Gibson v. Ohio Dept. of Rehab. & Corr. , 2019 Ohio 4955 ( 2019 )

[Cite as Gibson v. Ohio Dept. of Rehab. & Corr., 2019-Ohio-4955.]
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF OHIO
TENTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
Reginald Gibson, :
Plaintiff-Appellant, :
No. 19AP-379
v. : (Ct. of Cl. No. 2018-00870)
Ohio Department of Rehabilitation : (ACCELERATED CALENDAR)
and Correction,
:
Defendant-Appellee.
:
D E C I S I O N
Rendered on December 3, 2019
On brief: Reginald Gibson, pro se.
On brief: Dave Yost, Attorney General, and Timothy M.
Miller, for appellee.
APPEAL from the Court of Claims of Ohio
BROWN, J.
{¶ 1} Reginald Gibson, plaintiff-appellant, an inmate at the Lima Correctional
Institution, appeals from the judgment of the Court of Claims of Ohio, in which the court
granted the summary judgment motion filed by the Ohio Department of Rehabilitation
and Correction ("ODRC"), defendant-appellee.
{¶ 2} Appellant alleged from August 2013 to May 2017, he filed numerous
requests for healthcare services because of pain in his left hip and a growing cyst on his
left hip, but he either received no treatment or inadequate treatment during this time. He
finally was approved for surgery to remove the cyst on May 17 and had surgery on May 19,
2017.
No. 19AP-379 2
{¶ 3} On June 5, 2018, appellant filed a legal action against ODRC in the Court of
Claims. In the complaint, appellant alleged ODRC was negligent in treating his pain and
delaying and denying surgery on the cyst/lipoma on his hip, resulting in pain, suffering,
mental anguish, and permanent disability.
{¶ 4} On November 26, 2018, the Court of Claims ordered appellant to provide
ODRC with the names of expert witnesses and a copy of their reports by February 15,
2019. Appellant failed to do so.
{¶ 5} On April 2, 2019, ODRC filed a motion for summary judgment arguing
appellant had failed to obtain a medical expert, which was required to establish the
requisite standard of care. Appellant filed a reply, in which he claimed he was not
asserting a claim for medical negligence but, instead, only for ordinary negligence, so no
medical expert testimony was necessary.
{¶ 6} On May 7, 2019, the Court of Claims granted ODRC's motion for summary
judgment, finding appellant's claim was a medical negligence claim that required him to
obtain a report from a medical expert, which he failed to do. Appellant appeals the
judgment of the Court of Claims, asserting the following assignments of error, which are
quoted below verbatim:
[I.] If the Court treats pro se litigants differently, Does it
departs from its duty of impartiality and prejudices the
handling of a case as it relates to other litigants represented by
counsel?
[II.] Does R.C. 5120.20(C)(2), as written, violate due process
Article I, Section 16 of the Ohio Constitution, and the Equal
Protection Clause of the United States Constitution in its
application to an inmate in a civil action?
[III.] The Court of Claims erred in granting Defendant's
motion for summary judgment, as Plaintiff's claim was not
one of medical malpractice, but one of ordinary negligence, as
in Bugh v. Grafton 10th Dist. No. 06AP-454, 2006-Ohio-
6641, 2006 Ohio App. LEXIS 6466.
{¶ 7} Appellant argues in his assignments of error the trial court erred when it
granted ODRC's motion for summary judgment. Appellate review of summary judgment
is de novo. MacDonald v. Authentic Invests., LLC, 10th Dist. No. 15AP-801, 2016-Ohio-
4640, ¶ 22. Summary judgment is proper only when the party moving for summary
No. 19AP-379 3
judgment demonstrates: (1) no genuine issue of material fact exists, (2) the moving
parties are entitled to judgment as a matter of law, and (3) reasonable minds could come
to but one conclusion and that conclusion is adverse to the party against whom the
motion for summary judgment is made, that party being entitled to have the evidence
most strongly construed in its favor. Civ.R. 56; State ex rel. Grady v. State Emp.
Relations Bd., 78 Ohio St.3d 181 (1997).
{¶ 8} Pursuant to Civ.R. 56(C), the moving party bears the initial burden of
informing the trial court of the basis for the motion and identifying those portions of the
record demonstrating the absence of a genuine issue of material fact. Dresher v. Burt, 75
Ohio St.3d 280, 293 (1996). The moving party, however, cannot discharge its initial
burden under this rule with a conclusory assertion that the non-moving party has no
evidence to prove its case; the moving party must specifically point to evidence of a type
listed in Civ.R. 56(C), affirmatively demonstrating that the non-moving party has no
evidence to support the non-moving party's claims. Dresher at 293; Vahila v. Hall, 77
Ohio St.3d 421 (1997). Once the moving party discharges its initial burden, summary
judgment is appropriate if the non-moving party does not respond, by affidavit or as
otherwise provided in Civ.R. 56, with specific facts showing that a genuine issue exists for
trial. Dresher at 293; Vahila at 430; Civ.R. 56(E).
{¶ 9} We address appellant's third assignment of error first, as it is dispositive of
appellant's appeal. Appellant argues in his third assignment of error that the Court of
Claims erred when it granted ODRC's motion for summary judgment because it was not a
claim for medical negligence, but one for ordinary negligence.
{¶ 10} "[A]n inmate is under no different burden than any other plaintiff in a
medical malpractice claim." Nicely v. Ohio Dept. of Rehab. & Corr., 10th Dist. No. 09AP-
197, 2009-Ohio-4386, ¶ 9. In order to establish medical malpractice, a plaintiff must
prove: (1) the standard of care recognized by the medical community, (2) the defendant's
breach of that standard of care, and (3) proximate cause between the medical evidence
and the plaintiff's injuries. Evans v. Ohio Dept. of Rehab. & Corr., 10th Dist. No. 16AP-
767, 2018-Ohio-1035, ¶ 39; Hernandez v. Ohio Dept. of Rehab. & Corr., 10th Dist. No.
17AP-37, 2017-Ohio-8646, ¶ 13. Generally, "[a] medical malpractice claimant must
provide proof of the recognized standard of care in the medical community through
expert testimony." Evans, citing Bruni v. Tatsumi, 46 Ohio St.2d 127, 131-32 (1976).
No. 19AP-379 4
" 'That expert testimony must explain what a physician of ordinary skill, care, and
diligence in the same medical specialty would do in similar circumstances.' " Grieser v.
Janis, 10th Dist. No. 17AP-3, 2017-Ohio-8896, ¶ 18, quoting Stanley v. Ohio State Univ.
Med. Ctr., 10th Dist. No. 12AP-999, 2013-Ohio-5140, ¶ 19. "Failure to provide expert
testimony establishing the recognized standards of care in the medical specialty
community is fatal to the presentation of a prima facie case of medical [malpractice]."
Janis at ¶ 20; Evans at ¶ 42.
{¶ 11} By local rule of the Court of Claims, parties are required to exchange, in
advance of trial and in accordance with the schedule established by the court, written
reports of expert witnesses expected to testify. Local Rules of the Court of Claims
("L.C.C.R. (8)(E)"). The rule prohibits a party from calling an expert witness to testify
unless a written report has been procured from that witness. L.C.C.R. (8)(E). Under the
local rule, "if a party is unable to obtain a written report from an expert, the party must
demonstrate that a good faith effort was made to obtain the report and must advise the
court and the opposing party of the name and address of the expert, the subject of the
expert's expertise together with the expert's qualifications and a detailed summary of the
expert's testimony." L.C.C.R. (8)(E). If good cause is not demonstrated, the court may
exclude testimony of the expert. L.C.C.R. (8)(E). See also Vaught v. Cleveland Clinic
Found., 98 Ohio St.3d 485, 2003-Ohio-2181, ¶ 21 ("a party must make a good-faith effort
to submit a written expert report once a court has established a deadline for filing expert
witness reports").
{¶ 12} Because expert medical testimony is required to support a medical
negligence claim, summary judgment in favor of the defendant is proper where the
plaintiff both fails to produce an expert report and does not move for and receive a
continuance under Civ.R. 56(F). Hernandez at ¶ 15-18; Frost v. Cleveland Rehab. &
Special Care Ctr., Inc., 8th Dist. No. 89694, 2008-Ohio-1718, ¶ 15. As explained by
Hernandez at ¶ 17:
Civ.R. 56(F) provides the sole remedy for a party who must
respond to a motion for summary judgment before it has
completed adequate discovery. Mootispaw v. Mohr, 10th Dist.
No. 15AP-885, 2016-Ohio-1246, ¶ 10; Commons at Royal
Landing, LLC v. Whitehall, 10th Dist. No. 15AP-240, 2016-
Ohio-362, ¶ 8. Pursuant to Civ.R. 56(F), a party may request
that the trial court defer ruling on the motion for summary
No. 19AP-379 5
judgment pending the completion of discovery. Mootispaw at
¶ 10; Commons at Royal Landing at ¶ 9. When a party fails to
move for a Civ.R. 56(F) continuance, a trial court may grant
summary judgment to the moving party even if discovery
remains incomplete. Mootispaw at ¶ 10; Commons at Royal
Landing at ¶ 11. Moreover, the party that fails to move for a
Civ.R. 56(F) continuance does not preserve his right to
challenge the adequacy of discovery on appeal. Mootispaw at
¶ 10.
{¶ 13} In this case, ODRC moved for summary judgment contending that, because
appellant failed to submit an expert report as required by L.C.C.R. 8(E) in support of his
claim, he should be precluded from presenting any expert testimony at trial and, as a
result, would be unable to establish a prima facie case of medical negligence.
{¶ 14} Appellant contends the Court of Claims improperly characterized his
complaint as one of medical negligence, rather than ordinary negligence. Appellant
contends ODRC was negligent because it delayed removing the large and painful
cyst/lipoma on his hip for more than three years, and a layperson could understand there
was negligence in the case that obviated the need for a medical expert.
{¶ 15} "[C]laimed negligence in a medical context that does not rely upon a lapse
in the professional skills and judgment of medical personnel, but relates to actionable
conduct that would lie within the common knowledge of and experience of a layperson
* * * sounds in ordinary negligence and does not invoke the specialized elements of a
professional malpractice claim." Franks v. Ohio Dept. of Rehab. & Corr., 10th Dist. No.
12AP-442, 2013-Ohio-1519, ¶ 8, citing Cunningham v. Children's Hosp., 10th Dist. No.
05AP-69, 2005-Ohio-4284, ¶ 1, and Jones v. Hawkes Hosp. of Mt. Carmel, 175 Ohio St.
503, 506 (1964). Thus, an inmate's claim against ODRC based on the negligent acts or
omissions of ODRC's medical staff sound in ordinary negligence, rather than medical
negligence, where the claimed negligence occurs in a medical context but does not arise in
the course of medical diagnosis, care, or treatment of the inmate. Foy v. Ohio Dept. of
Rehab. & Corr., 10th Dist. No. 16AP-723, 2017-Ohio-1065, ¶ 23. Also, no medical expert is
necessary when "the standard of care in the case is so obvious that non-experts could
reasonably be expected to evaluate the impact of the defendant's conduct." Campbell v.
Ohio State Univ. Med. Ctr., 10th Dist. No. 04AP-96, 2004-Ohio-6072, ¶ 10.
No. 19AP-379 6
{¶ 16} Furthermore, " ' " 'courts must look to the actual nature or subject matter of
the case, rather than to the form in which the action is pleaded. The grounds for bringing
the action are the determinative factors, the form is immaterial.' " ' " Helfrich v. Allstate
Ins. Co., 10th Dist. No. 12AP-559, 2013-Ohio-4335, ¶ 28, quoting Montgomery v. Ohio
State Univ., 10th Dist. No. 11AP-1024, 2012-Ohio-5489, ¶ 13, quoting Love v. Port
Clinton, 37 Ohio St.3d 98, 99 (1988), quoting Hambleton v. R.G. Barry Corp., 12 Ohio
St.3d 179, 183 (1984).
{¶ 17} In the present case, the Court of Claims found appellant's complaint
asserted a claim for medical negligence. The court found the complaint alleged ODRC
denied appellant medication and, instead, prescribed only ibuprofen and delayed a
necessary surgery. The court then concluded there was no genuine issue of material fact
regarding appellant's failure to retain an expert, provide a report, or demonstrate a good-
faith effort to obtain an expert report. Therefore, the court found, reasonable minds could
only conclude that appellant, lacking expert testimony, could not sustain his burden
regarding the standard of care, breach of that standard of care, and proximate cause.
{¶ 18} After a review of appellant's complaint, we find his claims sound in medical
negligence rather than ordinary negligence. In his complaint, appellant alleged ODRC
failed to adequately treat his medical condition without undue delay, delayed the excision
of an encapsulated lipoma on his hip, failed to administer pain medication to him, failed
to timely approve him for surgery, ignored his medical needs and medical condition, and
refused to timely refer him for surgery. The negligence appellant describes in the
complaint clearly arose in the course of medical diagnosis, care or treatment of the
growing cyst. Whether ODRC was negligent in treating the pain and failing to remove the
cyst in a more timely manner is uniquely within the purview of a medical expert and
outside the general knowledge of a layperson. See Kester v. Brakel, 10th Dist. No. 06AP-
253, 2007-Ohio-495, ¶ 26 (finding the failure to prove the recognized standards of the
medical community were not met or to prove the failure to meet those minimum
standards proximately caused the injury is fatal to a claim of medical malpractice).
Medical skill and judgment was necessary to determine the proper course of treatment for
appellant's hip cyst and determine whether any medication should have been prescribed
to him. Such matters would be well outside common knowledge. As explained above, the
failure of a medical negligence claimant, such as appellant, to produce a report from a
No. 19AP-379 7
proffered medical expert bars that witness from testifying under L.C.C.R. 8(E) and
negates an element of the claim as a consequence. See Hernandez at ¶ 15-18.
{¶ 19} Appellant also claims that Bugh v. Grafton, 10th Dist. No. 06AP-454, 2006-
Ohio-6641, is applicable to this case. However, that case is readily distinguishable. In
Bugh, an inmate was prescribed special footwear due to arthritis and injuries to his feet,
and he alleged in his action the failure of the correctional institution to timely and
efficiently provide replacement footwear caused him injury. As pertinent here, the trial
court granted summary judgment to the correctional institution, finding that, although
the inmate's claims were not couched in terms of medical negligence, to the extent that
the claims could be construed to allege medical negligence so as to require medical expert
testimony for the inmate to prevail, he could not prevail because he failed to timely
identify a medical expert witness. On appeal, this court found that, instead of asserting a
claim of medical negligence, the inmate essentially asserted the correctional institution's
actions or lack of action delayed procurement of medically prescribed footwear and,
consequently, it breached a duty of care toward the inmate; thus, the inmate's cause of
action was a claim that the correctional institution acted negligently. However, in the
present case, appellant specifically alleged ODRC failed to render adequate and timely
medical care by failing to timely perform surgery and prescribe him medication, both of
which involve medical diagnosis, care or treatment. In Bugh, the inmate had already been
prescribed the medically necessary footwear and the correctional institution was aware of
and agreed the inmate needed replacement footwear. The sole issue was the correctional
institution's untimely and inefficient procurement of the footwear, which does not involve
any medical diagnosis, care or treatment. Therefore, we find Bugh distinguishable from
the present case. For all of the foregoing reasons, we find the Court of Claims did not err
when it granted summary judgment in favor of ODRC, and we overrule appellant's third
assignment of error.
{¶ 20} With regard to appellant's first and second assignments of error, both of
these assignments of error raise arguments regarding discovery issues that have no
relevance to appellant's fatal failure to obtain an expert and submit an expert report to
support his medical negligence claim, as we addressed in appellant's third assignment of
error above. Therefore, we find appellant's first and second assignments of error are
rendered moot.
No. 19AP-379 8
{¶ 21} Accordingly, appellant's third assignment of error is overruled, and his first
and second assignments of error are rendered moot. The judgment of the Court of Claims
of Ohio is affirmed.
Judgment affirmed.
DORRIAN and BEATTY BLUNT, JJ., concur.
____________________