State v. Robinson , 2016 Ohio 905 ( 2016 )

[Cite as State v. Robinson, 2016-Ohio-905.]
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF OHIO
FOURTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
LAWRENCE COUNTY
STATE OF OHIO, : Case No. 14CA24
Plaintiff-Appellee, :
v. : DECISION AND
JUDGMENT ENTRY
EVELYN M. ROBINSON, :
Defendant-Appellant. : RELEASED 03/04/2016
APPEARANCES:
Robert W. Bright, Middleport, Ohio, for appellant.
Brigham M. Anderson, Lawrence County Prosecuting Attorney, and Robert C. Anderson,
Lawrence County Assistant Prosecuting Attorney, Ironton, Ohio, for appellee.
Hoover, J.
{¶1} Defendant-appellant, Evelyn M. Robinson (“Robinson”), appeals her convictions
and sentence for heroin possession and trafficking in heroin after a search of her vehicle revealed
the drugs. The Lawrence County Court of Common Pleas denied Robinson’s motion to suppress
the evidence found as a result of the search; and Robinson was subsequently found guilty,
following a jury trial, of possession of heroin in excess of 250 grams, with a major drug offender
specification, and of trafficking in heroin in excess of 250 grams, with a vehicle forfeiture
specification. At Robinson’s sentencing hearing, the trial court found that the offenses should
merge for sentencing purposes; and the State elected to sentence Robinson on the possession of
heroin charge.
{¶2} Because we determine that the trial court properly denied Robinson’s motion to
suppress, and that Robinson’s remaining assignments of error pertaining to her possession and
Lawrence App. No. 14CA24 2
trafficking convictions are similarly without merit, we affirm the judgment of the trial court in
part. However, because the trial court erred in certain respects when sentencing Robinson, we
reverse the judgment in part and remand the cause for proceedings consistent with this decision.
I. Facts and Procedural History
{¶3} This case arose after Robinson’s vehicle was stopped by an Ohio State Highway
Patrolman for an alleged traffic violation, at approximately 3:00 a.m. on October 19, 2013, near
Ironton, Ohio. Robinson was traveling alone in the vehicle. Upon stopping Robinson and
obtaining her driver’s information, Trooper Joshua Craft learned that Robinson had a warrant for
her arrest for her failure to appear on a misdemeanor marijuana possession charge in Marion
Municipal Court in Marion, Ohio. He also observed that Robinson was nervous and trembling
and learned that she was traveling from Detroit, Michigan, to Huntington, West Virginia, an
alleged drug pipeline. Thereafter, Robinson was arrested on the warrant and read her Miranda
rights. While Trooper Craft was completing a request to tow form, Officer Ronnie Lusk of the
Huntington (West Virginia) Police Department responded with his K-9 Milo. The K-9 alerted on
Robinson’s vehicle; and Trooper Craft and Trooper Ryan Robirds conducted a probable cause
search of the vehicle. The search of the vehicle revealed, behind the right tail light assembly, in
the wheel well, 297 grams of heroin. The detention of Robinson and search of the vehicle took
several hours.
{¶4} On October 22, 2013, Robinson was indicted with one count of possession of
heroin in an amount greater than 250 grams, a first degree felony in violation of R.C.
2925.11(A)(C)(6)(f), with a major drug offender specification, and one count of trafficking in
heroin in an amount greater than 250 grams, a first degree felony in violation of R.C.
2925.03(A)(2)(C)(6)(g), with a vehicle forfeiture specification. Robinson pleaded not guilty to
Lawrence App. No. 14CA24 3
the charges. On February 26, 2014, Robinson filed a motion to suppress the evidence seized as a
result of the traffic stop and warrantless search of her vehicle. The trial court overruled the
motion, concluding that Trooper Craft had probable cause to stop Robinson’s vehicle based on
his observation of a left turn signal violation, and that probable cause existed to search the
vehicle based on the circumstances learned and observed by Trooper Craft during the stop.
{¶5} Robinson was tried before a jury on June 26, 27, and July 1, 2014. At the
conclusion of the trial, Robinson was convicted of both counts as indicted. On July 2, 2014, the
trial court held Robinson’s sentencing hearing. At the hearing, the State conceded that the
offenses were allied offenses of similar import and should merge for purposes of sentencing. The
trial court agreed; and the State elected to proceed to sentencing on the possession of heroin
offense and accompanying major drug offender specification. Ultimately, the trial court
sentenced Robinson to eleven years of incarceration; ordered a fine of $10,000; ordered a two-
year1 driver’s license suspension; ordered Robinson’s 2003, white Cadillac Escalade be forfeited
to the Lawrence County Drug and Major Crime Task Force; and ordered her to pay court costs.
Robinson’s trial counsel subsequently moved to set aside the mandatory fine contending that
Robinson was indigent. The trial court granted the motion and ordered that the mandatory fine be
waived.
{¶6} Shortly thereafter, a sentencing entry was journalized memorializing the sentence.
Robinson filed a timely notice of appeal on August 7, 2014.2 Robinson’s initial appellate counsel
filed both a motion to withdraw as counsel and an Anders brief. We disagreed with appellate
1
At the sentencing hearing, the trial court imposed a one-year driver’s license suspension. However, in its
sentencing entry, the trial court imposed a two-year driver’s license suspension.
2
An “amended” sentencing entry was filed on August 15, 2014. It appears that the amended entry differs from the
original sentencing entry in that it changes the VIN of the forfeited vehicle and adds the mileage of the forfeited
vehicle. In all other respects, the amended sentencing entry appears to be identical to the original sentencing entry. A
second “amended” sentencing entry was filed on August 25, 2014. The second amended entry appears identical to
the first amended entry, except for the forfeited vehicle’s VIN.
Lawrence App. No. 14CA24 4
counsel’s assessment that the appeal was wholly frivolous, and instead identified several
arguable issues for appeal. Accordingly, we granted appellate counsel’s motion to withdraw, but
appointed present counsel to prepare the appellate brief currently before the Court.
II. Assignments of Error
{¶7} Robinson assigns the following errors for our review:
First Assignment of Error:
THE TRIAL COURT ERRED IN SENTENCING THE APPELLANT TO A PERIOD OF POST-
RELEASE CONTROL EVEN THOUGH THE TRIAL COURT DID NOT GIVE APPELLANT
NOTIFICATION OF THE PERIOD OF POST-RELEASE CONTROL AT THE SENTENCING
HEARING.
Second Assignment of Error:
THE TRIAL COURT ERRED IN ORDERING THAT THE APPELLANT’S VEHICLE SHOULD
BE FORFEITED.
Third Assignment of Error:
THE TRIAL COURT ERRED IN OMITTING FROM THE SENTENCING ENTRY THE FACT
THAT THE OFFENSES OF POSSESSION OF HEROIN AND TRAFFICKING IN HEROIN
WERE ALLIED AND SHOULD MERGE.
Fourth Assignment of Error:
THE TRIAL COURT ERRED IN INCLUDING IN THE SENTENCING ENTRY THE
IMPOSITION OF A MANDATORY FINE EVEN THOUGH THE TRIAL COURT HAD
PREVIOUSLY WAIVED THAT FINE.
Fifth Assignment of Error:
THE TRIAL COURT ERRED IN CONVICTING THE APPELLANT IN THE ABSENCE OF
ANY EVIDENCE THAT THE APPELLANT KNOWINGLY POSSESSED OR TRAFFICKED IN
HEROIN.
Sixth Assignment of Error:
Lawrence App. No. 14CA24 5
THE TRIAL COURT ERRED IN DENYING APPELLANT’S MOTION TO SUPPRESS
EVIDENCE OBTAINED ILLEGALLY AFTER APPELLANT’S ARREST SOLELY RELATED
TO APPELLANT’S FAILURE TO APPEAR ON A MISDEMEANOR MARIJUANA CHARGE.
Seventh Assignment of Error:
THE JUDGMENT OF THE TRIAL COURT SHOULD BE REVERSED BECAUSE THE
JUDGMENT IS AGAINST THE MANIFEST WEIGHT OF THE EVIDENCE AND/OR PLAINLY
IN ERROR.
III. Law and Analysis
{¶8} Due to the nature of Robinson’s assignments of error, we elect to address the
assignments of error out of order; and in some instances, we address the assignments of error
jointly.
A. Robinson’s Motion to Suppress
{¶9} In her sixth assignment of error, Robinson contends that the trial court erred in
overruling her motion to suppress evidence. Specifically, Robinson argues that she was
unlawfully detained as the result of a pretextual stop and that the search of her vehicle was also
unlawful.
{¶10} Appellate review of a motion to suppress presents a mixed question of law and
fact. State v. Gurley, 4th Dist. Scioto No. 14CA3646, 2015-Ohio-5361, ¶ 16, citing State v.
Roberts, 110 Ohio St. 3d 71, 2006-Ohio-3665, 850 N.E.2d 1168, ¶ 100. At a suppression hearing,
the trial court acts as the trier of fact and is in the best position to resolve factual questions and
evaluate witness credibility. Id.; State v. Burnside, 100 Ohio St. 3d 152, 2003-Ohio-5372, 797
N.E.2d 71, ¶ 8. Thus, when reviewing a ruling on a motion to suppress, we defer to the trial
court’s findings of fact if they are supported by competent, credible evidence. Gurley at ¶ 16,
citing State v. Landrum, 137 Ohio App. 3d 718, 722, 739 N.E.2d 1159 (4th Dist.2000). However,
Lawrence App. No. 14CA24 6
“[a]ccepting those facts as true, we must independently determine whether the trial court reached
the correct legal conclusion in analyzing the facts of the case.” Id., citing Roberts at ¶ 100.
{¶11} At the March 14, 2014 suppression hearing, Trooper Craft testified that he was on
road patrol on County Road 21 during the early morning hours of October 19, 2013. County
Road 21 runs perpendicular to State Route 93 near Ironton, Ohio. Trooper Craft had his cruiser
parked on County Road 21 with his high beams shining across State Route 93. At approximately
2:50 a.m., Trooper Craft observed Robinson driving her white, Cadillac Escalade south on State
Route 93 in the direction of Ironton. Trooper Craft testified that Robinson’s speed slowed
significantly upon seeing his marked cruiser. Trooper Craft also stated that Robinson had a tight
grip of the steering wheel and that she abruptly turned her head away from Trooper Craft as she
passed his cruiser.
{¶12} Upon making these observations, Trooper Craft began to follow Robinson’s
vehicle down State Route 93. At that time he ran a registration check of the vehicle and learned
that the vehicle was from Detroit, Michigan. Trooper Craft also testified that Robinson was
driving well below the posted speed limit and that she drove up the entrance ramp connecting
State Route 93 to U.S. 52 at an unusually slow speed. Trooper Craft stated that Robinson failed
to use her left turn signal as she exited the ramp onto U.S. 52. He claims that Robinson was
weaving within the lane, and had actually committed “several marked lane violations”.
{¶13} According to Trooper Craft’s testimony, he initiated a traffic stop of Robinson’s
vehicle based on the turn signal violation. Robinson had travelled approximately three miles
from the time Trooper Craft began following her to the point where she was stopped. Trooper
Craft testified that Robinson was trembling and nervous upon making initial contact; however,
she was able to provide her Michigan driver’s license as requested. Robinson explained to
Lawrence App. No. 14CA24 7
Trooper Craft that she was traveling to Huntington, West Virginia, to visit her nephew. Trooper
Craft observed air fresheners in every vent of the vehicle; and he did not see any luggage while
he looked into the vehicle. He found those observations to be suspicious.
{¶14} After running Robinson’s driver’s license, Trooper Craft learned that Robinson
had an outstanding warrant out of Marion, Ohio, for a failure to appear on a misdemeanor
marijuana possession charge and that her license was suspended on an OVI suspension. Trooper
Craft then advised Robinson that he was placing her under arrest on the outstanding warrant.
Robinson was read her Miranda rights and placed in the back of Trooper Craft’s cruiser.
{¶15} Trooper Craft testified that sometime after discovering the outstanding warrant,
but prior to placing Robinson under arrest, he requested that a K-9 officer respond to the scene.
Prior to Trooper Craft completing form HB25D (request for tow), Officer Lusk of the
Huntington (West Virginia) Police Department responded with his K-9, Milo. Milo then
conducted a sniff of the vehicle and alerted to the passenger side of the vehicle indicating the
presence of narcotics. Trooper Craft and Trooper Robirds then searched the vehicle while
Robinson remained secured in the back of Trooper Craft’s cruiser. According to Craft, the search
revealed approximately 297 grams of heroin found in a sock in a natural void of the vehicle
behind the rear passenger tail light assembly – also described as the wheel well. The time from
the initial traffic stop to the conclusion of the search spanned approximately three hours.3
{¶16} “ ‘The Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution and the Ohio
Constitution, Article I, Section 14, prohibit unreasonable searches and seizures.’ ” State v.
Shrewsberry, 4th Dist. Ross No. 13CA3402, 2014-Ohio-716, ¶ 14, quoting State v. Emerson, 134
Ohio St. 3d 191, 2012-Ohio-5047, 981 N.E.2d 787, ¶ 15. “This constitutional guarantee is
3
A three hour-long dash-cam video from Trooper Craft’s cruiser, recorded from just prior to the traffic stop through
the search of the vehicle, was also admitted as evidence at the suppression hearing.
Lawrence App. No. 14CA24 8
protected by the exclusionary rule, which mandates the exclusion of the evidence obtained from
the unreasonable search and seizure at trial.” Id., citing Emerson at ¶ 15; see also State v.
Lemaster, 4th Dist. Ross No. 11CA3236, 2012-Ohio-971, ¶ 8 (“If the government obtains
evidence through actions that violate an accused’s Fourth Amendment rights, that evidence must
be excluded at trial.”).
1. The Initial Traffic Stop Was Lawful.
{¶17} “An officer’s temporary detention of an individual during a traffic stop constitutes
a seizure of a person within the meaning of the Fourth Amendment * * *.” State v. Lewis, 4th
Dist. Scioto No. 08CA3226, 2008-Ohio-6691, ¶ 14; see also State v. Eatmon, 4th Dist. Scioto
No. 12CA3498, 2013-Ohio-4812, ¶ 13 (quoting Lewis). “To be constitutionally valid, the
detention must be reasonable under the circumstances.” Lewis at ¶ 14. “While probable cause ‘is
certainly a complete justification for a traffic stop,’ it is not required.” Eatmon at ¶ 13, quoting
State v. Mays, 119 Ohio St. 3d 406, 2008-Ohio-4539, 894 N.E.2d 1204, ¶ 23. “So long as ‘an
officer’s decision to stop a motorist for a criminal violation, including a traffic violation, is
prompted by a reasonable and articulable suspicion considering all the circumstances, then the
stop is constitutionally valid.’ ” Id., quoting Mays at ¶ 8. “Reasonable and articulable suspicion is
a lower standard than probable cause.” Id., citing Mays at ¶ 23.
{¶18} Here, Robinson argues that her behavior was not unusual when she first
approached Trooper Craft and suggests that Trooper Craft followed her and initiated the traffic
stop as a pretext to conduct a drug investigation. However, based on the uncontroverted
testimony of Trooper Craft at the suppression hearing, we conclude that the initial traffic stop
was lawful due to his observations that (1) Robinson was weaving within her lane of travel; (2)
Robinson had actually committed “several marked lane violations”; and (3) Robinson had
Lawrence App. No. 14CA24 9
initiated a left merge without properly signaling. Because Trooper Craft observed these traffic
violations, the initial traffic stop was lawful, regardless of Trooper Craft’s real intent in
effectuating the stop. See State v. Dennewitz, 4th Dist. Ross No. 99CA2491, 1999 WL 1001109,
*3 (Nov. 5, 1999) (rejecting notion that pretextual traffic stops are unconstitutional).
{¶19} Trooper Craft testified that he witnessed Robinson weaving within her lane and
crossing the lane on a few occasions while she traveled on U.S. 52. Trooper Craft also observed
Robinson’s failure to use her left turn signal as she exited the ramp onto U.S. 52. Robinson’s
actions in doing so provided reasonable suspicion and probable cause for the traffic stop. See
State v. Taylor, 4th Dist. Washington No. 07CA11, 2008-Ohio-482, ¶ 15 (“It is well-settled that
a law enforcement officer possess both reasonable suspicion and probable cause to stop a vehicle
when the officer observes a traffic violation.”).
{¶20} Because Trooper Craft credibly testified that he observed Robinson commit two
traffic violations, he was entitled to initiate the traffic stop of the vehicle regardless of whether
he had another subjective or pretextual motivation for making the stop.
2. The Delay in Procuring the K-9 Unit Was Not an Unreasonable Detention.
{¶21} Robinson also contends that the warrantless search of her vehicle was unlawful.
Robinson’s argument requires us to consider two aspects: (1) the delay in procuring the K-9 unit;
and (2) the officers’ extensive search of the vehicle following the K-9’s alert.
{¶22} Typically, “[w]hen a law enforcement officer stops a vehicle for a traffic
violation, the officer may detain the motorist for a period of time sufficient to issue the motorist a
citation and to perform routine procedures such as a computer check on the motorist’s driver’s
license, registration and vehicle plates.” State v. Aguirre, 4th Dist. Gallia No. 03CA5, 2003-
Ohio-4909, ¶ 36, citing State v. Carlson, 102 Ohio App. 3d 585, 598, 657 N.E.2d 591 (9th
Lawrence App. No. 14CA24 10
Dist.1995); see also Rodriguez v. United States, 135 S. Ct. 1609, 1615, 191 L. Ed. 2d 492 (2015)
(ordinary inquiries incident to a traffic stop include “checking the driver’s license, determining
whether there are outstanding warrants against the driver, and inspecting the automobile’s
registration and proof of insurance”). However, “[a]n officer may expand the scope of the stop
and may continue to detain the vehicle without running afoul of the Fourth Amendment if the
officer discovers further facts which give rise to a reasonable suspicion that additional criminal
activity is afoot.” State v. Rose, 4th Dist. Highland No. 06CA5, 2006-Ohio-5292, ¶ 17, citing
State v. Robinette, 80 Ohio St. 3d 234, 240, 685 N.E.2d 762 (1997). The Robinette court
explained, at paragraph one of the syllabus:
When a police officer’s objective justification to continue detention of a person *
* * is not related to the purpose of the original stop, and when that continued
detention is not based on any articulable facts giving rise to a suspicion of some
illegal activity justifying an extension of the detention, the continued detention to
conduct a search constitutes an illegal seizure.
Conversely, “if a law enforcement officer, during a valid investigative stop, ascertains
‘reasonably articulable facts giving rise to a suspicion of criminal activity, the officer may then
further detain and implement a more in-depth investigation of the individual.’ ” Rose at ¶ 17,
quoting Robinette at 241.
{¶23} Against this backdrop, the Supreme Court in Rodriguez v. United States, supra,
recently held that while a police officer “may conduct certain unrelated checks during an
otherwise lawful traffic stop * * * he may not do so in a way that prolongs the stop, absent the
reasonable suspicion ordinarily demanded to justify detaining an individual.” Id. at 1615.
Lawrence App. No. 14CA24 11
Accordingly, the Court concluded that police officers may not extend an otherwise-completed
traffic stop, absent reasonable suspicion, in order to conduct a dog sniff. Id. at 1614-1617.
{¶24} Here, we conclude that the K-9 sniff did not subject Robinson to any additional
and unlawful detention or delay because she had already been placed under arrest on the open
warrant. Therefore, we need not address whether reasonable suspicion of criminal activity
justified Robinson’s detention beyond the time necessary to complete the traffic infraction
investigation. In other words, upon Robinson’s arrest on the open warrant, this case was removed
from the realm of traffic stop detention. We further conclude that because Robinson and her
vehicle were lawfully detained at the time of the K-9 sniff, no Fourth Amendment violation
occurred. See State v. Jones, 1st Dist. Hamilton No. C-130359, 2014-Ohio-3110, ¶¶ 15-16, citing
United States v. Robinson, W.D.N.C. No. 5:08-cr-20, 2009 WL 3261709 (Oct. 8, 2009) (holding
that no Fourth Amendment violation occurred where a defendant was under lawful arrest at the
time officers conducted a K-9 sniff of the defendant’s vehicle; the officers left the vehicle where
the defendant parked it; and the officers did not prevent anyone else from taking possession of
the vehicle); see also State v. Lopez, 166 Ohio App. 3d 337, 2006-Ohio-2091, 850 N.E.2d 781, ¶
21 (1st Dist.) (holding that a K-9 sniff of the exterior of a vehicle is not a search for Fourth
Amendment purposes where the vehicle has been lawfully detained).
{¶25} Put simply, the minimal investigative delay in obtaining the K-9 unit did not run
afoul of the Fourth Amendment because Robinson was already placed under arrest; and both her
and her vehicle were lawfully detained.
3. The Officers Had Probable Cause to Search the Vehicle.
{¶26} Finally, the officers possessed probable cause to conduct a search of Robinson’s
vehicle. Under the “automobile exception” to the warrant requirement, police officers may
Lawrence App. No. 14CA24 12
perform a warrantless search of a vehicle so long as they have probable cause to believe the
vehicle contains contraband or evidence of a crime. State v. Chaffins, 4th Dist. Scioto No.
13CA3559, 2014-Ohio-1969, ¶ 18; State v. Williams, 4th Dist. Highland No. 12CA7, 2013-Ohio-
594, ¶ 25. “Moreover, if a trained narcotics dog ‘alerts to the odor of drugs from a lawfully
detained vehicle, an officer has probable cause to search the vehicle for contraband.’ ” State v.
Cahill, 3d Dist. Shelby No. 17-01-19, 2002-Ohio-4459, ¶ 22, quoting State v. French, 104 Ohio
App.3d 740, 749, 663 N.E.2d 367 (12th Dist.1995); see also Williams at ¶ 25 (Quotations
omitted.) (“When a [drug] dog alerts to the presence of drugs, it gives law enforcement probable
cause to search the entire vehicle.”).
{¶27} Here, Trooper Craft testified that the K-9 alerted to the presence or scent of illegal
substances in the vehicle. Therefore, the law enforcement officers had probable cause to conduct
a warrantless search of Robinson’s vehicle for contraband.
{¶28} Because neither the initial traffic stop, follow-up detention, nor search of
Robinson’s vehicle violated the Fourth Amendment, we conclude that the trial court did not err
in overruling Robinson’s motion to suppress evidence. Accordingly, Robinson’s sixth
assignment of error is overruled.
B. The Sufficiency and Manifest Weight of the Evidence
{¶29} In her fifth assignment of error, Robinson contends that the evidence adduced at
trial was insufficient as a matter of law to support the guilty verdicts for possession of heroin
under R.C. 2925.11(A)(C)(6)(f) and trafficking in heroin under R.C. 2925.03(A)(2)(C)(6)(g).
Specifically, she claims that her drug convictions are not supported by sufficient evidence
because the record is devoid of any evidence that she was aware of, let alone exercised dominion
Lawrence App. No. 14CA24 13
or control over, the drugs located in her vehicle. In her seventh assignment of error, Robinson
claims that her convictions are against the manifest weight of the evidence.
{¶30} “When a court reviews a record for sufficiency, ‘[t]he relevant inquiry is whether,
after viewing the evidence in a light most favorable to the prosecution, any rational trier of fact
could have found the essential elements of the crime proven beyond a reasonable doubt.’ ” State
v. Maxwell, 139 Ohio St. 3d 12, 2014–Ohio–1019, 9 N.E.3d 930, ¶ 146, quoting State v. Jenks, 61
Ohio St. 3d 259, 574 N.E.2d 492 (1991), paragraph two of the syllabus; Jackson v. Virginia, 443
U.S. 307, 99 S. Ct. 2781, 61 L. Ed. 2d 560 (1979). The court must defer to the trier of fact on
questions of credibility and the weight assigned to the evidence. State v. Kirkland, 140 Ohio
St.3d 73, 2014–Ohio–1966, 15 N.E.3d 818, ¶ 132.
{¶31} In determining whether a criminal conviction is against the manifest weight of the
evidence, an appellate court must review the entire record, weigh the evidence and all reasonable
inferences, consider the credibility of witnesses, and determine whether, in resolving conflicts in
the evidence, the trier of fact clearly lost its way and created such a manifest miscarriage of
justice that the conviction must be reversed. State v. Thompkins, 78 Ohio St. 3d 380, 387, 678
N.E.2d 541 (1997); State v. Hunter, 131 Ohio St. 3d 67, 2011–Ohio–6254, 960 N.E.2d 955, ¶
119. “Although a court of appeals may determine that a judgment of a trial court is sustained by
sufficient evidence, that court may nevertheless conclude that the judgment is against the weight
of the evidence.” Thompkins at 387. But the weight and credibility of evidence are to be
determined by the trier of fact. State v. West, 4th Dist. Scioto No. 12CA3507, 2014-Ohio-1941, ¶
23. “A jury, sitting as the trier of fact, is free to believe all, part or none of the testimony of any
witness who appears before it.” Id. We defer to the trier of fact on these evidentiary weight and
Lawrence App. No. 14CA24 14
credibility issues because it is in the best position to gauge the witnesses’ demeanor, gestures,
and voice inflections, and to use these observations to weigh their credibility. Id.
{¶32} For the drug possession charge, the State had to present evidence that Robinson
knowingly obtained, possessed, or used the controlled substances, i.e. the drugs located in the
wheel well of the vehicle. R.C. 2925.11(A). For the trafficking charge, the State needed to
present evidence that Robinson knowingly prepared for shipment, shipped, transported,
delivered, prepared for distribution, or distributed a controlled substance or a controlled
substance analog, and knew or had reasonable cause to believe that the controlled substance or
controlled substance analog was intended for sale or resale by herself or another person. R.C.
2925.03(A)(2).
{¶33} “A person acts knowingly, regardless of purpose, when the person is aware that
the person’s conduct will probably cause a certain result or will probably be of a certain nature.
A person has knowledge of circumstances when the person is aware that such circumstances
probably exist.” R.C. 2901.22(B). “[P]ossession” is defined as “having control over a thing or
substance, but may not be inferred solely from mere access to the thing or substance through
ownership or occupation of the premises upon which the thing or substance is found.” R.C.
2925.01(K). “Possession may be actual or constructive.” State v. Moon, 4th Dist. Adams No.
08CA875, 2009–Ohio–4830, ¶ 19, citing State v. Butler, 42 Ohio St.3d 174,175, 538 N.E.2d 98
(1989) (“[t]o constitute possession, it is sufficient that the defendant has constructive
possession”).
{¶34} “ ‘ “Actual possession exists when the circumstances indicate that an individual
has or had an item within his immediate physical possession.” ’ ” State v. Criswell, 4th Dist.
Scioto No. 13CA3588, 2014-Ohio-3941, ¶ 10, quoting State v. Kingsland, 177 Ohio App. 3d 655,
Lawrence App. No. 14CA24 15
2008–Ohio–4148, 895 N.E.2d 633, ¶ 13 (4th Dist.), quoting State v. Fry, 4th Dist. Jackson No.
03CA26, 2004–Ohio–5747, ¶ 39. “ ‘Constructive possession exists when an individual
knowingly exercises dominion and control over an object, even though that object may not be
within his immediate physical possession.’ ” Id., quoting State v. Hankerson, 70 Ohio St. 2d 87,
434 N.E.2d 1362 (1982), syllabus; State v. Brown, 4th Dist. Athens No. 09CA3, 2009–Ohio–
5390, ¶ 19. “For constructive possession to exist, the [S]tate must show that the defendant was
conscious of the object’s presence.” Id., citing Hankerson at 91; Kingsland at ¶ 13. “Both
dominion and control, and whether a person was conscious of the object’s presence may be
established through circumstantial evidence.” Id., citing Brown at ¶ 19. “Moreover, two or more
persons may have joint constructive possession of the same object.” Brown at ¶ 19.
{¶35} “ ‘Although a defendant’s mere proximity is in itself insufficient to establish
constructive possession, proximity to the object may constitute some evidence of constructive
possession. * * * Thus, presence in the vicinity of contraband, coupled with another factor or
factors probative of dominion or control over the contraband, may establish constructive
possession.’ ” Criswell at ¶ 11, quoting Kingsland at ¶ 13.
{¶36} The State’s evidence presented at trial, which included testimony from Trooper
Craft and other law enforcement officers, supported the jury’s conclusion that Robinson had
knowledge of the drugs and exercised dominion and control over them. For instance, the
testimony presented at the jury trial showed that Robinson was nervous and trembling upon
being stopped for the traffic violation. She also indicated that she was traveling from Detroit,
Michigan, to Huntington, West Virginia, a known drug pipeline according to testimony. When
asked whom she was visiting, Robinson first said her nephew Lamont Haywood. When asked
later, after the heroin had been discovered, Robinson said her nephew’s name was Delmont
Lawrence App. No. 14CA24 16
Haywood. At trial, Robinson testified that she was on her way to visit her nephew Darnell
Haywood, a student at Marshall University. However, during the State’s rebuttal case, evidence
was presented that no one by the names of Lamont Haywood, Delmont Haywood, or Darnell
Haywood ever attended Marshall University. Also, it was established at trial that Robinson was
the registered owner of the vehicle; and no one else was present when the vehicle was stopped by
law enforcement. Finally, video of when Robinson was placed in the police cruiser while the
officers searched her vehicle showed that Robinson was very concerned just prior to the officer’s
taking off the taillight and discovering the heroin.
{¶37} Moreover, “[t]he presence of such a vast amount of drug evidence in the car
supports an inference that the appellant knew about the presence of drugs and that he * * *
exercised control over each of the items found.” State v. Riggs, 4th Dist. Washington No.
98CA39, 1999 WL 727952, *5 (Sept. 13, 1999), citing State v. Soto, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No.
57301, 1990 WL 145651 (Oct. 4, 1990). “[A] factfinder can ‘conclude that a defendant who
exercises dominion and control over an automobile also exercises dominion and control over
illegal drugs found in the automobile.’ ” State v. Yakimicki, 10th Dist. Franklin No. 12AP–894,
2013–Ohio–2663, ¶ 23, quoting State v. Rampey, 5th Dist. Stark No. 2004CA00102, 2006–
Ohio–1383, ¶ 37.
{¶38} Although Robinson testified at trial that she had no idea drugs were present in her
vehicle, the jury was free to believe all, part, or none of Robinson’s testimony. West, supra, at ¶
23; see also State v. Gavin, 4th Dist. Scioto No. 13CA3592, 2015-Ohio-2996, ¶ 29. Moreover,
when conflicting evidence is presented at trial, a conviction is not against the manifest weight of
the evidence simply because the jury believed the testimony presented by the State. State v.
Tyson, 4th Dist. Ross No. 12CA3343, 2013–Ohio–3540, ¶ 21.
Lawrence App. No. 14CA24 17
{¶39} In short, the jury had before it sufficient evidence to conclude that Robinson knew
about the contraband in her vehicle, and that she had the ability to exercise dominion and control
over the contraband. Moreover, the jury apparently found the State’s version of events more
credible than Robinson’s; and they were free to do so. This is not an exceptional case where the
evidence weighs heavily in favor of the defendant and where it is clear that the jury lost its way
or created a manifest miscarriage of justice. Accordingly, we overrule Robinson’s fifth and
seventh assignments of error.
C. The Sentencing Errors
{¶40} In assignments of error one through four, Robinson alleges various sentencing
errors. When reviewing felony sentences we apply the standard of review set forth in R.C.
2953.08(G)(2). See State v. Brewer, 2014–Ohio–1903, 11 N.E.3d 317, ¶ 33 (4th Dist.) (“we join
the growing number of appellate districts that have abandoned the Kalish plurality's second-step
abuse-of-discretion standard of review; when the General Assembly reenacted R.C.
2953.08(G)(2), it expressly stated that ‘[t]he appellate court's standard of review is not whether
the sentencing court abused its discretion’ ”). R.C. 2953.08(G)(2) specifies that an appellate
court may increase, reduce, modify, or vacate and remand a challenged felony sentence if the
court clearly and convincingly finds that “the record does not support the sentencing court's
findings” under the specified statutory provisions or “the sentence is otherwise contrary to law.”
1. Post-Release Control
{¶41} In her first assignment of error, Robinson contends that the trial court erred by
imposing a period of post-release control in the sentencing entry because the court failed to
notify her of the period of post-release control at the sentencing hearing. We agree.
Lawrence App. No. 14CA24 18
{¶42} Here, while the sentencing entry indicates “[t]he [c]ourt informed [Robinson] that
she shall be subject to a period of post-release control”, a review of the sentencing hearing
transcript reveals no such notification.
Under R.C. 2929.19(B)(2)(c) and (e), a trial court must notify certain felony
offenders at the sentencing hearing that: 1.) the offender is subject to statutorily
mandated postrelease control; and 2.) the parole board may impose a prison term
of up to one-half of the offender's originally-imposed prison term if the offender
violates the post-release control conditions. Not only is a trial court required to
notify the offender about postrelease control at the sentencing hearing, it is further
required to incorporate that notice into its journal entry imposing sentence.
However, the main focus of the postrelease control sentencing statutes is on the
notification itself and not on the sentencing entry.
(Citations and quotations omitted.) State v. Adkins, 4th Dist. Lawrence No. 13CA17, 2014-Ohio-
3389, ¶ 36. “When a trial court fails to provide the required notification at either the sentencing
hearing or in the sentencing entry, that part of the sentence is void and must be set aside.”
(Emphasis sic.) Id. at ¶ 37, citing State v. Fischer, 128 Ohio St. 3d 92, 2010–Ohio–6238, 942
N.E.2d 332, ¶¶ 27–29. “ ‘[I]n most cases, the prison sanction is not void and therefore “only the
offending portion of the sentence is subject to review and correction.” ’ ” Id., quoting State v.
Holdcroft, 137 Ohio St. 3d 526, 2013–Ohio–5014, 1 N.E.3d 382, ¶ 7, quoting Fischer at ¶ 27.
{¶43} Although the record in this case shows that the trial court notified Robinson about
post-release control and the potential consequences for violating her post-release control
conditions in its sentencing entry, it was also statutorily required by R.C. 2929.19(B)(2)(c) and
Lawrence App. No. 14CA24 19
(e) to notify her at the sentencing hearing. Because it failed to do so, that portion of her sentence
is void and we sustain Robinson’s first assignment of error.
2. Forfeiture of Robinson’s Vehicle
{¶44} In her second assignment of error, Robinson contends that the trial court erred in
ordering the forfeiture of her vehicle.
{¶45} Here, the trial court ordered Robinson’s vehicle to be forfeited, even though the
underlying trafficking in heroin offense that was the basis for the vehicle forfeiture specification
merged into the possession of heroin offense. At least one Ohio appellate court has held this
practice to be contrary to law, stating as follows:
[I]t is impermissible to sentence an offender for a specification when the
underlying offense upon which the specification is predicated has merged with
another allied offense. To hold otherwise would result in improperly imposing a
penalty enhancement under circumstances where there can be no sentence
imposed for the underlying predicate offense. Thus, the trial court’s act of
sentencing [the defendant] on specifications that were predicated on offenses that
were merged is contrary to law.
State v. Roper, 9th Dist. Summit Nos. 26631, 26632, 2013-Ohio-2176, ¶ 11.
{¶46} We agree with the rationale expressed by our sister district in Roper, and hold that
the trial court’s order that Robinson’s vehicle be forfeited to the State is contrary to law.
Accordingly, we sustain Robinson’s second assignment of error.
3. Clerical Sentencing Errors
Lawrence App. No. 14CA24 20
{¶47} In her third and fourth assignments of error, Robinson contends that the trial court
erred by mistakenly: (1) omitting from the sentencing entry that the offenses of possession of
heroin and trafficking in heroin were allied and should merge (third assignment of error); and (2)
including in the sentencing entry the imposition of a mandatory fine even though it had
previously waived the imposition of the fine (fourth assignment of error).
{¶48} While a court speaks through its journal entries, clerical errors in judgments,
orders, or other parts of the record may be corrected at any time. State v. Carsey, 4th Dist.
Athens No. 14CA5, 2014-Ohio-3682, ¶ 12; Crim.R. 36. Trial courts retain continuing
jurisdiction to correct clerical errors in judgments by nunc pro tunc entry to reflect what the court
actually decided. State v. Qualls, 131 Ohio St. 3d 499, 2012-Ohio-1111, 967 N.E.2d 718, ¶ 13.
{¶49} At the sentencing hearing, the trial court determined that the offenses of
possession of heroin and trafficking in heroin were allied and should merge; and it was
determined at the hearing that the trafficking in heroin charge would merge into the possession
of heroin charge. However, the sentencing entry does not reflect this merger. Rather, the
sentencing entry states a prison term of eleven years without indicating the fact of merger or to
which offense the prison sentence relates. Furthermore, at the sentencing hearing the trial court
ordered a $10,000 mandatory fine and Robinson’s counsel indicated that he would be seeking
waiver of the fine because Robinson was indigent. After the hearing, on July 9, 2014, Robinson’s
counsel filed a motion to set aside the mandatory fine. That same day, the trial court granted the
motion and ordered that the fine be waived. Nonetheless, in the sentencing entry filed on July 10,
2014, the trial court imposed the $10,000 fine. Thus, the sentencing entry appears to include at
least two clerical errors in need of correction. Accordingly, we sustain Robinson’s third and
fourth assignments of error.
Lawrence App. No. 14CA24 21
IV. Conclusion
{¶50} Based on the foregoing, we affirm Robinson’s convictions, but reverse and
vacate the trial court’s vehicle forfeiture order, and remand the matter for resentencing limited to
the issue of the proper imposition of post-release control. Upon remand, the trial court should
also correct its sentencing entry to (1) accurately reflect our order to vacate the vehicle forfeiture;
(2) accurately reflect what occurred at the sentencing hearing with respect to merger; and (3) to
clarify that the mandatory fine has been waived due to Robinson’s indigence.
JUDGMENT AFFIRMED IN PART,
REVERSED IN PART,
AND CAUSE REMANDED.
Lawrence App. No. 14CA24 22
JUDGMENT ENTRY
It is ordered that the JUDGMENT IS AFFIRMED IN PART AND REVERSED IN
PART and that the CAUSE IS REMANDED. Appellant and Appellee shall split the costs.
The Court finds that reasonable grounds existed for this appeal.
It is ordered that a special mandate issue out of this Court directing the Lawrence County
Court of Common Pleas to carry this judgment into execution.
IF A STAY OF EXECUTION OF SENTENCE AND RELEASE UPON BAIL HAS
BEEN PREVIOUSLY GRANTED BY THE TRIAL COURT OR THIS COURT, it is
temporarily continued for a period not to exceed sixty days upon the bail previously posted. The
purpose of a continued stay is to allow Appellant to file with the Supreme Court of Ohio an
application for a stay during the pendency of proceedings in that court. If a stay is continued by
this entry, it will terminate at the earlier of the expiration of the sixty day period, or the failure of
the Appellant to file a notice of appeal with the Supreme Court of Ohio in the forty-five day
appeal period pursuant to Rule II, Sec. 2 of the Rules of Practice of the Supreme Court of Ohio.
Additionally, if the Supreme Court of Ohio dismisses the appeal prior to expiration of sixty days,
the stay will terminate as of the date of such dismissal.
A certified copy of this entry shall constitute the mandate pursuant to Rule 27 of the
Rules of Appellate Procedure.
Harsha, J. and Abele, J.: Concur in Judgment and Opinion.
For the Court
BY: ____________________________
Marie Hoover, Judge
NOTICE TO COUNSEL
Pursuant to Local Rule No. 14, this document constitutes a final judgment entry and
the time period for further appeal commences from the date of filing with the clerk.