State v. Pawlak , 2016 Ohio 5926 ( 2016 )

[Cite as State v. Pawlak, 2016-Ohio-5926.]
Court of Appeals of Ohio
EIGHTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
COUNTY OF CUYAHOGA
JOURNAL ENTRY AND OPINION
No. 103444
STATE OF OHIO
PLAINTIFF-APPELLEE
vs.
BRANDON PAWLAK
DEFENDANT-APPELLANT
JUDGMENT:
AFFIRMED
Criminal Appeal from the
Cuyahoga County Court of Common Pleas
Case No. CR-14-591408-A
BEFORE: Celebrezze, J., Keough, P.J., and S. Gallagher, J.
RELEASED AND JOURNALIZED: September 22, 2016
ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT
Marcus S. Sidoti
Jordan & Sidoti, L.L.P.
50 Public Square
Suite 1900
Cleveland, Ohio 44113
ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEE
Timothy J. McGinty
Cuyahoga County Prosecutor
BY: Gregory Paul
Assistant Prosecuting Attorney
The Justice Center, 9th Floor
1200 Ontario Street
Cleveland, Ohio 44113
FRANK D. CELEBREZZE, JR., J.:
{¶1} Defendant-appellant, Brandon Pawlak (“appellant”), brings this appeal
challenging his convictions and the trial court’s sentence for aggravated robbery,
aggravated vehicular assault, failure to comply with an order or signal of a police officer,
breaking and entering, and grand theft. Specifically, appellant argues that his
convictions are not supported by sufficient evidence and are against the manifest weight
of the evidence, and his trial counsel provided ineffective assistance. Furthermore,
appellant argues that the trial court erred by imposing consecutive sentences, or, in the
alternative, that the trial court’s sentence is contrary to law. After a thorough review of
the record and law, this court affirms.
I. Factual and Procedural History
{¶2} The instant matter arose from an incident on October 23, 2014, that began at
Sweetbriar Golf Club (“Sweetbriar”) in Avon Lake, Ohio and, after a high-speed chase,
ended at Dover Gardens Tavern in Westlake, Ohio. Around 8:30 p.m., two employees,
superintendent Daniel Hershey (“Hershey”), and his assistant John Sterna (“Sterna”),
observed suspicious activity on the Sweetbriar grounds. Hershey observed two vehicles,
a white van and a “dark-colored” pickup truck, behind the maintenance area. Hershey
noticed an individual trying to gain entry into a dump truck in the maintenance area.
Hershey alerted Sterna, who had a better vantage point, and asked him to look into the
situation. Furthermore, Hershey contacted the Avon Lake Police Department to report
the suspicious activity.
{¶3} Sterna walked into his backyard to get a better view and observed two
individuals in the maintenance area. One of the individuals was wearing a light gray
hooded sweatshirt. Sterna approached the individuals and confronted a man, later
identified as appellant, wearing a dark hooded sweatshirt. After Sterna confronted
appellant, appellant jumped into Sweetbriar’s white pickup truck and the truck sped away,
nearly running over Sterna. Appellant’s codefendant, Matthew Sowden (“Sowden”),
fled the area in a white van. Appellant and Sowden left behind a blue pickup truck that
had been stolen from Community Assessment and Treatment Services, Inc. (“CATS”) in
Cleveland, Ohio.
{¶4} The responding officers located the white van and Sweetbriar’s white pickup
truck, and attempted to initiate a traffic stop. Sowden, who was driving the van,
complied with the officers and was taken into custody. Appellant, who was driving the
pickup truck, attempted to evade the officers.
{¶5} Officers began pursuing appellant in Avon, Ohio, and continued their pursuit
as appellant fled eastbound on Detroit Avenue. As appellant approached the intersection
of Detroit Road and Dover Center Road in Westlake, Ohio, he lost control of the vehicle
and crashed into Dover Gardens Tavern. Thirteen bar patrons were hospitalized as a
result of the crash. Appellant attempted to climb out of the truck’s rear window, but
officers immediately took him into custody.
{¶6} The Cuyahoga County Grand Jury returned a 32-count indictment charging
appellant with (1)-(13) aggravated robbery, in violation of R.C. 2911.01(A)(3); (14)-(26)
aggravated vehicular assault, in violation of R.C. 2903.08(A)(2)(b), with furthermore
clauses alleging that appellant was driving under suspension; (27) failure to comply with
an order or signal of a police officer, in violation of R.C. 2921.331(B); (28) felonious
assault, in violation of R.C. 2903.11(A)(2); (29) and (31) breaking and entering, in
violation of R.C. 2911.13(B); and (30) and (32) grand theft, in violation of R.C.
2913.02(A)(1). Appellant pled not guilty to the indictment.
{¶7} The trial court referred appellant to the court psychiatric clinic for a
competency evaluation. Dr. Amy Ginsberg evaluated appellant and concluded that he
was able to understand the nature of the proceedings and capable of assisting in his
defense. A jury trial commenced on July 20, 2015. Defense counsel moved for a
Crim.R. 29 judgment of acquittal at the close of the state’s case and at the close of all the
evidence. The trial court denied both motions.
{¶8} At the close of trial, the jury found appellant not guilty of felonious assault as
charged in Count 28 and breaking and entering as charged in Count 29. The jury found
appellant guilty of the remaining 30 counts. The trial court remanded appellant and set
the matter for sentencing.
{¶9} At the sentencing hearing, the court heard testimony from several victims
who were injured at Dover Gardens Tavern, victims’ family members, the prosecutor,
defense counsel, appellant’s mother, and appellant. The trial court sentenced appellant to
a prison term of 35 years and 6 months: ten years on Counts 1-13, to be served
concurrently to one another; 30 months on Counts 14-26, to be served consecutively to
one another and concurrently to Counts 1-13; three years on Count 27, to be served prior
and consecutively to Counts 1-26 and 30-32; and 12 months on Counts 30, 31, and 32, to
be served concurrently with Counts 1-26, and consecutively to Count 27.
{¶10} Appellant filed the instant appeal assigning three errors for review:
I. The guilty verdict cannot be upheld because the conflicting evidenc[e]
and testimony presented at trial did not establish the appellant’s guilt
beyond a reasonable doubt.
II. The guilty verdict cannot be upheld because trial counsel provided
ineffective assistance of counsel thereby violating appellant’s right to
counsel.
III. The sentence of the appellant was in error.
II. Law and Analysis
{¶11} Appellant’s first assignment of error challenging his convictions
encompasses both sufficiency and manifest weight issues. Thus, we will apply both
standards.
A. Sufficiency
{¶12} First, appellant argues that the evidence at trial did not establish his guilt
beyond a reasonable doubt. Specifically, appellant contends that the state failed to prove,
beyond a reasonable doubt, that he drove the truck that crashed into Dover Gardens
Tavern.
{¶13} The test for sufficiency requires a determination of whether the prosecution
met its burden of production at trial. State v. Bowden, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 92266,
2009-Ohio-3598, ¶ 12. The relevant inquiry is whether, after viewing the evidence in a
light most favorable to the prosecution, any rational trier of fact could have found the
essential elements of the crime proven beyond a reasonable doubt. State v. Thompkins,
78 Ohio St.3d 380, 386, 678 N.E.2d 541 (1997).
{¶14} In the instant matter, appellant does not allege that he was not in the truck
that crashed into Dover Gardens Tavern. Rather, appellant suggests that he was a
passenger and that another man was driving the truck. Appellant contends that none of
the state’s witnesses “affirmatively state[d] that they saw [him] driving the [truck].” We
disagree.
{¶15} The state presented the testimony of the following eyewitnesses: (1) Sterna,
(2) Officer Andrew Kehl, (3) Officer Nathan Fox, (4) Devin McElhannon, and (5) Katie
Murphy.
{¶16} First, Sterna testified that he confronted appellant in Sweetbriar’s
maintenance area and that appellant ran behind Sweetbriar’s truck. Sterna observed
appellant get into the truck’s driver’s seat. Sterna testified that “[n]o more than 15
seconds” after appellant got into the driver’s seat, the truck “pull[ed] a 180” and began to
follow the van. Sterna acknowledged that he could not determine who was driving the
truck because the truck was bearing down on him and the lights were shining in his eyes.
However, Sterna clarified that moments before the truck drove off, he saw appellant in
the driver’s seat.
{¶17} Second, Avon Lake Police Officer Andrew Kehl testified that he first
encountered the stolen truck on Jaycox Road, a driving distance of approximately 30
seconds from Sweetbriar. He testified that he observed one occupant in the truck’s
driver’s seat, and did not see a second occupant in the truck at any time. Officer Kehl
explained that he never lost visual contact with the truck, either during the chase or when
the truck crashed into Dover Gardens Tavern. Officer Kehl testified that after the truck
crashed into the bar, he exited his cruiser and observed “[a] subject coming out of the
back window of the truck.” Officer Kehl explained that the individual attempted to
climb through the back window on the driver’s side. “Less than ten seconds” thereafter,
Officer Kehl apprehended the individual. Officer Kehl identified appellant as the
individual who climbed out of the truck. Officer Kehl testified that neither the
passenger’s door nor the driver’s door opened after the vehicle crashed into the bar.
Based on his observations, Officer Kehl did not believe a second individual was in the
truck with appellant.
{¶18} Third, Westlake police officer Nathan Fox testified that he witnessed the
truck crash into Dover Gardens Tavern after driving over “stop sticks.” Officer Fox
testified that he never lost visual contact with the truck as it crashed into the bar. Officer
Fox testified that he observed the suspect crawl through a window into the bed of the
truck. Officer Fox explained that he and Officer Kehl pulled the suspect from the bed of
the truck to the ground and handcuffed him. Officer Fox identified appellant as the
suspect who he apprehended. Officer Fox testified that he was “certain” that there was
only one occupant inside the truck when it crashed into the bar.
{¶19} Fourth, Devin McElhannon (“McElhannon”), testified that he was inside
Dover Gardens Tavern when the truck crashed into the bar. McElhannon testified that
he “saw the person that was driving the truck trying to get out of the vehicle” and that he
“went after [the person].” McElhannon explained that the person was trying to get out of
the “driver’s portion” of the truck. McElhannon identified appellant as the person who
was trying to get out of the vehicle that had crashed into the bar. By the time
McElhannon got to appellant, he was on the ground and officers were handcuffing him.
McElhannon testified that he did not see anybody jump out of the truck and run away.
{¶20} Fifth, Katie Murphy (“Murphy”) testified that she was outside of Dover
Gardens Tavern when the truck crashed into the bar. Murphy explained that she
maintained a constant view of the truck as it traveled eastbound on Detroit Road and
crashed into the bar. Murphy testified that “less than a minute [later],” she saw a man
crawl out of the cab of the truck and into the bed. Murphy testified that officers
immediately took this man into custody. Murphy explained that she only saw one person
exit the truck after it crashed into the bar.
{¶21} In addition to the testimony of the eyewitnesses, the state presented the
testimony of Reed Reikowski, a detective with the Avon Lake Police Department.
Detective Reikowski testified about a jail phone call that appellant placed to codefendant
Sowden three days after the incident. The phone call was played in its entirety to the
jury. Detective Reikowski testified that during the phone call, Sowden said to appellant,
“‘[i]t’s funny you were able to drive through Avon Lake and Avon without a ding or a
dent then you hit Westlake,’ and I think he said, ‘[b]oom.”’ (Tr. 808.) Detective
Reikowski clarified that Sowden said to appellant, “you were able to drive,” rather than
“they” or “we.”
{¶22} After reviewing the record, we find that the state presented sufficient
evidence, if believed, to demonstrate that appellant drove away from Sweetbriar in the
stolen truck, evaded the police officers that were pursuing him, and crashed the truck into
the Dover Gardens Tavern.
B. Manifest Weight
{¶23} Second, appellant argues that his convictions are against the manifest weight
of the evidence. Specifically, appellant contends that the state presented “conflicting
evidence and testimony” at trial regarding the identity of the individual who drove the
stolen truck from Sweetbriar and crashed the truck into the Dover Gardens Tavern.
{¶24} In contrast to a sufficiency argument, a manifest weight challenge questions
whether the state met its burden of persuasion. Bowden, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 92266,
2009-Ohio-3598, at ¶ 12. A reviewing court “weighs the evidence and all reasonable
inferences, considers the credibility of witnesses and determines whether in resolving
conflicts in the evidence, the jury clearly lost its way and created such a manifest
miscarriage of justice that the conviction must be reversed and a new trial ordered.”
Thompkins, 78 Ohio St.3d at 388, 678 N.E.2d 541. A conviction should be reversed as
against the manifest weight of the evidence only in the most “exceptional case in which
the evidence weighs heavily against the conviction.” Id.{¶25} Although we review credibility when considering the manifest weight of the
evidence, we are cognizant that determinations regarding the credibility of witnesses and
the weight of the testimony are primarily for the trier of fact. State v. Bradley, 8th Dist.
Cuyahoga No. 97333, 2012-Ohio-2765, ¶ 14, citing State v. DeHass, 10 Ohio St.2d 230,
227 N.E.2d 212 (1967). The trier of fact is best able “to view the witnesses and observe
their demeanor, gestures, and voice inflections, and use these observations in weighing
the credibility of the proffered testimony.” State v. Wilson, 113 Ohio St.3d 382,
2007-Ohio-2202, 865 N.E.2d 1264, ¶ 24. The jury may take note of any inconsistencies
and resolve them accordingly, “believ[ing] all, part, or none of a witness’s testimony.”
State v. Raver, 10th Dist. Franklin No. 02AP-604, 2003-Ohio-958, ¶ 21, citing State v.
Antill, 176 Ohio St. 61, 67, 197 N.E.2d 548 (1964).
{¶26} In the instant matter, the defense’s theory at trial was that three individuals
were present at Sweetbriar: (1) a man in a light gray hoodie, (2) a man in a dark hoodie,
and (3) the driver of the van who was wearing an orange hoodie. (Tr. 1797-1799.)
However, on appeal, appellant contends that the trial testimony demonstrated that a third
individual was present at Sweetbriar and that this individual was the driver of the truck,
and thus, responsible for crashing the truck into Dover Gardens Tavern: “Sterna’s
testimony established that while the crime was originating, at the Sweetbriar Golf Club,
there were three (3) men, one (1) man in a light gray sweatshirt, one (1) man in a dark
gray sweatshirt, and the operator of the white truck who [Sterna] had never seen.”
Appellant’s brief at 13.
{¶27} Sterna explained that his backyard connects to Sweetbriar. Sterna stated
that after receiving a phone call from Hershey regarding suspicious activity at Sweetbriar,
he walked into his backyard to get a better view of the maintenance area. Sterna testified
that he noticed two individuals near the fuel tanks in the maintenance area. Sterna
opined that the individuals were roughly 50 to 60 yards away from his backyard. Sterna
explained that one of the individuals was wearing a light gray hooded sweatshirt, and that
the sweatshirt’s hood was up. Sterna testified that after observing the individual in the
light gray hoodie from his backyard, he did not see this individual again.
{¶28} Sterna explained that he put on some clothes and approached the area where
he observed the two individuals. As he approached the area on foot, Sterna encountered
a second individual wearing a dark hoodie from a distance of approximately 15 feet. The
individual wearing the dark hoodie, later identified as appellant, did not have his hood up,
and Sterna was able to see his face. Sterna explained that after he confronted appellant,
appellant ran and jumped into Sweetbriar’s white pickup truck, which was already
running.
{¶29} Sterna testified that the white van sped off and the white pickup truck
followed the van. He testified that he did not see the individual driving the van because
he was focusing on the van’s license plate. Sterna testified that he did not see the
individual driving the pickup truck because it was bearing down on him at a high rate of
speed and the truck’s lights were shining in his eyes.
{¶30} After viewing dash-cam footage, Sterna acknowledged that the individual
who was driving the van, later identified as codefendant Sowden, was wearing an orange
sweatshirt. Sterna explained that he did not see either of the individuals at Sweetbriar
wearing orange clothing. On cross-examination, Sterna testified that the color of
Sowden’s hoodie was “very indistinct.” Sterna further explained that he could not
determine that Sowden’s hoodie was orange from the dash-cam footage.
{¶31} Appellant’s manifest weight challenge is premised on the theory that a third
individual, who Sterna never observed, was sitting in the white pickup truck and sped off
in the truck after appellant jumped inside. On the other hand, the state’s theory was that
codefendant Sowden drove away from Sweetbriar in the van and appellant drove away in
the truck. As outlined above, the eyewitnesses at Dover Gardens Tavern only saw
appellant climbing out of the truck after it crashed into the bar. None of the witnesses
testified that a second individual emerged from the truck following the crash. When
there are two versions of events, neither of which is unbelievable, it is not our province to
choose which one should be believed. State v. Gore, 131 Ohio App.3d 197, 201, 722
N.E.2d 125 (7th Dist.1999). Rather, we defer to the factfinder who was best able to
weigh the evidence and judge the credibility of witnesses by viewing the demeanor, voice
inflections, and gestures of the witnesses testifying. Seasons Coal Co. v. Cleveland, 10
Ohio St.3d 77, 80, 461 N.E.2d 1273 (1994); DeHass, 10 Ohio St.2d at 231, 227 N.E.2d
212. Accordingly, appellant’s convictions are not against the manifest weight of the
evidence simply because the jury rejected the defense’s version of the events.
{¶32} Furthermore, appellant argues that the trial testimony “was consistently
riddled with allegations that a man in a red shirt had been driving the [truck].” Appellant
suggests that Thomas Sutton (“Sutton”), who was inside the bar after the crash and was
wearing a red hoodie, drove the vehicle that crashed into the bar. We disagree.
{¶33} Officer Kehl testified that when he arrested appellant, appellant informed
him that someone else was driving the truck. Officer Kehl explained that appellant did
not identify the person he claimed had been driving the truck, but said he was wearing a
red sweatshirt. Officer Kehl testified that he found no merit to appellant’s allegation and
that he did not find an individual wearing a red sweatshirt.
{¶34} McElhannon testified that when the officers were handcuffing appellant,
appellant was “yelling that it wasn’t him. It was the guy in the red hoodie.”
{¶35} Sutton testified that he was at Dover Gardens Tavern on the night of the
incident and that he was wearing a red hoodie. Sutton explained that at some point in
time, he took off the red hoodie and placed it on a chair at his table. Sutton testified that
when the truck crashed into the bar, “I [ran] as far as I could to avoid anything.” Sutton
explained that he ran towards the bathrooms in the back of the bar to get out of the way of
the commotion and the debris. Sutton testified that he had been at Dover Gardens
Tavern for “an hour or so” before the truck crashed into the bar. Sutton stated that he
remained inside the bar for approximately 20 minutes after the accident, and that he
remained on the premises outside of the bar for another hour or two. Sutton testified that
he picked up his red hoodie before exiting the bar. Sutton explained that he told officers
that he was not the driver of the truck and that he had been sitting at the bar drinking
when the crash occurred.
{¶36} Marietta Bernarding (“Bernarding”), testified that she arrived at Dover
Gardens Tavern on the night of the incident between 8:00 and 8:30 p.m. Bernarding
testified that before the truck crashed into the bar, she saw a customer wearing a red
hoodie. She explained that she made a statement to police officers on the night of the
incident. In her statement, Bernarding asserted that she did not see an individual wearing
a red hoodie exit the truck after it crashed into the bar.
{¶37} After reviewing the record, we cannot say that appellant’s convictions are
against the manifest weight of the evidence. Appellant’s self-serving statement to
Officer Kehl alleging that a man wearing a red shirt crashed the truck into Dover Gardens
Tavern is entirely unsupported by the testimony adduced at trial. Appellant was the only
individual that the witnesses observed exiting the truck after the crash. The trier of fact
heard the evidence presented and was able to take into account inconsistencies in the
testimony and to assess the credibility of the witnesses. We cannot say that this is the
exceptional case where the evidence weighs heavily against the convictions nor that the
jury clearly lost its way and created a manifest miscarriage of justice.
{¶38} Based on the foregoing analysis, we find that appellant’s convictions are
supported by sufficient evidence and are not against the manifest weight of the evidence.
Accordingly, appellant’s first assignment of error is overruled.
C. Ineffective Assistance of Counsel
{¶39} In his second assignment of error, appellant argues that he was denied
effective assistance of counsel as guaranteed by the Sixth Amendment of the United
States Constitution. Specifically, appellant contends that trial counsel’s failure to file a
motion to suppress evidence obtained during Detective Reikowski’s interview of
appellant constituted ineffective assistance.
{¶40} To establish ineffective assistance of counsel, a defendant must demonstrate
(1) that counsel’s performance fell below an objective standard of reasonable
representation and (2) that he was prejudiced by that performance. Strickland v.
Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 687-688, 104 S.Ct. 2052, 80 L.Ed.2d 674 (1984). Prejudice
is established when the defendant demonstrates “a reasonable probability that, but for
counsel’s unprofessional errors, the result of the proceeding would have been different.
A reasonable probability is a probability sufficient to undermine confidence in the
outcome.” Id. at 694.
{¶41} The failure to prove either prong of the Strickland two-part test makes it
unnecessary for a court to consider the other prong. State v. Madrigal, 87 Ohio St.3d
378, 388-389, 721 N.E.2d 52 (2000), citing Strickland at 697. “In particular, a court
need not determine whether counsel’s performance was deficient before examining the
prejudice suffered by the defendant as a result of the alleged deficiencies. * * * If it is
easier to dispose of an ineffectiveness claim on the ground of lack of sufficient prejudice
* * * that course should be followed.” Strickland at id.{¶42} In the instant matter, we need not address the first Strickland prong because
appellant cannot show prejudice, or a reasonable probability that but for trial counsel’s
failure to file a motion to suppress the evidence, the proceeding’s result would have been
different.
{¶43} Detective Reikowski testified that he interviewed appellant on the day after
the incident at Dover Gardens Tavern. Detective Reikowski explained:
we sat him down, we read him Miranda, and explained very clearly we
wanted him to read the Miranda, understand it. He pretty quickly decided
he didn’t want to, but he was trying to pull information from us. So it’s
pretty common procedure to just kind of let him talk. So he was talking
about it, and he made reference to the fact he knows he’s the driver and
there’s nothing he can do to change that.
And then we jumped into the fictional red shirt, and I told him, “[w]e could
talk about that, but again I need Miranda to cover myself and you so you
understand what we’re doing.” (Tr. 773.)
(Emphasis added.)
{¶44} Appellant contends that his statement to Detective Reikowski “is tantamount
to a confession” and that because his attorney did not move to suppress his statement, the
state “was ultimately permitted to use this [statement] as a confession.” Furthermore,
appellant argues that had the “confession” not been admitted at trial, it is unlikely that he
would have been convicted.
{¶45} After reviewing the record, we find that appellant’s ineffective assistance
claim fails under the second Strickland prong. Detective Reikowski clarified that
appellant made no admission as to being the driver of the truck that crashed into the bar:
“[t]he statements when he said, ‘I know I’m the driver,’ were followed up by references
to the red-shirted guy.” (Tr. 774.) Even if appellant’s trial counsel had moved to
suppress his statements to Detective Reikowski, the state presented ample evidence that
appellant drove the truck that crashed into Dover Gardens Tavern. Furthermore,
appellant’s statement was voluntary and made after he had been Mirandized.
Accordingly, appellant cannot demonstrate that he was prejudiced by counsel’s alleged
deficient performance.
{¶46} Based on the foregoing analysis, appellant’s second assignment of error is
overruled.
D. Trial Court’s Sentence
{¶47} In his third assignment of error, appellant argues that the trial court erred in
imposing consecutive sentences. Specifically, appellant contends that the court erred in
finding that consecutive sentences are necessary to protect the public from future crime
and are not disproportionate to the offenses.
{¶48} We review felony sentences under the standard set forth in
R.C. 2953.08(G)(2). State v. Marcum, Slip Opinion No. 2016-Ohio-1002, ¶ 16. R.C.
2953.08(G)(2) provides that when reviewing felony sentences, a reviewing court may
overturn the imposition of consecutive sentences where the court “clearly and
convincingly” finds that (1) “the record does not support the sentencing court’s findings
under R.C. 2929.14(C)(4),” or (2) “the sentence is otherwise contrary to law.”
{¶49} R.C. 2929.14(C)(4) provides that in order to impose consecutive sentences,
the trial court must find that consecutive sentences are (1) necessary to protect the public
from future crime or to punish the offender, (2) that such sentences would not be
disproportionate to the seriousness of the conduct and to the danger the offender poses to
the public, and (3) that one of the following applies:
(a) The offender committed one or more of the multiple offenses while the
offender was awaiting trial or sentencing, was under a sanction imposed
pursuant to section 2929.16, 2929.17, or 2929.18 of the Revised Code, or
was under postrelease control for a prior offense.
(b) At least two of the multiple offenses were committed as part of one or
more courses of conduct, and the harm caused by two or more of the
multiple offenses so committed was so great or unusual that no single
prison term for any of the offenses committed as part of any of the courses
of conduct adequately reflects the seriousness of the offender’s conduct.
(c) The offender’s history of criminal conduct demonstrates that
consecutive sentences are necessary to protect the public from future crime
by the offender.
{¶50} Compliance with R.C. 2929.14(C)(4) requires the trial court to make the
statutory findings at the sentencing hearing, which means that “‘the [trial] court must note
that it engaged in the analysis’ and that it ‘has considered the statutory criteria and
specifie[d] which of the given bases warrants its decision.’” State v. Bonnell, 140 Ohio
St.3d 209, 2014-Ohio-3177, 16 N.E.3d 659, ¶ 26, quoting State v. Edmonson, 86 Ohio
St.3d 324, 326, 715 N.E.2d 131 (1999). Further, the reviewing court must be able to
discern that the record contains evidence to support the findings. State v. Davis, 8th Dist.
Cuyahoga No. 102639, 2015-Ohio-4501, ¶ 21, citing Bonnell at ¶ 29. A trial court is not,
however, required to state its reasons to support its findings, nor is it required to give a
rote recitation of the statutory language, “provided that the necessary findings can be
found in the record and are incorporated in the sentencing entry.” Bonnell at ¶ 37.
{¶51} In the instant matter, the trial court ordered the aggravated vehicular assault
counts to run consecutively to one another and ordered the failure to comply count to run
consecutively to all other counts.
{¶52} Appellant argues that the trial court erred in finding that consecutive
sentences are required to protect the public from future crime and are not disproportionate
to the offenses. Appellant suggests that the trial court imposed consecutive sentences
because he “did not accept full responsibility at the sentencing hearing, and maintained
his innocence.” Furthermore, although appellant concedes that the trial court made the
necessary findings to impose consecutive sentences, he contends that the trial court’s
findings “were nothing more than a mere talismanic incantation, and insufficient under
Bonnell.” After reviewing the record, we disagree.
{¶53} In the instant matter, the record reflects that the trial court made the requisite
R.C. 2929.14(C)(4) findings in support of its imposition of consecutive sentences. In
making the first finding, the trial court stated that “consecutive service is necessary to
protect the public from future crime and to punish this defendant.” (Tr. 1997-1998.)
Furthermore, the trial court stated, “I’m afraid that you will kill people in the future[.]”
(Tr. 2000.) In making the second finding, the trial court stated that “consecutive
sentences are not disproportionate for the seriousness of this defendant’s conduct and to
the danger that you impose to the public.” (Tr. 1998.) In making the third finding under
R.C. 2929.14(C)(4)(b), the trial court stated that “at least two of the multiple offenses
were committed in this case as part of one or more courses of conduct and that the harm
that you caused was so great and so unusual that no single prison term for any of these
offenses committed as part of any course of conduct would adequately reflect the
seriousness of this conduct.” (Tr. 1998.)
{¶54} The trial court emphasized that in 2011, appellant was convicted of failure
to comply after he “ran a red light, and became involved in an accident after he was
fleeing from the police.”1 (Tr. 1982.) The trial court found the 2011 incident to be
significant because appellant fled from the police in the instant matter “knowing that [he]
created an accident the last time that [he] fled.” (Tr. 1999.) The trial court stated that
“[p]olice chases are by far the most dangerous thing that the police officers encounter.”
(Tr. 1998.) The trial court discussed how appellant’s actions affected the victims:
you have created and caused havoc in our society. You have hurt these
people so tremendously that you’ve changed the course of hundreds of
people’s lives as a result of what you did that day.
***
We are so lucky that a family of five is not dead as a result of what
happened. Had you entered Dover Center that night, you could have killed
people. You could have killed any one of these people easily and you
1In Cuyahoga C.P. No. CR-11-547153-A, appellant pled guilty to failure to
comply with an order or signal of a police officer, in violation of R.C. 2921.331(B),
and was sentenced to a prison term of two years.
almost killed four of them as a result of what happened. (Tr. 1999-2000.)
Finally, the trial court noted that appellant did not accept responsibility for his actions and
continued to maintain that someone else was driving the truck, despite all of the evidence
to the contrary.
{¶55} In light of the foregoing analysis, we conclude that the trial court made the
appropriate consecutive sentence findings and engaged in the analysis required under
R.C. 2929.14(C)(4). We cannot “clearly and convincingly” find that the record does not
support the trial court’s findings. Furthermore, the trial court properly incorporated its
findings into the sentencing journal entry as required. Bonnell, 140 Ohio St.3d 209,
2014-Ohio-3177, 16 N.E.3d 659, at syllabus.
{¶56} In the alternative, appellant argues that the trial court’s sentence was
contrary to law under R.C. 2953.08(A)(1). R.C. 2953.08 provides, in relevant part:
(A) a defendant who is convicted of * * * a felony may appeal as a matter
of right the sentence imposed upon the defendant on one of the following
grounds:
(1) The sentence consisted of or included the maximum prison term allowed
for the offense by division (A) of section 2929.14 or section 2929.142 of
the Revised Code, the maximum prison term was not required for the
offense pursuant to Chapter 2925. or any other provision of the Revised
Code, and the court imposed the sentence under one of the following
circumstances:
(a) The sentence was imposed for only one offense.
(b) The sentence was imposed for two or more offenses arising out of a
single incident, and the court imposed the maximum prison term for the
offense of the highest degree.
(Emphasis added.)
{¶57} Although appellant asserts that the trial court only imposed the maximum
sentence for the failure to comply count, the record reflects that the trial court also
imposed the maximum sentence for breaking and entering, a fifth-degree felony, as
charged in Count 31. Appellant argues that “the [t]rial [c]ourt’s use of non-maximum
consecutive sentences to fashion a virtual life sentence is tantamount to [R.C.
2953.08(A)(1)] issues, and is therefore contrary to law[.]” Appellant’s brief at 19. In
support of his argument, appellant contends that (1) “this was not the most egregious
form of this crime,” (2) the truck only crashed into Dover Gardens Tavern because the
police “used the speed sticks in a dangerous fashion,” (3) there was some evidence
suggesting that he was not the driver of the truck, and (4) he did in fact express remorse
to the victims.
{¶58} A sentence is contrary to law if the sentence falls outside the statutory range
for the particular degree of offense or if the trial court fails to consider the purposes and
principles of felony sentencing set forth in R.C. 2929.11 and the sentencing factors set
forth in R.C. 2929.12. State v. Carrington, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 100918,
2014-Ohio-4575, ¶ 22, citing State v. Hodges, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 99511,
2013-Ohio-5025, ¶ 7.
{¶59} This court has held that a trial court “fulfills its duty under the statutes by
indicating that it has considered the relevant sentencing factors.” State v. Smith, 8th Dist.
Cuyahoga No. 100206, 2014-Ohio-603, ¶ 14, citing State v. Saunders, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga
No. 98379, 2013-Ohio-490, ¶ 4. The trial court “need not go through each factor on the
record — it is sufficient that the court acknowledges that it has complied with its statutory
duty to consider the factors without further elaboration.” Id., citing State v. Pickens, 8th
Dist. Cuyahoga No. 89658, 2008-Ohio-1407, ¶ 6. In fact, consideration of the
appropriate factors set forth in R.C. 2929.11 and 2929.12 can be presumed unless the
defendant affirmatively shows to the contrary. State v. Jones, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No.
99759, 2014-Ohio-29, ¶ 13.
{¶60} After reviewing the record, we find that the trial court’s sentence is not
contrary to law. Appellant’s sentences for his felonies of the first, third, fourth, and fifth
degree were within the statutory ranges under R.C. 2929.14(A). Furthermore, during the
sentencing hearing, the trial court stated that it “considered all of the required factors
under 2929.11, 12, and 13[.]” The trial court’s sentencing journal entry provides, in
relevant part, that “the court considered all required factors of the law. The court finds
that prison is consistent with the purposes of R.C. 2929.11.” Aside from the trial court’s
notation in the sentencing entry that it “considered all required factors of law” including,
specifically, R.C. 2929.11, the record in this case reflects that the trial court did, in fact,
consider both R.C. 2929.11 and 2929.12 when sentencing appellant.
{¶61} The trial court reviewed a prior presentence investigation report and
appellant’s competency report. The trial court heard statements from several victims and
their family members, the prosecutor, defense counsel, appellant’s mother, and appellant.
The trial court proceeded to review appellant’s extensive criminal record that began in
1998. Appellant’s record includes charges of burglary, gross sexual imposition, robbery,
domestic violence, driving under suspension, fleeing the scene, attempted felonious
assault, receiving stolen property, assault, resisting arrest, breaking and entering, criminal
damaging, criminal mischief, attempted theft, failure to comply, possessing criminal
tools, contributing to the delinquency of a minor, grand theft of a motor vehicle, bringing
stolen property into another state, and driving with expired and fictitious plates.
{¶62} The trial court considered the harm that appellant caused to the victims.
Thirteen Dover Gardens Tavern patrons were hospitalized as a result of appellant’s
conduct, and 4 of the 13 patrons were life-flighted with critical injuries. The trial court
considered that appellant did not take responsibility for his actions and, despite all of the
evidence to the contrary, insisted that he was not the driver of the truck that crashed into
the bar.
{¶63} Accordingly, because the felony sentences were within the permissible
statutory ranges and the trial court considered the required factors of law, appellant’s
sentence is not contrary to law.
{¶64} Finally, we note that appellant’s reliance on R.C. 2953.08(A)(1) is
misplaced. Appellant’s aggravated robbery convictions were the offenses of the highest
degree, and the trial court did not impose the maximum prison term for these first-degree
felonies.
{¶65} Based on the foregoing analysis, we conclude that the trial court did not err
by imposing consecutive sentences. The trial court made the appropriate consecutive
sentence findings and engaged in the proper analysis under R.C. 2929.14(C)(4), and we
cannot “clearly and convincingly” find that the record does not support the trial court’s
findings. Furthermore, because the trial court sentenced appellant within the permissible
statutory ranges and considered the required factors of law, appellant’s sentence is not
contrary to law.
{¶66} Accordingly, appellant’s third assignment of error is overruled.
III. Conclusion
{¶67} After thoroughly reviewing the record, we find that appellant’s convictions
are supported by sufficient evidence and are not against the manifest weight of the
evidence. We cannot say that trial counsel’s failure to file a motion to suppress the
evidence from appellant’s interview with Detective Reikowski constituted ineffective
assistance. Furthermore, appellant cannot demonstrate a reasonable probability that the
proceeding’s result would have been different if his trial counsel had moved to suppress
the evidence. Finally, the trial court did not err by imposing consecutive sentences, and
appellant’s sentence is not contrary to law.
{¶68} Judgment affirmed.
It is ordered that appellee recover from appellant costs herein taxed.
The court finds there were reasonable grounds for this appeal.
It is ordered that a special mandate issue out of this court directing the common
pleas court to carry this judgment into execution. The defendant’s convictions having
been affirmed, any bail pending appeal is terminated. Case remanded to the trial court
for execution of sentence.
A certified copy of this entry shall constitute the mandate pursuant to Rule 27 of
the Rules of Appellate Procedure.
FRANK D. CELEBREZZE, JR., JUDGE
KATHLEEN ANN KEOUGH, P.J., and
SEAN C. GALLAGHER, J., CONCUR