicle for an expired tags violation but detected a strong odor of raw
marijuana when he approached the driver. The trooper called for a backup officer to assist
him, placed the driver and passenger, Farrow, in handcuffs in the back of his patrol car
after informing them both of their Miranda rights, and he and the backup officer searched
the passenger compartment of the vehicle. Neither officer found any marijuana or other
illegal drugs. The backup officer left to respond to another call. The trooper returned the
Lawrence App. No. 22CA12 2
driver and Farrow to the vehicle but detained them while he called for another backup
officer and reviewed the audio and video recording made of them while they were in the
back of the patrol car. After reviewing the recordings and further questioning the driver,
the trooper and backup officer performed a second search of the vehicle, including a
search of the engine compartment. They discovered marijuana in the passenger
compartment and methamphetamine and heroin hidden near the headlight in the engine
compartment.
{¶2} The trial court determined that after the first search of the vehicle’s
passenger compartment resulted in no discovery of contraband, the trooper’s reasonable
suspicion of criminal activity was dispelled, and he was required under the Fourth
Amendment to release the driver and Farrow. The trial court determined that the trooper
would need a new reasonable suspicion of criminal activity before he could detain them
for purposes of reviewing the video and audio recordings. In other words, the trial court
determined that the trooper had no reasonable suspicion of criminal activity after his first
search of the passenger compartment of the vehicle turned up empty and his review of
the audio and video recordings was a “fishing expedition” for evidence of a crime.
{¶3} We find that the trooper was engaged in one continuous search. The fact
that the trooper detected a strong odor of raw marijuana allowed him to conduct an
expansive search of the vehicle, beyond the passenger compartment and into the trunk
and engine compartments. The trooper’s continued detention of the driver and Farrow
while he reviewed the audio and video recording, and asked follow-up questions of the
driver, aided him in his efforts to target his search to locate what he continued to
Lawrence App. No. 22CA12 3
reasonably suspect was contraband hidden somewhere in the vehicle. Therefore, we
sustain the state’s assignment of error and reverse the trial court’s judgment.
I. FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY
{¶4} The Lawrence County grand jury indicted Quazaa S. Farrow on one count
of aggravated trafficking in drugs in violation of R.C. 2925.03(A)(2)(C)(1)(d), a first-degree
felony, one count of aggravated possession of drugs in violation of R.C.
2925.11(A)(C)(1)(c), a second-degree felony, and one count of possession of heroin in
violation of R.C. 2925.11(A)(C)(6)(d), a second-degree felony. Farrow filed a motion to
suppress the evidence obtained from the warrantless search of the vehicle on the ground
that it was an unconstitutionally prolonged detention because the “raw odor of marijuana
alone does not constitute probable cause for the search of a vehicle.” The state did not
file a written response to Farrow’s motion but asserted its arguments at the suppression
hearing.1
{¶5} At the suppression hearing, Trooper Malone of the Ohio State Highway
Patrol testified that he was travelling westbound on U.S. 52 when a vehicle passed him
with expired tags. Trooper Malone stopped the vehicle and as he approached it and spoke
to the driver, he “detected a strong order of raw marijuana.” He testified that he has
considerable experience and training in the detection of raw and burnt marijuana by smell.
He ordered the driver to exit the vehicle, informed her that he detected a strong odor of
raw marijuana, and asked her if she used marijuana. The driver stated that she had
smoked marijuana the previous day, but Trooper Malone did not detect any signs of
1The state preserved all of the arguments it presented on appeal when it presented them during closing
arguments at the suppression hearing. E.g., State v. Werder, 6th Dist. Fulton No. F-19-008, 2020-Ohio-
2865, ¶ 37-39 (a state waives arguments it neither raises in a written response to a motion to suppress
nor presents at the suppression hearing).
Lawrence App. No. 22CA12 4
impairment and did not perform a sobriety test. During that same interaction, Trooper
Malone asked the driver if there was anything illegal in the vehicle, which she denied but
also stated, “I don’t want to get caught in the crossfire.” Trooper Malone testified that he
informed the driver of her Miranda rights, handcuffed her, patted her down, and placed
her in the back of his patrol car. Trooper Malone requested a backup officer to the scene
and ordered Farrow out of the car, spoke briefly to him, informed him of his Miranda rights,
handcuffed him, patted him down, and placed him in the back of the patrol car with the
driver. Trooper Malone testified that Farrow had the odor of raw marijuana on his person
and a large amount of cash in his pocket.
{¶6} A Lawrence County Sheriff’s Deputy arrived to assist, and he and Trooper
Malone searched the passenger compartment of the vehicle based on Trooper Malone’s
detection of the strong odor of marijuana but did not find any marijuana or other illegal
drugs. The deputy left to respond to another call. Trooper Malone removed the handcuffs
from the driver and Farrow, returned them to the vehicle, called for an additional backup
officer, and reviewed the audio and video recording of the conversation between Farrow
and the driver while they were detained in the patrol car.
{¶7} The recording further confirmed Trooper Malone’s suspicion that there were
drugs hidden somewhere in the vehicle. Trooper Malone testified that law enforcement
typically review the audio and video recording from the patrol car once probable cause
has been established. He testified, “I felt that there was, you know, potential to have drug
activity going on * * * we watch this video to see if, you know, if they’ve just said anything
to each other * * * anything that would lead me to believe that there’s definitely drugs in
the car * * * because I hadn’t found anything yet and it was an overwhelming odor of weed
Lawrence App. No. 22CA12 5
in the car.” Trooper Malone testified that the driver stated, “I’m going to jail” and Farrow
stated that “he would loose [sic] his money in his pocket if they claimed it.” Trooper Malone
placed Farrow back in the patrol car, returned to the vehicle, and asked the driver why
she made the statement about going to jail. The driver said she thought Farrow might
have drugs and that when Farrow was at her house, she came out of her house and the
hood was up on her car. Trooper Malone and the second backup officer placed the driver
back in the patrol car and searched the passenger compartment again “because at this
time, I hadn’t found anything and there’s still a strong odor of marijuana.” They found a
bag of marijuana under the front passenger seat. They searched under the hood in the
engine compartment of the vehicle and found approximately 90 grams of
methamphetamine and approximately 17 grams of heroin in a small opening near the
passenger-side headlight.
{¶8} Trooper Malone testified that after a brief conversation with Farrow, he
released the driver without issuing a warning or citation for her expired tags2 and
transported Farrow to the Lawrence County Jail.
{¶9} Following the hearing, the trial court issued a thorough, reasoned, and well-
researched opinion. The trial court found that Trooper Malone had probable cause to stop
the vehicle for expired tags and thus the initial traffic stop was constitutional. The trial
court also found that when Trooper Malone detected a strong odor of raw marijuana
emanating from the vehicle, he had probable cause to expand the scope of the initial stop
2 The fact that the officer did not issue a citation for expired tags is not important. The Supreme Court of
Ohio has stated that “the constitutionality of a prolonged traffic stop does not depend on the issuance of a
citation.” State v. Batchili, 113 Ohio St.3d 403, 2007-Ohio-2204, 865 N.E.2d 1282, ¶ 20-21. “The failure to
issue a traffic citation when there is an indication of a potentially far more significant crime is easily excused
when more pressing issues are being addressed.” Id.Lawrence App. No. 22CA12 6
and search the driver, Farrow, and the vehicle. However, after the officers found no
evidence of marijuana in the passenger compartment, the trial court found:
It is at this point where Constitutional concerns begin to surface. The time
permitted to complete the purpose of this stop (expired tags), and the
subsequent probable cause search of the vehicle (stemming from the
detection of the strong odor of raw marijuana) had concluded. But instead
of issuing a citation or warning (verbal or written) to the driver for her expired
tags, Trooper Malone took the handcuffs off the defendant and driver, and
returned them to their vehicles.
Trooper Malone then watched the recording from the in-cruiser camera and
testified that the conversations between the defendant and the driver while
detained supported his suspicion that there were drugs in the vehicle. But
at this point in time, Trooper Malone needed a reasonable articulable
suspicion of criminal activity to extend the stop before he took the time to
play the video. Instead, Trooper Malone testified that what he observed on
the video provided the basis for his suspicion of criminal activity following
the completion of the initial search of the vehicle.
* * *
After Trooper Malone searched the vehicle and failed to find any evidence
of illegal activity, he was required by the Constitution to conclude the stop
and not extend it longer than what was reasonably necessary to effectuate
its purpose. When he removed the defendant and driver from his patrol car,
took off their handcuffs and placed them back in the vehicle, but did not
allow them to leave the scene, he extended the stop beyond the time
reasonably required to complete his search, and the stop became an
unlawful violation of the defendant’s rights under the Fourth Amendment to
the United States Constitution and Article I, Section 14 of the Ohio
Constitution. Holding otherwise would be a complete deterioration of the
Rights afforded under our State and Federal Constitutions and would give
law enforcement the ability to conduct the fishing expeditions reference by
the Forth [sic] District in State v. Jones[, 2022-Ohio-561, 185 N.E.3d 131(4th Dist.)].
* * *
Accordingly, the Court finds that the defendant’s detention was prolonged
beyond what was reasonably needed to conduct the traffic stop and the first
search of the vehicle based upon the detection of the strong odor of raw
marijuana. Therefore, his continued detention of the defendant after the
initial search of the vehicle constituted an illegal seizure. For the foregoing
reasons, the defendant[’s] Motion to Suppress is hereby GRANTED.
Lawrence App. No. 22CA12 7
{¶10} The state appealed.
II. ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR
{¶11} The state presents the following assignment of error:
I. The Trial Court Erred when it granted Defendant-Appellee’s Motion
to Suppress by determining that the Trooper’s stop consisted of two
separate searches and not one continuous search.
III. LEGAL ANALYSIS
A. Standard of Review
{¶12} The Supreme Court of Ohio recently reiterated the standard of review of a
motion to suppress:
Appellate review of a ruling on a motion to suppress presents a mixed
question of law and fact. An appellate court must accept the trial court's
findings of fact if they are supported by competent, credible evidence. But
the appellate court must decide the legal questions de novo. (Citations
omitted.)
State v. Turner, 163 Ohio St.3d 421, 2020-Ohio-6773, 170 N.E.3d 842, ¶ 14.
B. Motion to Suppress
{¶13} “The Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution and the Ohio
Constitution, Article I, Section 14, prohibit unreasonable searches and seizures.” State
v. Emerson, 134 Ohio St.3d 191, 2012-Ohio-5047, 981 N.E.2d 787, ¶ 15. A traffic stop
initiated by a law enforcement officer constitutes a seizure within the meaning of the
Fourth Amendment. Thus, a traffic stop must comply with the Fourth Amendment's
general reasonableness requirement. An officer's decision to stop a vehicle is reasonable
when the officer has probable cause or reasonable suspicion to believe that the driver
has committed, or is committing a crime, including a minor traffic violation. Whren v.
Lawrence App. No. 22CA12 8
United States, 517 U.S. 806, 809–810, 116 S.Ct. 1769, 135 L.Ed.2d 89 (1996); State v.
Jones, 2022-Ohio-561, 185 N.E.3d 131, ¶ 15-17 (4th Dist.).
{¶14} An investigative stop may last no longer than necessary to accomplish the
initial goal of the stop:
[T]he tolerable duration of police inquiries in the traffic-stop context is
determined by the seizure's “mission”—to address the traffic violation that
warranted the stop and attend to related safety concerns. Because
addressing the infraction is the purpose of the stop, it may “last no longer
than is necessary to effectuate th[at] purpose.” Authority for the seizure thus
ends when tasks tied to the traffic infraction are—or reasonably should have
been—completed.
Rodriguez v. United States, 575 U.S. 348, 354, 191 L.Ed.2d 492, 135 S.Ct. 1609 (2015).
The United States Supreme Court has explained that tasks tied to traffic infractions
include: (1) determining whether to issue a traffic ticket, (2) checking the driver’s license,
(3) determining the existence of outstanding warrants, (4) inspecting the vehicle’s
registration, and (5) examining proof of insurance. “These checks serve the same
objective as enforcement of the traffic code: ensuring that vehicles on the road are
operated safely and responsibly.” Id. at 355; State v. Aguirre, 4th Dist. Gallia No. 03CA5,
2003-Ohio-4909, ¶ 36 (during a traffic violation stop, motorist may be detained for a period
of time sufficient to issue a citation “and to perform routine procedures such as a computer
check on the motorist’s driver’s license, registration, and vehicle plates”).
{¶15} After the reasonable time for the original traffic stop has elapsed, the officer
must have “ ‘a reasonable articulable suspicion of illegal activity to continue the detention.’
” State v. Jones at ¶ 22, quoting State v. Ramos, 155 Ohio App.3d 396, 2003-Ohio-6535,
801 N.E.2d 523, ¶ 13 (2d Dist.).
Lawrence App. No. 22CA12 9
When a police officer's objective justification to continue detention of a
person stopped for a traffic violation for the purpose of searching the
person's vehicle is not related to the purpose of the original stop, and when
that continued detention is not based on any articulable facts giving rise to
a suspicion of some illegal activity justifying an extension of the detention,
the continued detention to conduct a search constitutes an illegal seizure.
State v. Robinette, 80 Ohio St.3d 234, 685 N.E.2d 762 (1997), paragraph one of syllabus;
State v. Venham, 96 Ohio App.3d 649, 656, 645 N.E.2d 831, 835 (4th Dist.1994) (“If, after
talking to a driver, a reasonable police officer would be satisfied that there had been no
unlawful activity, the driver must be permitted to continue on his way.”) However, if “the
officer ascertained reasonably articulable facts giving rise to a suspicion of criminal
activity, the officer may then further detain and implement a more in-depth investigation
of the individual.” Robinette at 241. Any further detention may last as long as the
reasonable suspicion of criminal activity continues:
If circumstances attending an otherwise proper stop should give rise to a
reasonable suspicion of some other illegal activity, different from the
suspected illegal activity that triggered the stop, then the vehicle and the
driver may be detained for as long as that new articulable and reasonable
suspicion continues. Under these conditions, the continued detention is
lawful, even if the officer is satisfied that the suspicion which initially justified
the stop has dissipated. However, the lawfulness of the initial stop will not
support a ‘fishing expedition’ for evidence of another crime. (Citations
omitted.) (Emphasis added.)
State v. Venham, 96 Ohio App.3d 649, 655, 645 N.E.2d 831, 834 (4th Dist.1994)
{¶16} The continued investigatory detention does not violate the Fourth
Amendment as long as it is objectively justified by the circumstances. Robinette at 241.
The length of time for the continued detention is governed by the totality of the
circumstances:
“The officer may detain the vehicle for a period of time reasonably
necessary to confirm or dispel [the officer’s] suspicions of criminal activity.”
Lawrence App. No. 22CA12 10
“Once the officer is satisfied that no criminal activity has occurred, then the
vehicle's occupants must be released.”
“In determining whether a detention is reasonable, the court must look at
the totality of the circumstances.” The totality of the circumstances approach
“allows officers to draw on their own experience and specialized training to
make inferences from and deductions about the cumulative information
available to them that ‘might well elude an untrained person.’ ” (Citations
omitted.)
State v. Williams, 12th Dist. Clinton No. CA2009-08-014, 2010-Ohio-1523, ¶ 18.
{¶17} In situations where the continued detention is based on the officer’s
detection of the odor of marijuana, the scope of the search depends upon whether the
officer detects the smell of raw or burnt marijuana. If the officer only detects the smell of
burnt marijuana, the search must be confined to the passenger compartment of the
vehicle and cannot extend to the trunk or engine compartment:
A trunk and a passenger compartment of an automobile are subject to
different standards of probable cause to conduct searches. In State v.
Murrell (2002), 94 Ohio St.3d 489, 764 N.E.2d 986, syllabus, this court held
that “[w]hen a police officer has made a lawful custodial arrest of the
occupant of an automobile, the officer may, as a contemporaneous incident
of that arrest, search the passenger compartment of that automobile.”
(Emphasis added.) The court was conspicuous in limiting the search to the
passenger compartment.
The odor of burnt marijuana in the passenger compartment of
a vehicle does not, standing alone, establish probable cause for a
warrantless search of the trunk of the vehicle. United States v.
Nielsen (C.A.10, 1993), 9 F.3d 1487. No other factors justifying
a search beyond the passenger compartment were present in this case.
The officer detected only a light odor of marijuana, and the troopers found
no other contraband within the passenger compartment. The troopers thus
lacked probable cause to search the trunk of Farris's vehicle. Therefore,
the automobile exception does not apply in this case.
State v. Farris, 109 Ohio St.3d 519, 2006-Ohio-3255, 849 N.E.2d 985, ¶ 51-52. “This
proposition is established by the common sense observation that an odor of burning
Lawrence App. No. 22CA12 11
marijuana would not create an inference that burning marijuana was located in a trunk.”
State v. Gonzales, 6th Dist. Wood No. WD-07-060, 2009-Ohio-168, ¶ 21.
{¶18} When an officer detects a strong odor of raw marijuana emanating from the
vehicle, the officer is justified in extending the search beyond the vehicle’s passenger
compartment to other areas of the vehicle.
If, during a valid stop, an officer qualified to recognize the smell of raw
marijuana detects an overwhelming odor of raw marijuana, the officer is
justified in believing that the vehicle contains a large amount of raw
marijuana. If no large amount of raw marijuana is seen in the passenger
compartment, the officer is justified in believing that a large amount of raw
marijuana may be found in a container or compartment—including the trunk.
Gonzales at ¶ 23. “[W]hen a police officer has probable cause to believe a vehicle
contains evidence of a crime, the officer may conduct a warrantless search of every part
of the vehicle and its contents, including all movable containers and packages, that could
logically conceal the objects of the search.” State v. Maddox, 2021-Ohio-586, 168 N.E.3d
613, ¶ 20 (10th Dist.), citing United States v. Ross, 456 U.S. 798, 102 S.Ct. 2157, 72
L.Ed.2d 572 (1982).
{¶19} Here Trooper Malone testified that he detected a strong odor of raw
marijuana emanating from the vehicle and, when asked about her use of marijuana, the
driver admitted she had smoked marijuana the day before. Based on this, Trooper
Malone had probable cause to suspect contraband was hidden in the vehicle. Adding to
the totality of the circumstances, the driver made an unusual comment about not wanting
to be “caught in the crossfire” when asked about the presence of illegal drugs in the
vehicle. Although Trooper Malone was unable to locate contraband in the initial search
of the passenger compartment, he testified that he continued to suspect the contraband
was hidden somewhere in the vehicle. When Trooper Malone was asked on cross-
Lawrence App. No. 22CA12 12
examination why he did not let the driver and Farrow go after he found nothing after his
first search of the passenger compartment,3 he testified, “Because I still believed that
there was something I wasn’t finding. * * * I had probable cause to search * * * and I felt
there was drugs there. It would be a borderline dereliction of duty if I just cut someone
loose before I conducted, what I felt like, a thorough investigation.” He was entitled to
review the audio and video recording of the driver and Farrow for any assistance it might
provide in locating hidden contraband, and conduct a warrantless search of the entire
vehicle, including any containers, the trunk, and the engine compartment. His reasonable
suspicions were not dispelled merely because he did not locate contraband in the search
of the passenger compartment. Therefore, he did not need a new articulable and
reasonable suspicion to review the audio and video recording and conduct a second,
more thorough search of the vehicle.
{¶20} In State v. Harper, 4th Dist. Scioto No. 21CA3965, 2022-Ohio-4357, a
trooper stopped a Dodge van after it crossed over the white fog line twice. The vehicle’s
plates did not match the Dodge van, but instead matched a Toyota. Additionally, the
passenger lacked identification and both the driver and passenger gave the trooper
suspicious information about their plans. One claimed they were travelling to West
Virginia to do “masonry work” and the other called it “missionary work.” The trooper called
for a backup officer and, while waiting for information from dispatch to confirm the
passenger’s identity, the trooper walked his canine around the vehicle. The dog alerted
3 The record identifies the vehicle as a “Sports Utility Vehicle,” but it is unclear whether the initial search of
the passenger compartment included the trunk area. Because the trooper detected the odor of raw
marijuana, the distinction between the trunk and passenger compartment is not relevant to our analysis.
State v. Gonzales, 6th Dist. Wood No. WD-07-060, 2009-Ohio-168, ¶ 24.
Lawrence App. No. 22CA12 13
on the driver’s side back door area and both driver and passenger were informed of their
Miranda rights and placed in the back of the patrol car. Id. at ¶ 2-3.
{¶21} For the next three hours, the trooper and the backup officer searched the
van, starting and stopping their searches after reviewing the audio and video recordings
of the driver and passenger in the patrol car:
The troopers initially searched the interior of the van while Harper and Allen
waited in the back seat of the cruiser. While in the cruiser, the men were
being video and audio recorded as they watched the search take place.
When the troopers failed to locate drugs hidden in the interior of the van
during the initial part of the search, they removed the men from the cruiser,
had them get back into their van, and the troopers then reviewed the video
and audio footage from inside the cruiser. The troopers repeated this
pattern twice: placing the men in the cruiser, searching the van, removing
the men from the cruiser, reviewing video footage, and then resuming the
search. Based upon statements and body movements of the men, they then
resumed their search of the van to areas that seemed to be of interest to
the men based upon their conversation in the back of the cruiser. Finally,
the troopers located a black package that contained eleven different
baggies with a total of approximately 1000 pills that were later determined
to be oxycodone. The package was hidden behind an interior panel located
on the rear passenger side of the van near the wheel well.
Id. at ¶ 4.
{¶22} The defendant in Harper raised the same defense as Farrow does here. He
argued that the initial search of the van was based upon the probable cause that arose
from the canine alert, “but that once the initial search of the van was concluded without
finding any contraband, ‘there was no constitutional basis to further detain him or search
the vehicle again and that subsequent searches of the vehicle were the result of an
illegally prolonged detention.’” Id. at ¶ 20.
{¶23} We found that the canine alert, like the trooper’s detection of the odor of raw
marijuana here, gave probable cause to search the vehicle for contraband. “This probable
cause extended to the entire vehicle and there was no time limit in conducting the search.”
Lawrence App. No. 22CA12 14
(Emphasis added.) Id. at ¶ 38.4 See also State v. Williams, 4th Dist. Highland No. 12CA7,
2013-Ohio-594, ¶ 26-27 (officers were permitted to stop a vehicle search, move the
vehicle to an impound lot, and continue their search under safer conditions without
obtaining a warrant because the same probable cause that existed at the time of the initial
search still existed at the impound lot).
{¶24} In State v. Maddox, 2021-Ohio-586, 168 N.E.3d 613, ¶ 20 (10th Dist.) the
defendant raised a similar argument that suspicions had been dispelled and a new
articulable reasonable suspicion was required before he could be further detained and
the vehicle searched. In Maddox, the police officer stopped a vehicle after the driver,
Maddox, failed to use his turn signal. Upon approaching the vehicle, the officer detected
the odor of raw marijuana emanating from the vehicle. After the officer told Maddox he
smelled raw marijuana, Maddox admitted he had marijuana in his pocket and voluntarily
surrendered a small amount of it. The officer searched the vehicle and discovered
cocaine, heroin, and a firearm. Maddox filed a motion to suppress on the ground that the
officer’s reasonable suspicion that the vehicle contained contraband was dispelled when
Maddox produced the small quantity of marijuana. Maddox argued that after he turned
over the marijuana, the officer needed a new articulable and reasonable suspicion to
conduct the search of the vehicle.
{¶25} The appellate court held that the odor of raw marijuana gave the officer
probable cause to search “every part of the vehicle and its contents, including all movable
containers and packages, that could logically conceal the objects of the search.” Id. at ¶
4Our decision in State v. Harper was issued on November 28, 2022. Thus, the trial court did not have the
benefit of this decision when it rendered its decision in August 2022. Likewise, the parties did not have the
benefit of it when they prepared their appellate briefs.
Lawrence App. No. 22CA12 15
20. It rejected Maddox’s argument that his voluntary surrender of the marijuana dispelled
the officer’s suspicion and removed any probable cause to continue a search of the
vehicle.
We find no merit in appellant's argument at the suppression hearing that
once appellant voluntarily surrendered the marijuana, the officers were
required to stop their investigation and simply charge appellant with
misdemeanor drug possession. To the contrary, when appellant voluntarily
surrendered the marijuana, officers had probable cause to believe
appellant's vehicle contained other evidence of a crime. The subsequent
warrantless search of the vehicle was conducted pursuant to the automobile
exception. Under the rule of law advocated by appellant, a vehicle operator
might avoid a search of the vehicle for illegal drugs during a lawful traffic
stop by voluntarily surrendering a small amount of an illegal substance to
law enforcement. Ohio law does not support such an absurd result.
Maddox at ¶ 23.
{¶26} Similarly, we find that Trooper Malone’s suspicion that contraband was
hidden in the vehicle was not dispelled simply because he was unable to locate any in his
initial search of the passenger compartment. To conclude otherwise would mean that an
officer who detects the odor of raw marijuana but does not find it in the passenger
compartment would not be allowed to search the trunk, engine, or containers stored in
the trunk or hidden in the engine compartment. Ohio law does not support this result and
instead supports a thorough search of the entire vehicle. Maddox, supra; State v.
Donaldson, 6th Dist. Wood No. WD-18-034, 2019-Ohio-232, ¶ 25; State v. Lynn, 12th
Dist. Butler Nos. CA2017-08-129, CA2017-08-132, 2018-Ohio-3335, ¶ 20; State v.
Gartrell, 2014-Ohio-5203, 24 N.E.3d 680, ¶ 72 (3d Dist.).
{¶27} We find the trooper’s initial stop for expired tags was constitutional and he
did not violate the Fourth Amendment by expanding the scope of the stop based on the
strong odor of raw marijuana emanating from the vehicle. The scope and duration of the
Lawrence App. No. 22CA12 16
stop was tailored to its underlying justification – an articulable and reasonable suspicion
that the vehicle contained contraband. The trooper’s reasonable suspicions were not
dispelled after he failed to locate contraband during his initial search of the passenger
compartment because the odor of raw marijuana entitles law enforcement to search the
entire vehicle. The trooper did not unconstitutionally extend the duration of the stop to
review the audio and video recording of the driver and Farrow while they were in the back
of the patrol car. His review of the recording and subsequent questions to the driver
allowed the trooper to focus his search for the suspected contraband on the engine
compartment where he found heroin and methamphetamines hidden near the headlight.
IV. CONCLUSION
{¶28} We sustain the state’s sole assignment of error and reverse the trial court’s
judgment.
JUDGMENT REVERSED.
Lawrence App. No. 22CA12 17
JUDGMENT ENTRY
It is ordered that the JUDGMENT IS REVERSED and that appellee shall pay the
costs.
The Court finds there were reasonable grounds for this appeal.
It is ordered that a special mandate issue out of this Court directing the
LAWRENCE COUNTY COURT OF COMMON PLEAS to carry this judgment into
execution.
A certified copy of this entry shall constitute the mandate pursuant to Rule 27 of
the Rules of Appellate Procedure.
Smith, P.J. & Wilkin, J.: Concur in Judgment and Opinion.
For the Court
BY: ________________________
Michael D. Hess, Judge
NOTICE TO COUNSEL
Pursuant to Local Rule No. 14, this document constitutes a final judgment
entry and the time period for further appeal commences from the date of filing with
the clerk.