Leech v. Schumaker , 2015 Ohio 4444 ( 2015 )

[Cite as Leech v. Schumaker, 2015-Ohio-4444.]
COURT OF APPEALS
RICHLAND COUNTY, OHIO
FIFTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
ALEC E. LEECH JUDGES:
Hon. W. Scott Gwin, P.J.
Plaintiff-Appellant Hon. William B. Hoffman, J.
Hon. John W. Wise, J.
-vs-
Case No. 15CA56
JACK SCHUMAKER, ET AL.
Defendants-Appellees OPINION
CHARACTER OF PROCEEDING: Appeal from the Richland County Court of
Common Pleas, Case No. 2014CV0535
JUDGMENT: Affirmed
DATE OF JUDGMENT ENTRY: October 26, 2015
APPEARANCES:
For Plaintiff-Appellant For Defendants-Appellees
GEORGE R. ORYSHKEWYCH STEPHEN J. YEARGIN
6100 Oak Tree Boulevard Suite 200 6060 Rockside Woods Blvd, Suite 131
Independence, Ohio 44131 Independence, Ohio 44131
Richland County, Case No. 15CA56 2
Hoffman, J.
{¶1} Plaintiff-appellant Alec E. Leech appeals the June 8, 2015 Judgment Entry
entered by the Richland County Court of Common Pleas, which granted summary
judgment in favor of defendants-appellees Jack Schumaker, et al.
STATEMENT OF THE FACTS AND CASE
{¶2} On May 7, 2013, Appellant, then a student in his junior year at Mansfield
High School, seriously injured his left hand while using a table saw during a construction
building trades class. Appellee Jack Schumaker was the teacher of the class at the
time of the incident.
{¶3} Appellant had been in the construction building trades class since the
beginning of the school year. During the initial weeks of class, Appellee Schumaker
taught and demonstrated the safe use of power tools. Appellant along with his
classmates received many forms of training concerning the use of power tools. The
students were required to read a textbook which included safety instructions relative to
the use of power tools. The textbook included a chapter specific to the table saw. The
students watched a video demonstrating the safe operation of a table saw. In addition,
Appellee Schumaker required all students to take and pass a test solely covering the
use of a table saw prior to being permitted to use one in the classroom. Appellant read
the textbook, watched the video, and passed the requisite test. Appellee Schumaker
personally showed Appellant how to operate the table saw before Appellant was
allowed to use the saw. According to Appellant, safety was Appellee Schumaker’s
number one rule. Appellee Schumaker reinforced the issue of safety on a daily basis.
Richland County, Case No. 15CA56 3
{¶4} On the day of the accident, Appellant and his student partner had been
operating the table saw for approximately forty-five minutes. They had been using the
tool to cut a “nice size chunk of wood”, and had cut several pieces without issue.
Appellant’s partner walked away to talk with other students. Although students were
instructed to work with a partner when they were cutting a larger piece of wood,
Appellant continued to use the table saw by himself after his partner walked away.
Appellant was focused on keeping the wood aligned against the saw wall, not on the
saw blade or guard. Appellant did not keep his hands on either side of the blade and
away from the guard as he had been taught. Appellant does not know what happened,
but his left hand went under the guard as he was pushing the wood through the blade.
Appellant sustained injuries to the fingers on his left hand as a result.
{¶5} Appellant claims Appellee Schumaker was in the tool room, which is a
small storage area located in the shop classroom, at the time of the accident. Appellee
Schumaker testified he was 12 feet away with his back to Appellant, working with
another group of students when the accident occurred.
{¶6} On May 23, 2014, Appellant filed a complaint against Appellees Mansfield
City School District and Schumaker, alleging Schumaker acted recklessly and/or
wantonly by failing to supervise Appellant during the class. Appellees filed an Answer
on July 2, 2014.
{¶7} On April 6, 2015, Appellees filed a motion for summary judgment, claiming
immunity as a political subdivision and as an employee of the same under R.C. 2744.01
et seq. Appellant conceded Appellee Mansfield City School District is a political
subdivision falling within the purview of R.C. Chapter 2744, and Appellee Schumaker is
Richland County, Case No. 15CA56 4
an employee of that political subdivision and was working within the scope of his
employment at the time of the incident.
{¶8} Via Judgment Entry filed June 8, 2015, the trial court granted summary
judgment in favor of Appellees. The trial court found Appellee Mansfield City School
District was immune from liability and Appellant had failed to argue any of the
exceptions to the general grant of immunity applied. The trial court also found Appellee
Schumaker’s conduct was not wanton or reckless; therefore, he was immune from
liability.
{¶9} It is from this judgment entry Appellant appeals, raising as his sole
assignment of error:
{¶10} "I. THE TRIAL JUDGE ERRED, AS A MATTER OF LAW, BY GRANTING
SUMMARY JUDGMENT AGAINST PLAINTIFF/APPELLANT."
SUMMARY JUDGMENT STANDARD OF REVIEW
{¶11} Summary judgment proceedings present the appellate court with the
unique opportunity of reviewing the evidence in the same manner as the trial court.
Smiddy v. The Wedding Party, Inc. (1987), 30 Ohio St.3d 35. As such, this Court
reviews an award of summary judgment de novo. Grafton v. Ohio Edison Co.(1996), 77
Ohio St.3d 102, 105.
{¶12} Civ.R. 56 provides summary judgment may be granted only after the trial
court determines: 1) no genuine issues as to any material fact remain to be litigated; 2)
the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law; and 3) it appears from the
evidence that reasonable minds can come to but one conclusion and viewing such
evidence most strongly in favor of the party against whom the motion for summary
Richland County, Case No. 15CA56 5
judgment is made, that conclusion is adverse to that party. Temple v. Wean United, Inc.,
50 Ohio St.2d 317, 364 N.E.2d 267 (1977).
{¶13} It is well established the party seeking summary judgment bears the
burden of demonstrating that no issues of material fact exist for trial. Celotex Corp. v.
Catrett (1986), 477 U.S. 317, 330, 106 S.Ct. 2548, 91 L.Ed.2d 265(1986). The standard
for granting summary judgment is delineated in Dresher v. Burt (1996), 75 Ohio St.3d
280 at 293: “ * * * a party seeking summary judgment, on the ground that the nonmoving
party cannot prove its case, bears the initial burden of informing the trial court of the
basis for the motion, and identifying those portions of the record that demonstrate the
absence of a genuine issue of material fact on the essential element(s) of the
nonmoving party's claims. The moving party cannot discharge its initial burden under
Civ.R. 56 simply by making a conclusory assertion the nonmoving party has no
evidence to prove its case. Rather, the moving party must be able to specifically point to
some evidence of the type listed in Civ.R. 56(C)which affirmatively demonstrates the
nonmoving party has no evidence to support the nonmoving party's claims. If the
moving party fails to satisfy its initial burden, the motion for summary judgment must be
denied. However, if the moving party has satisfied its initial burden, the nonmoving party
then has a reciprocal burden outlined in Civ.R. 56(E) to set forth specific facts showing
there is a genuine issue for trial and, if the nonmovant does not so respond, summary
judgment, if appropriate, shall be entered against the nonmoving party.” The record on
summary judgment must be viewed in the light most favorable to the opposing party.
Williams v. First United Church of Christ (1974), 37 Ohio St.2d 150.
Richland County, Case No. 15CA56 6
I
{¶14} In his sole assignment of error, Appellant challenges the trial court’s grant
of summary judgment in favor of Appellee Schumaker.1
{¶15} An employee of a political subdivision is immune from liability in a pure
negligence action. However, an employee may be liable for actions if one of three
exceptions to immunity as set forth in R.C. 2744.03(A)(6) apply.
{¶16} R.C. 2744.03(A)(6) provides:
In addition to any immunity or defense referred to in division (A)(7)
of this section and in circumstances not covered by that division or
sections 3314.07 and 3746.24 of the Revised Code, the employee is
immune from liability unless one of the following applies:
(a) The employee's acts or omissions were manifestly outside the
scope of the employee's employment or official responsibilities;
(b) The employee's acts or omissions were with malicious purpose,
in bad faith, or in a wanton or reckless manner;
(c) Civil liability is expressly imposed upon the employee by a
section of the Revised Code. Civil liability shall not be construed to exist
under another section of the Revised Code merely because that section
imposes a responsibility or mandatory duty upon an employee, because
that section provides for a criminal penalty, because of a general
authorization in that section that an employee may sue and be sued, or
1Appellant does not appeal the trial court’s grant of summary judgment in favor of
Appellee Mansfield City School District.
Richland County, Case No. 15CA56 7
because the section uses the term “shall” in a provision pertaining to an
employee.
{¶17} Appellant does not argue Appellee Schumaker is liable because his acts
or omissions were outside the scope of his employment, nor does Appellant contend
Appellee Schumaker is liable because he violated any statute which expressly imposed
liability on him. Rather, Appellant asserts Appellee Schumaker is liable because he
acted wantonly or recklessly,and the trial court erred in finding he was immune from
liability.
{¶18} In Anderson v. Massillon, 134 Ohio St.3d 380, 2012–Ohio–5711, the Ohio
Supreme Court held “wanton”, “willful”, and “reckless” describe different and distinct
degrees of care and are not interchangeable. Id. at paragraph one of syllabus.
Although Appellant does not allege Appellee Schumaker acted willfully, we have,
nonetheless, included that definition herein.
{¶19} “Wanton misconduct is the failure to exercise any care toward those to
whom a duty of care is owed in circumstances in which there is a great probability that
harm will result.” Id. at ¶ 33. Wanton misconduct has been likened to conduct that
manifests a “disposition to perversity,” but the Supreme Court abandoned “disposition to
perversity” as an element of the definition of wanton misconduct in Hawkins v. Ivy, 50
Ohio St.2d 114, 363 N.E.2d 367 (1977). Id. at ¶ 28. “ ‘[M]ere negligence is not
converted into wanton misconduct unless the evidence establishes a disposition to
perversity on the part of the tortfeasor’.” Fabrey v. McDonald Village Police Dept., 70
Ohio St.3d 351, 356, 639 N.E.2d 31 (1994) (Citation omitted). “[I]t must be under such
surrounding circumstances and existing conditions that the party doing the act or failing
Richland County, Case No. 15CA56 8
to act must be conscious, from his knowledge of such surrounding circumstances and
existing conditions, that his conduct will in all common probability result in injury.”
Anderson, supra at ¶ 25 citing Universal Concrete Pipe Co. v. Bassett, 130 Ohio St.
567, 200 N.E. 843 (1936), paragraph two of syllabus.
{¶20} “Willful conduct implies an intentional deviation from a clear duty or from a
definite rule of conduct, a deliberate purpose not to discharge some duty necessary to
safety, or purposefully doing wrongful acts with knowledge or appreciation of the
likelihood of resulting injury.” Anderson, supra at ¶ 32. Willful misconduct involves “an
intent, purpose, or design to injure.” Zivich v. Mentor Soccer Club, Inc. (1998), 82 Ohio
St.3d 367, 375 (Citation omitted). Willful misconduct is something more than negligence
and it imports a more positive mental condition prompting an act than wanton
misconduct. Phillips v. Dayton Power & Light Co., (1994), 93 Ohio App.3d 111, 119, 637
N.E.2d 963 (Citation omitted). “Willful misconduct” involves a more positive mental state
prompting the injurious act than wanton misconduct, but the intention relates to the
misconduct, not the result. Mashburn v. Dutcher, 5th Dist. No. 12 CAE 010003, 2012–
Ohio–6283, ¶ 45.
{¶21} Both wanton and willful describes conduct that is greater than negligence
and can be summarized as follows: willful conduct is the intent to harm someone and
wanton misconduct is the failure to exercise any care whatsoever. Anderson, supra at ¶
48.
{¶22} “Reckless conduct is characterized by the conscious disregard of or
indifference to a known or obvious risk of harm to another that is unreasonable under
Richland County, Case No. 15CA56 9
the circumstances and is substantially greater than negligent conduct.” Id. at ¶ 34
(Citations omitted).
{¶23} Appellant contends Appellee Schumaker’s conduct in leaving the
classroom while Appellant was using a table saw was wanton or reckless.
{¶24} This Court examined a similar fact pattern in Martin v. Bd. Of Ed. for Mid-
East Career & Tech. Ctrs., Muskingum App. No. CT11-0015, 2011-Ohio-5753. In
Martin, a high school junior was injured while using a log splitter during a natural
resources lab class. Id. at para. 1. The student and her mother filed a complaint
against the school and the teacher. Id. at para. 2. After the school was dismissed, the
teacher filed a motion for summary judgment on the grounds he was entitled to
immunity. Id. at para. 2-3. The trial court granted summary judgment in favor of the
teacher. Id. The student and her mother appealed, arguing “the trial court erred in
granting summary judgment under the sovereign immunity doctrine as there [were]
genuine issues of material fact as to whether [the teacher] acted willfully, wantonly, or
recklessly in failing to train and supervise [the student] in the use of the log splitter.” Id.at para. 6.
{¶25} Affirming the trial court, this Court found the facts as presented did not rise
to the level of perverse disregard of a known risk or a reckless disregard of the safety of
the students. Id. at para. 45. This Court noted the teacher had given safety instructions
on the log splitter, the student had taken a safety test, and the teacher was on his way
out to personally observe the student and her group. Id.{¶26} We find Appellee Schumaker’s conduct in leaving the work area of the
classroom to go into a tool room while Appellant was operating the table saw was not
Richland County, Case No. 15CA56 10
wanton or reckless. We further find the trial court did not err in granting summary
judgment in Appellee Schumaker’s favor. Appellee Schumaker implemented extensive
safety measures for all students when using power tools. Appellant was provided with
safety instructions, watched a video on the safe operation of the table saw, took a
written test, observed Appellee Schumaker operate the equipment, and had previously
operated the equipment. Appellant continued to use the table saw after his partner
walked away from their project. Appellant had been instructed to work with a partner
when sawing a large piece of wood. Although Appellant was sawing a large piece of
wood, he worked alone.
{¶27} Appellant submits the facts in Martin, supra, are distinguishable as the
teacher in Martin did not leave the classroom, but was merely a distance away working
with other students when the accident occurred, and the teacher in Martin did not
require students on the log splitter to work with a partner as Appellee Schumaker did
with his students when working with a table saw. We find these distinctions do not
affect our analysis. Appellee Schumaker was in a storage room located inside the
classroom. Like the teacher in Martin, the fact his attention could not be on every
student at every moment did not render his actions wanton or reckless.
Richland County, Case No. 15CA56 11
{¶28} Appellant’s sole assignment of error is overruled.
By: Hoffman, J.
Gwin, P.J. and
Wise, J. concur