State v. Yanchar , 2013 Ohio 1296 ( 2013 )

[Cite as State v. Yanchar, 2013-Ohio-1296.]
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS
ELEVENTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
PORTAGE COUNTY, OHIO
STATE OF OHIO, : OPINION
Plaintiff-Appellant, :
CASE NO. 2012-P-0097
- vs - :
MATTHEW J. YANCHAR, :
Defendant-Appellee. :
Criminal Appeal from the Portage County Municipal Court, Ravenna Division, Case No.
R2012 TRC 03361.
Judgment: Reversed and remanded.
Victor V. Vigluicci, Portage County Prosecutor, and Pamela J. Holder, Assistant
Prosecutor, 241 South Chestnut Street, Ravenna, OH 44266 (For Plaintiff-Appellant).
Jason P. Yanchar, 125 Claridon Road, Chardon, OH 44024 (For Defendant-Appellee).
DIANE V. GRENDELL, J.
{¶1} Plaintiff-appellant, the State of Ohio, appeals from the judgment of the
Portage County Municipal Court, Ravenna Division, granting defendant-appellee,
Matthew J. Yanchar’s, Motion to Suppress/Motion in Limine. The issue to be decided in
this case is whether a trial court, in the performance of its role as gatekeeper, may
require the State to demonstrate the general scientific reliability of a breath testing
instrument where the Ohio director of health has approved such instrument for
determining the concentration of alcohol in a person’s breath. For the following
reasons, we reverse and remand the decision of the court below.
{¶2} On March 8, 2012, Yanchar was issued a traffic ticket, charging him with
Operating a Vehicle While Under the Influence (OVI), a misdemeanor of the first
degree, in violation of R.C. 4511.19(A)(1)(a), and OVI, a misdemeanor of the first
degree, in violation of R.C. 4511.19(A)(1)(d).
{¶3} On May 25, 2012, Yanchar filed a Motion to Suppress/Motion in Limine.
In this Motion, he challenged the results of a breath test taken at the time of the citation,
arguing that the Intoxilyzer 8000 is not a reliable instrument. He asserted various
specific challenges related to the test including, inter alia, that the test was not
conducted in accordance with the pertinent administrative code provisions, that the
machine was not properly calibrated, and that the machine operator was not properly
qualified. Yanchar also raised challenges related to field sobriety testing and
statements he made to the police.
{¶4} On August 17, 2012, a hearing was held on the Motion to
Suppress/Motion in Limine. At the hearing, the State noted that the issue of the
intoxilyzer’s general reliability was being questioned and that it would present no
witnesses as to this issue, as it believed there was no requirement to prove the
intoxilyzer’s reliability. Yanchar argued that the court should follow the precedent of its
prior cases and suppress the breath test result, based on the State’s failure to prove the
intoxilyzer’s general reliability. Yanchar also requested to preserve his right to
challenge other issues raised in the Motion to Suppress following appeal.
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{¶5} In an August 17, 2012 Journal Entry, the trial court granted Yanchar’s
Motion to Suppress/Motion in Limine with respect to the results of the Intoxilyzer 8000.
The court noted that it had considered the parties’ arguments regarding the scientific
reliability of the Intoxilyzer 8000 and State v. Johnson, Portage County Municipal Court
Case No. 2011 TRC 04090. In Johnson, the trial court held that the State was required
to present evidence at a hearing for the trial court to determine the general scientific
reliability and admissibility of the breath test results of the Intoxilyzer 8000. In the
present matter, the court ordered that “the Defendant’s breath test shall not be admitted
during the trial in this matter” and dismissed the charge under R.C. 4511.19(A)(1)(d).
The court also stayed further proceedings in the matter pending the outcome of the
appeal.
{¶6} The State timely appeals and raises the following assignment of error:
{¶7} “The Portage County Municipal Court erred in permitting a general attack
on the scientific reliability of the Intoxilyzer 8000 contrary to Ohio statutes and well-
established case law.”
{¶8} The appropriate standard of review where the lower court’s judgment is
challenged on a purported misconstruction of the law is de novo. State v. Morris, 132
Ohio St.3d 337, 2012-Ohio-2407, 972 N.E.2d 528, ¶ 16. “In determining a pure
question of law, an appellate court may properly substitute its judgment for that of the
trial court.” (Citation omitted.) Id.{¶9} We must first address Yanchar’s argument that the lower court’s August
17, 2012 Journal Entry is not a final order. Yanchar argues that the judgment was
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limited to a ruling regarding the admissibility of the results of the Intoxilyzer 8000 under
the Ohio Rules of Evidence and the court could change its ruling at any time.
{¶10} This argument has been previously rejected by this court on multiple
occasions. State v. Miller, 11th Dist. No. 2012-P-0032, 2012-Ohio-5585, ¶ 18, citing
Defiance v. Kretz, 60 Ohio St.3d 1, 4, 573 N.E.2d 32 (1991) (“[a] pretrial challenge to a
breathalyzer test, if granted, destroys the state’s case under [former] R.C. 4511.19(A)(3)
[prohibited breath alcohol concentration], and the state is permitted to appeal pursuant
to R.C. 2945.67 and Crim. R. 12[(K)(2)]”); State v. Pizzino, 11th Dist. Nos. 2012-P-0079
and 2012-P-0080, 2013-Ohio-545, ¶ 13-14; State v. Canino, 11th Dist. No. 2012-P-
0102, 2013-Ohio-551, ¶ 14-16. This court held that a determination that “the
Defendant’s breath test shall not be admitted during the trial” was not a “tentative or
precautionary ruling.” Miller at ¶ 19. This court further held that “[a]ny doubt as to the
finality of this ruling is removed by the court’s dismissal of the charge of operating a
vehicle with a prohibited breath alcohol concentration,” which also occurred in the
present matter. Id. Accordingly, the municipal court’s August 17, 2012 Journal Entry is
a final order.
{¶11} In its sole assignment of error, the State argues that, pursuant to the
provisions of R.C. 3701.143 and Ohio Adm.Code 3701-53-02(A), a trial court is required
to accept the Intoxilyzer 8000 as an appropriate device for chemically analyzing a
person’s breath to determine the amount of alcohol in the breath. It further argues that
pursuant to State v. Vega, 12 Ohio St.3d 185, 465 N.E.2d 1303 (1984), a defendant
may not attack the general reliability of a breath testing instrument and the State is not
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required to present evidence to support a determination that the test is generally
reliable.
{¶12} Yanchar rejects the State’s argument for several reasons, including the
contention that the use of the word “may” in the phrase “the court may admit evidence
on the concentration of alcohol” in the OVI statute recognizes the trial court’s discretion
to admit and exclude evidence and that a threshold showing of reliability by the State is
required. Further, a similar argument was raised in an amicus brief filed by the Ohio
Association of Criminal Defense Lawyers (OACDL), in support of Yanchar.
{¶13} The Ohio General Assembly has charged the Ohio director of health to
“determine, or cause to be determined, techniques or methods for chemically analyzing
a person’s * * * breath * * * in order to ascertain the amount of alcohol * * * in the
person’s * * * breath[.]” R.C. 3701.143. The Intoxilyzer 8000 has been approved as an
“evidential breath testing instrument” by the director of health. Ohio Adm.Code 3701-
53-02(A)(3).
{¶14} This court has recently addressed the exact issue raised by the State
regarding the general reliability of the Intoxilyzer 8000 and determined that, pursuant to
Vega, a defendant may not make “a general attack upon the reliability and validity of the
breath testing instrument,” although breath test results are subject to challenge on a
variety of grounds, including specific attacks on the reliability of the test and attacks on
the performance of the test in a specific defendant’s case. Miller, 2012-Ohio-5585, at ¶
30-32; Pizzino, 2013-Ohio-545, at ¶ 18; Canino, 2013-Ohio-551, at ¶ 20. This position
has been consistently maintained by a majority of this court in the recent cases on this
matter.
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{¶15} As was discussed in the foregoing cases, since “the General Assembly
has legislatively provided for the admission of [breath] tests in R.C. 4511.19 if analyzed
in accordance with methods approved by the Director of Health,” the question of the
reliability and relevancy of breath tests has been resolved. Vega, 12 Ohio St.3d at 186,
465 N.E.2d 1303. Therefore, “an accused may not make a general attack upon the
reliability and validity of the breath testing instrument.” Id. at 190.
{¶16} While no general attack on reliability may be made, when duly challenged,
the State must demonstrate that the bodily substance was “analyzed in accordance with
methods approved by the director of health by an individual possessing a valid permit.”
R.C. 4511.19(D)(1)(b). The Ohio Supreme Court has affirmed that “[t]here is no
question that the accused may * * * attack the reliability of the specific testing procedure
and the qualifications of the operator,” as well as present “expert testimony as to testing
procedures at trial going to weight rather than admissibility.” Vega at 189; State v.
Tanner, 15 Ohio St.3d 1, 6, 472 N.E.2d 689 (1984) (“[t]he defendant may still challenge
the accuracy of his specific test results, although he may not challenge the general
accuracy of the legislatively determined test procedure”).
{¶17} In addition to attacks on the specific performance of a particular breath
test in an individual defendant’s case, a defendant may also make an attack on the
reliability of the Intoxilyzer 8000 based on specific reasons, as opposed to general
assertions that the State failed to prove its reliability, which is prohibited under Vega.
See Vega at 189.
{¶18} While Yanchar argues that Vega is distinguishable and no longer applies
due to changes in the law over the past few decades, this court has fully considered all
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applicable law and determined that the foregoing holding in Vega has been reaffirmed
by the Ohio Supreme Court, has been applied by various appellate courts, and that
Vega is applicable to the present matter. See Miller, 2012-Ohio-5585, at ¶ 27; State v.
Carter, 11th Dist. No. 2012-P-0027, 2012-Ohio-5583, ¶ 27-30.
{¶19} Both Yanchar and the OACDL assert that the delegation of authority to the
director of health to determine the validity of testing methods and devices violates the
separation of powers doctrine and infringes upon the trial court’s role as gatekeeper and
its regulation of the admission of expert testimony under Evidence Rule 702.
{¶20} This argument has been fully considered and rejected by this court.
Pizzino, 2013-Ohio-545, at ¶ 27 (“[t]he delegation of authority to the director of health to
establish the appropriate methods for determining the amount of alcohol in a
defendant’s bodily substances does not conflict with any Rule of Evidence”); State v.
Tagliaferri, 11th Dist. No. 2012-P-0094, 2013-Ohio-549, ¶ 22, citing State v. Boczar,
113 Ohio St.3d 148, 2007-Ohio-1251, 863 N.E.2d 155, ¶ 22 (noting that, in a similar
situation, the Ohio Supreme Court has considered the General Assembly’s authority to
statutorily provide for the admissibility of the results of field sobriety tests based on
substantial compliance, and found there to be no encroachment “on the exclusive rule-
making authority of the judiciary”).
{¶21} Further, in State v. Mayl, 106 Ohio St.3d 207, 2005-Ohio-4629, 833
N.E.2d 1216, the Ohio Supreme Court expressly characterized R.C. 4511.19(D)(1) as a
“three-paragraph gate-keeping statute.” Id. at ¶ 20. Where R.C. 4511.19(D)(1) is
satisfied, it does “no[t] matter under which portion of R.C. 4511.19(A) a person is
charged, the state has the opportunity to offer the results of a ‘bodily substance’ test to
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show either impairment * * * or to show that the statutory concentrations of alcohol or
drugs have been exceeded.” Id. at ¶ 19.
{¶22} Likewise in the present case, R.C. 3701.143 and R.C. 4511.19(D)(1) do
not preempt the trial court’s authority to rule on the ultimate admissibility of evidence,
but rather delegate the preliminary determination regarding the general scientific
reliability of testing devices to the director of health. As noted above, the defendant
may always challenge the accuracy of his or her specific test results and otherwise
strive to discredit the weight to be given the specific test results, as well as make an
attack on the reliability of the Intoxilyzer 8000 based on specific reasons. This is
consistent with this court’s recent holdings. See State v. Rouse, 11th Dist. No. 2012-P-
0030, 2012-Ohio-5584, ¶ 21 (“a defendant is entitled to produce evidence to assail the
particular results of the subject test, thereby preserving the trial court’s role as
gatekeeper”).
{¶23} The OACDL argues in its amicus brief that the courts must counterbalance
the Ohio director of health’s “unfettered discretion,” and that Vega should be interpreted
in light of various changes in the law over the past few decades. However, the issue
before this court is not whether the Ohio Supreme Court should reconsider or revisit its
decision in Vega, or whether the Legislature should rewrite the law to remove the
director of health’s authority to determine the reliability of the intoxilyzer. Instead, this
court must determine the proper application of the case law and statutes as they
presently exist. This court has thoroughly considered Vega in many decisions and
determined that it allows the director of health to make a determination as to the general
reliability of the breathalyzer test. Further, although the OACDL pointed to State v.
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Dugan, 12th Dist. No. CA2012-04-081, 2013-Ohio-447, specifically the concurring
opinion, as support for the proposition that the separation of powers is violated through
the director of health’s authority, nothing in that opinion changes this court’s foregoing
analysis or conclusion as to this issue.
{¶24} We note that, in the present case, Yanchar challenged the breath test
results of the Intoxilyzer 8000 on several specific grounds and raised separate
suppression challenges. The municipal court granted Yanchar’s Motion solely on the
grounds stated in Johnson, and noted that it would “grant the defense’s request to
preserve his right to litigate other issues regarding the Intoxilyzer 8000 as well as [other]
issues raised in his motion” following an appeal on the issue of general reliability.
Therefore, on remand, it will be necessary for the court to hold another hearing to
address the other issues raised in Yanchar’s Motion to Suppress/Motion in Limine.
{¶25} The sole assignment of error is with merit.
{¶26} For the foregoing reasons, the judgment of the Portage County Municipal
Court, Ravenna Division, granting Yanchar’s Motion to Suppress/Motion in Limine and
dismissing the charge of violating R.C. 4511.19(A)(1)(d) is reversed, and this cause is
remanded for further proceedings consistent with this opinion. Costs to be taxed
against appellee.
TIMOTHY P. CANNON, P.J., concurs,
THOMAS R. WRIGHT, J., dissents with a Dissenting Opinion.
______________________
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THOMAS R. WRIGHT, J., dissents with a Dissenting Opinion.
{¶27} R.C. 4511.19(D)(1)(b) does not mandate admissibility of breath test
results derived from the Intoxilyzer 8000. Rather, that statute which, by its plain
language controls the issue in this case, vests the trial court with discretion regarding
admissibility despite approval from the director. I, therefore, respectfully dissent.
{¶28} R.C. 3701.143 empowers the director to approve breath testing devices,
and R.C. 4511.19(D)(1)(b) grants trial courts the discretion to admit the results from
approved devices without further proof of reliability when circumstances warrant.
Although some claim the contrary, nobody is correct all the time. In recognizing human
fallibility, the legislature had the wisdom to vest within the trial court the discretion per
R.C.4511.19(D)(1)(b) to conduct further inquiry when there is an issue as to the
reliability of an approved breath testing device before admitting the results.
{¶29} R.C. 4511.19(D)(1)(b) states that “[i]n any criminal prosecution or juvenile
court proceeding for a violation of division (A) or (B) of this section or for an equivalent
offense that is vehicle-related, the court may admit evidence on the concentration of
alcohol, drugs of abuse, controlled substances, metabolites of a controlled substance,
or a combination of them in the defendant’s whole blood, blood serum or plasma,
breath, urine, or other bodily substance at the time of the alleged violation as shown by
chemical analysis of the substance withdrawn within three hours of the time of the
alleged violation[,]” and “[t]he bodily substance withdrawn under division (D)(1)(b) of this
section shall be analyzed in accordance with methods approved by the director of
health by an individual possessing a valid permit issued by the director pursuant to
section 3701.143 of the Revised Code.” (Emphasis added.)
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{¶30} The statute does not use the word “shall,” which would mandate
admission regardless of the circumstances. Rather, the statute uses the word “may.”
For purposes of statutory construction, “use of the word ‘may’ is generally construed to
make the provision in which it is contained optional, permissive, or discretionary * * *.”
Dorrian v. Scioto Conservancy Dist., 27 Ohio St.2d 102, 107 (1971); State v. Suchevits,
138 Ohio App.3d 99, 102 (11th Dist. 1999).
{¶31} In this case, the trial court exercised its discretion not to admit the breath
test absent proof from the state that the Intoxilyzer 8000 is generally reliable, a decision
consistent with the discretion it possesses under R.C.4511.19(D)(1)(b). As reliability
presents a threshold admissibility issue, reliability, as opposed to the weight to be
afforded any admitted evidence, is one for the trial court. Knott v Revolution Software
Inc. 181 Ohio App.3d 519, 2009-Ohio-1191, ¶45 (5th Dist.); State v. Riley, 6th Dist. No.
WD-03-076, 2007-Ohio-879, ¶27 (expert testimony must be deemed reliable before it is
deemed admissible.); Saad v. Shimano American Corp., 2000 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 10974,
*7 (N.D. Ill. 2000)(The Supreme Court has made it clear that the courts must allow into
evidence only expert testimony that meets certain threshold standards of reliability and
usefulness).
{¶32} Moreover, the determination of evidential reliability necessarily implicates
the defendant’s substantive due process rights.
{¶33} “Substantive due process, [although an] ephemeral concept, protects
specific fundamental rights of individual freedom and liberty from deprivation at the
hands of arbitrary and capricious government action. The fundamental rights protected
by substantive due process arise from the Constitution itself and have been defined as
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those rights which are ‘implicit in the concept of ordered liberty.’ (* * *) While this is
admittedly a somewhat vague definition, it is generally held that an interest in liberty or
property must be impaired before the protections of substantive due process become
available.” State v. Small, 162 Ohio App.3d. 375, 2005-Ohio-3813, ¶11 (10th Dist.),
quoting Gutzwiller v. Fenik, 860 F. 2d. 1317, 1328 (6th Cir. 1989).
{¶34} However vague the conceptual parameters of one’s substantive due
process guarantees may be, the following principle is clear; “[substantive] * * * due
process is violated by the introduction of seemingly conclusive, but actually unreliable
evidence.” Barefoot v. Estelle, 463 U.S. 880, 931, fn. 10 (1983).
{¶35} The trial court was aware that other courts had deemed the Intoxilyzer
8000 unreliable even though it was approved. Against this backdrop, the court ordered
the state to establish the general reliability of the Intoxilyzer 8000 before admitting the
results. Given the constitutional gravity of admitting unreliable results, however, and its
statutory authority to act as gatekeeper regarding breath test results, the lower court’s
decision to require the state to produce evidence of the machines reliability was an
eminently reasonable and sound legal decision. “[A]n abuse of discretion is the trial
court’s ‘failure to exercise sound, reasonable, and legal decision-making.’” State v.
Beechler, 2d Dist. No. 09-CA-54, 2010-Ohio-1900, ¶62, quoting Black’s Law Dictionary
(8 Ed.Rev.2004) 11.
{¶36} Rather than present evidence of the general reliability of the Intoxilyzer
8000, the state took the position that the trial court could not require it to do so pursuant
to Vega and its progeny. Vega, 12 Ohio St.3d 185 (1984). I do not read Vega as
holding that under no circumstances can a trial court exercise its discretion to require
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evidence of general reliability of an approved breath testing device as a condition to
admissibility.
{¶37} In Vega, the court held “* * * an accused is not denied his constitutional
right to present a defense nor is the state relieved of its burden of proving guilt beyond a
reasonable doubt where a trial judge does not permit expert testimony to attack the
reliability of intoxilyzers in general.” (Emphasis added.) Id. at 186.
{¶38} Threshold admissibility was not at issue in Vega. That is, the defendant
made no challenge to the trial court’s admission of his breath test result. Instead, after
the state presented its case and rested, the defendant attempted to present a
“reliability” defense by attacking intoxilyzers in general. See also State v. Vega, 5th
Dist. No. CA-1766, 1993 Ohio App LEXIS 14350, *16 (Nov.22, 1983)(Hoffman, J.,
dissenting). Unlike Vega, 12 Ohio St.3d 185, threshold admissibility is the issue in the
case before us. Moreover, unlike Vega, our case is not about the reliability of
intoxilyzers in general. Our case is limited to whether the Intoxilyzer 8000 is reliable. In
short, the circumstances at issue in Vega were fundamentally distinguishable from
those in our case.
{¶39} Additionally, the rule in Vega does not contemplate a situation where, as
here, an approved device’s general reliability has been assessed by other courts for
both use in and out of this state and the device’s reliability has been found suspect.
See State v. Johnson, Portage County Municipal Court, January 6, 2012. Vega
expressly states that its holding does not involve a situation where the defense asserts
that there was an abuse of discretion by the director in approving the breath testing
device at issue. Vega at 187, fn. 2. Obviously, in our case, if the Intoxilyzer 8000 is
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unreliable, approval would amount to an abuse of discretion and admission of the test
results a violation of substantive due process.
{¶40} Breath tests are “‘* * * generally recognized as being reasonably reliable
on the issue of intoxication when conducted with proper equipment and by competent
operators.’” (Emphasis added.) Vega at 186, quoting Westerville v. Cunningham, 15
Ohio St.2d 121, 128(1968). Thus, the central issue as presented in the case before us,
does the Intoxilyzer 8000 qualify as “proper equipment”? The answer is “yes” if it is
generally reliable and “no” if it is not. This is a query, however, that, under Ohio law, a
trial court is entitled to resolve pursuant to R.C. 4511.19(D)(1)(b).
{¶41} In this case, the trial court exercised its discretion to safeguard the
defendant’s right to substantive due process by merely requiring the state to show the
Intoxilyzer 8000 is generally reliable. Under the circumstances, this decision was sound
and reasonable. This is particularly true in light of the fact that a trial court is vested
with broad discretion in the admission or exclusion of evidence and in recognition that it
has inherent power to exclude or strike evidence on its own motion. Caroll v Caroll, 7th
Dist. No. 89-C-1, 1990 Ohio App. LEXIS 1339, *8 (April 5, 1990); Neil v. Hamilton
County, 87 Ohio App.3d 670; Oakbrook Realty Corp. v. Blout, 48 Ohio App.3d 69, 70
(10th Dist. 1988).
{¶42} Given the foregoing point, there is no reason to remand this case to the
trial court based upon perceived inadequacies in the motion to suppress. The trial court
made it abundantly clear that it would not admit the test results absent proof of reliability
of the Intoxilyzer 8000. Requiring the proponent to establish the reliability of scientific
evidence is something that a trial court may require as previously discussed. The state
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was well aware of what the trial court required when it ordered the state to produce
evidence of the Intoxilyzer 8000’s reliability, independent and irrespective of the
contents of the motion to suppress. Accordingly, there is no procedural due process
violation of the state’s right to notice and an opportunity to be heard. The trial court’s
order was unambiguous and an exercise of the sound discretion as the gatekeeper of
breath test result admissibility.
{¶43} When an appellate court [**14] is reviewing a pure issue of law, “the mere
fact that the reviewing court would decide the issue differently is enough to find error (of
course, not all errors are reversible. Some are harmless; others are not preserved for
appellate review). By contrast, where the issue on review has been confined to the
discretion of the trial court, the mere fact that the reviewing court would have reached a
different result is not enough, without more, to find error.” Sertz v. Sertz, 11th Dist. No.
2011-L-063, quoting Beechler, 2010-Ohio-1900 at ¶67.
{¶44} This appeal is centered around a discretionary decision made by the trial
court. As I find the court’s decision not only reasonable, but constitutionally astute, I
would affirm the trial court’s exclusion of the breath test in light of the state’s refusal to
present evidence on the issue.
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