State v. Hall , 2017 Ohio 446 ( 2017 )

[Cite as State v. Hall, 2017-Ohio-446.]
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF OHIO
TENTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
State of Ohio, :
Plaintiff-Appellant, :
v. : No. 16AP-473
(C.P.C. No. 15CR-2054)
David E. Hall, :
(REGULAR CALENDAR)
Defendant-Appellee. :
D E C I S I O N
Rendered on February 7, 2017
On brief: Ron O'Brien, Prosecuting Attorney, and
Barbara A. Farnbacher, for appellant. Argued: Barbara A.
Farnbacher.
On brief: Jeremy Dodgion, for appellee. Argued: Jeremy
Dodgion.
APPEAL from the Franklin County Court of Common Pleas
TYACK, P.J.
{¶ 1} The state of Ohio is appealing from the trial court's granting of a motion to
suppress. The assignment of error presented corresponds to that:
THE TRIAL COURT ERRED WHEN IT GRANTED
DEFENDANT'S MOTION TO SUPPRESS.
{¶ 2} David E. Hall was either sleeping or passed out in a motor vehicle in the
parking lot of a drinking establishment when the motor vehicle was approached by two
Columbus police officers. The officers knocked on a window of the motor vehicle but Hall
did not immediately respond.
No. 16AP-473 2
{¶ 3} The two officers shone flashlights into the interior of the vehicle but
observed nothing illegal.
{¶ 4} The officers resumed knocking on the window of the vehicle, but Hall again
did not immediately respond. Finally, Hall came to a little and then knocked on the
window from inside of the vehicle. Hall then went to sleep again or passed out again.
Hall had a set of keys in his hand but the engine for the vehicle was not running and he
made no effort to start the car or move the car.
{¶ 5} The officers decided to open the vehicle's door to further investigate the
situation. One of the officers then observed what the officer felt was a controlled
substance. Hall was arrested and eventually indicted on a charge of possession of cocaine
with a major drug offender specification.
{¶ 6} In Ohio, there is a statute which bars an individual being intoxicated while
in physical control of a motor vehicle. R.C. 4511.194(A) and (B) read:
A) As used in this section:
(1) "National highway traffic safety administration" has the
same meaning as in section 4511.19 of the Revised Code.
(2) "Physical control" means being in the driver’s position of
the front seat of a vehicle or in the driver’s position of a
streetcar or trackless trolley and having possession of the
vehicle’s, streetcar’s, or trackless trolley’s ignition key or
other ignition device.
(B) No person shall be in physical control of a vehicle,
streetcar, or trackless trolley if, at the time of the physical
control, any of the following apply:
(1) The person is under the influence of alcohol, a drug of
abuse, or a combination of them.
(2) The person’s whole blood, blood serum or plasma,
breath, or urine contains at least the concentration of alcohol
specified in division (A)(1)(b), (c), (d), or (e) of section
4511.19 of the Revised Code.
(3) Except as provided in division (E) of this section, the
person has a concentration of a listed controlled substance or
No. 16AP-473 3
a listed metabolite of a controlled substance in the person’s
whole blood, blood serum or plasma, or urine that equals or
exceeds the concentration specified in division (A)(1)(j) of
section 4511.19 of the Revised Code.
{¶ 7} The officers, upon approaching the vehicle and investigating, had
reasonable grounds to believe that Hall was under the influence of something. Their
extended knocking on the window of the vehicle elicited no response for a significant
period of time. Hall finally came to a little but made no effort to respond to the officers
and what they later asserted was their effort to check on his well-being. Instead, he
knocked on the vehicle's window from the inside and then passed out again or went back
to sleep.
{¶ 8} Unfortunately, we live in a time where people are dying daily from drug
overdoses. People also die from drinking too much alcohol. Police officers who encounter
a person passed out or unconscious in a motor vehicle in all likelihood have an obligation
to further investigate the situation. They also have a right to investigate a possible
violation of R.C. 4511.194. Because of the situation presented by Hall's apparent
condition, the officers had the right to open the vehicle's door to at least communicate
with Hall about his condition. Once the vehicle's door was open, the cocaine was in plain
view.
{¶ 9} The trial court should not have decided that this was an illegal search or
seizure. Counsel for Hall asserts that the officers were really acting in an effort to
investigate rumors that Hall was engaged in illegal trafficking in controlled substances at
the bar where his SUV was parked. The Supreme Court of the United States has decided
that the actual intention of police is irrelevant to the legality of a search. If the officers
have reasonable grounds to believe they are witnessing illegal activity, they can investigate
further. A search or seizure does not become illegal because police were hoping to search
or seize, assuming what the police initially witnessed gave them probable cause to
investigate or even arrest for a crime. Hall's physical state combined with his having keys
to a motor vehicle in his hand gave the police the right to open the door of the SUV and
inquire and investigate the situation.
No. 16AP-473 4
{¶ 10} The state of Ohio's sole assignment of error is sustained.
{¶ 11} The granting of the motion to suppress is reversed and the cause is
remanded for further appropriate proceedings.
Judgment reversed and remanded
for further proceedings.
KLATT, J., concurs.
BRUNNER, J., dissents.
BRUNNER, J., dissenting.
{¶ 1} I respectfully dissent from the decision of the majority. In all but the most
unusual of circumstances, we are not empowered to substitute our view of the evidence
for the factual determinations of the trial court in reviewing motions to suppress. The
Supreme Court of Ohio has stated:
"When considering a motion to suppress, the trial court
assumes the role of trier of fact and is therefore in the best
position to resolve factual questions and evaluate the
credibility of witnesses. State v. Mills (1992), 62 Ohio St.3d
357, 366, 582 N.E.2d 972. Consequently, an appellate
court must accept the trial court's findings of fact if they are
supported by competent, credible evidence. State v.
Fanning (1982), 1 Ohio St. 3d 19, [20], 1 Ohio B. 57, 437
N.E.2d 583. Accepting these facts as true, the appellate court
must then independently determine, without deference to the
conclusion of the trial court, whether the facts satisfy the
applicable legal standard. State v. McNamara (1997), 124
Ohio App.3d 706, 707 N.E.2d 539."
In re A.J.S., 120 Ohio St.3d 185, 2008-Ohio-5307, ¶ 50, quoting State v. Burnside, 100
Ohio St.3d 152, 2003-Ohio-5372, ¶ 8.
{¶ 2} The facts as found by the trial court, but not discussed in the majority
decision, were that two Columbus police patrol officers at a time near the end of their shift
drove by a bar on the northeast side of the city. They noticed Hall's car legally parked in
the first row of cars outside the bar. They identified Hall's car "as a vehicle frequently
driven by Defendant Hall. Neither officer had previously met Defendant Hall, but they
had heard rumors over a period of several months that Defendant Hall had been selling
No. 16AP-473 5
cocaine at the bars in the area." (June 17, 2016 Decision and Entry at 2.) The officers'
goal was to "attempt to initiate a consensual encounter with him." Id.{¶ 3} The trial court found that, "[w]hen the officers made this decision, they had
no reasonable suspicion that Defendant Hall had committed or was about to commit a
crime or violation of the law." Id. They eventually decided to park their cruiser and go
into the bar to look for Hall. As they walked on the sidewalk between the bar and the first
row of cars, they noticed that Hall was in his car and appeared to be "asleep behind the
wheel of the vehicle." Id. at 3. One officer approached the driver side door, and the other
approached the passenger side door.
{¶ 4} The officer at the driver side window awoke Hall by shining a flashlight into
the car and knocking on the driver's window. Hall "smiled, waved his hand, knocked on
the driver's window, and then laid back in his seat and appeared to be going back to
sleep." Id. It was at this point that the officer at the driver side of the vehicle opened the
driver's door. The trial court stated in its findings of fact that the officer at the driver door
"explained that he decided to open the driver's door in order to talk to Defendant Hall and
make certain that he was okay and not experiencing a medical emergency." Id. The trial
court made the following further findings in its statement of facts:
The officers admitted there were no objective signs of a
medical emergency, such as vomit on Defendant Hall's person
or a request from Defendant Hall for help. Further, the
officers acknowledged that Defendant Hall could have
summoned help by pressing the alert button on the SUV's key
fob. Moreover, the officers did not call for emergency medical
services. Rather, Defendant Hall merely acknowledged the
officers' presence, but elected not to speak to them. Finally,
the officers acknowledged that they did not see anything
suspicious in the vehicle until after Officer Dyer had opened
the door of the vehicle and ordered Defendant Hall from the
vehicle.
Id. at 4.
{¶ 5} The trial court's statement of facts does not include findings that Hall was
"passed out" or took a "significant" time to respond to the officer's "extended" knocking,
or that Hall "came to." We are bound to accept the trial court's factual findings that Hall
No. 16AP-473 6
appeared to the officers to be asleep behind the wheel of his vehicle unless we find they
are not supported by competent, credible evidence. We have not made such a finding. I
can only conclude from the factual findings of the trial court that it could not rely on the
testimony of the officers to support a community caretaking/medical emergency
exception, when it found a lack of probable cause for Hall's detention. The state did not
offer objective evidence of the officers' explanation to support the Fourth Amendment
exception, and the trial court found none.
{¶ 6} The state concedes that opening the door of Hall's car constituted detention.
(State's Brief at 15-16.) This detention or seizure must result from reasonable suspicion
that entails some minimal level of objective justification, "that is, something more than an
inchoate and unparticularized suspicion or 'hunch,' but less than the level of suspicion
required for probable cause." State v. Jones, 70 Ohio App.3d 554, 556-57 (2d Dist.1990),
citing Terry v. Ohio, 392 U.S. 1, 27 (1968); State v. Carter, 69 Ohio St.3d 57, 66 (1994).
{¶ 7} The propriety of a police officer's investigative stop or detention is viewed in
light of the totality of the surrounding circumstances to determine whether the detaining
officer had a particularized and objective basis for suspecting legal wrongdoing on the
part of the detainee. State v. Bobo, 37 Ohio St.3d 177 (1988), paragraph one of the
syllabus. The totality of the circumstances must be viewed through the eyes of a
reasonable and prudent police officer on the scene who must react to events as they
unfold. State v. Andrews, 57 Ohio St.3d 86, 87-88 (1991); State v. Bradford, 10th Dist.
No. 14AP-322, 2014-Ohio-5527, ¶ 16.
A person "may not be detained even momentarily without
reasonable, objective grounds for doing so." [Florida v. Royer,
460 U.S. 491, 498 (1983) (plurality opinion). Whenever a
person's freedom of movement is curtailed by police using
either force or a show of authority, that person is "seized" for
purposes of a Fourth Amendment analysis. State v.
McFarland, 4 Ohio App.3d 158, 159, 4 Ohio B. 252, 446
N.E.2d 1168 (8th Dist.1982), citing Dunaway v. New York,
442 U.S. 200, 99 S. Ct. 2248, 60 L. Ed. 2d 824 (1979). The
Fourth Amendment requires that any seizure of a person must
be reasonable. Id. If the government obtains evidence through
actions which violate the constitutional prohibition against
No. 16AP-473 7
unreasonable searches and seizures, such evidence must be
excluded at trial as fruit of the poisonous tree. See Wong Sun
v. United States, 371 U.S. 471, 83 S. Ct. 407, 9 L. Ed. 2d 441(1963).
Thus, a search conducted without a warrant issued upon
probable cause violates the Fourth Amendment, unless it
comes within one of the "few specifically established and well-
delineated exceptions" to the warrant requirement.
Schneckloth v. Bustamonte, 412 U.S. 218, 219, 93 S. Ct. 2041,
36 L. Ed. 2d 854 (1973). One of the exceptions to the warrant
requirement is an investigative detention, commonly referred
to as a Terry stop. See [Terry v. Ohio, 392 U.S. 1, 27 (1968)].
Under Terry, a police officer may stop or detain an individual
without probable cause when the officer has reasonable
suspicion, based on specific, articulable facts which, taken
together with the rational inferences from those facts,
reasonably warrant the officer's belief that criminal activity is
afoot. Terry at 21-22. "An investigative stop does not violate
the Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution if
the police have reasonable suspicion that 'the person stopped
is, or is about to be, engaged in criminal activity.' " State v.
Jordan, 104 Ohio St.3d 21, 2004-Ohio-6085, ¶ 35, 817 N.E.2d
864, quoting United States v. Cortez, 449 U.S. 411, 417, 101 S.
Ct. 690, 66 L. Ed. 2d 621 (1981).
Bradford at ¶ 14-15.
{¶ 8} Here, the critical question was whether a reasonable police officer would
have opened the door of Hall's vehicle based on the facts testified to by the police officers
involved in opening Hall's vehicle door. The trial court found the officers' testimony
describing the facts as they existed at the time to be an explanation but not the reason for
the detention.
{¶ 9} The officers had testified that the very reason they went to the bar that
evening was to try to engage in a consensual encounter with Hall. They had his photo and
information about the car he usually drove. The trial court did not find from the evidence
that the reason for opening Hall's car door was out of concern for his welfare.
{¶ 10} The community caretaking exception to the Fourth Amendment requires
objective facts and not just the statements of the officers that they believed that Hall was
in immediate need of aid. State v. Dunn, 131 Ohio St.3d 325, 2012-Ohio-1008, ¶ 26 (there
No. 16AP-473 8
must be "objectively reasonable grounds to believe that there is an immediate need for
his or her assistance to protect life or prevent serious injury to effect a community-
caretaking/emergency-aid stop."). (Emphasis added.) The trial court found no evidence
of objective facts to support the officer's statement that he opened the door because he
wanted to make certain Hall was not experiencing a medical emergency. Supporting this
is the testimony of the officers that there were no objective signs of a medical emergency
(such as vomit) and that "they did not see anything suspicious in the vehicle until after
Officer Dyer had opened the door of the vehicle and ordered Defendant Hall from the
vehicle." (Decision and Entry at 4.) The trial court concluded that prior to opening Hall's
car door the officers had no reason to conclude that criminal activity was afoot. Bradford
at ¶ 15, citing Terry at 21-22.
{¶ 11} While the majority focuses on the trial court's acknowledgement that the
car's key fob was in Hall's hand (the car was legally parked but not running) and that he
turned out to be intoxicated, this is a red herring that is useful only after the fact. R.C.
4511.194(A) and (B). This is because the trial court did not find the observation of the
keys in Hall's hand to be a part of the officer's observation prior to the time of the
detention. The officers testified that "they did not see anything suspicious in the vehicle
until after Officer Dyer had opened the door of the vehicle and ordered Defendant Hall
from the vehicle." (Decision and Entry at 4.) Under Terry, the officer must hold a
reasonable suspicion, "based on specific, articulable facts which, taken together with the
rational inferences from those facts, reasonably warrant the officer's belief that criminal
activity is afoot." (Emphasis added.) Bradford at ¶ 15, citing Terry at 21-22.
{¶ 12} Based on its findings of fact, it appears the trial court viewed the knock on
the door window and Hall's knock back as an attempted consensual encounter that Hall
refused: "Rather, Defendant Hall merely acknowledged the officers' presence, but elected
not to speak to them." (Decision and Entry at 4.) The trial court stated it was clear from
Hall's conduct that he sought to terminate the encounter with the officers and that he was
free to ignore the officer to terminate the encounter and that Hall acknowledged the
officer and thereafter ignored him. Thus, any consensual encounter had ended and it was
at this point that the officer on the driver side opened the door.
No. 16AP-473 9
{¶ 13} The trial court found from the officers' testimony that the facts as they
existed at the time of the detention showed no "particularized and objective basis for
suspecting legal wrongdoing on the part of the detainee" Bradford at ¶ 16, citing Bobo at
paragraph one of the syllabus, citing State v. Freeman, 64 Ohio St.2d 291 (1980),
paragraph one of the syllabus. Based on the trial court's findings of fact, "[t]he totality of
the circumstances * * * [as] viewed through the eyes of a reasonable and prudent police
officer on the scene" provide no reasonable suspicion for opening Hall's car door after he
refused to talk to them. (Emphasis added.) Bradford at ¶ 16; Andrews at 87-88.
{¶ 14} The majority states that the actual intention of police is irrelevant to the
legality of a search. That is certainly true when a police officer subjectively thinks he or
she has reasonable suspicion to detain, but objectively, using a reasonable police officer
on the scene analysis, does not. Applying an objective standard is not for the purpose of
supplying a reason after the fact, but rather, it is for determining whether a suspicion
formed at the time of the detention was reasonable. Id.{¶ 15} In applying Terry, Carter, and Bradford, we must view this officer's actions
from an objective, reasonable standpoint according to the facts as they existed, which
included his testimony that he did not see anything suspicious in the vehicle until he had
opened the vehicle door and ordered Hall to exit it. While the key fob was mentioned, the
testimony does not support that this was a factor in ordering Hall from the vehicle, and
the officers did not suspect Hall was intoxicated until the officer opened the driver door.
The trial court granted Hall's motion to suppress because it could not find from the
evidence that the officers opened the car door based on a reasonable suspicion.
In examining a trial court's ruling on a motion to suppress, a
reviewing court must keep in mind that weighing the evidence
and determining the credibility of witnesses are functions of
the trier of fact. State v. DePew (1988), 38 Ohio St.3d 275,
528 N.E.2d 542; State v. Fanning (1982), 1 Ohio St.3d 19, 437
N.E.2d 583. Where there is substantial evidence to support
the factual findings of the trial court, its ruling will not be
disturbed on appeal absent an error of law. DePew, supra.
The trier of fact is in a unique position to observe a witness
face-to-face. Here, the trial court had the opportunity to
observe the witnesses and found that Officer Lusk failed to
No. 16AP-473 10
demonstrate that he had an "articulate and reasonable
suspicion" that defendant was in violation of the speed limit.
The trial court, as the trier of fact, had the discretion to
believe or not believe the police officer's version of the events.
State v. DeHass (1967), 10 Ohio St.2d 230, 227 N.E.2d 212.
The trial court obviously chose not to believe the police officer
and this court is bound to accept the trial court's findings of
fact as they are supported by competent, credible evidence.
(Emphasis added.) State v. Fountain, 10th Dist. No. 94APC01-113 (Aug. 30, 1994).
Whether or not the trial court believed the officers' statements in support of a
community/caretaking exception, the trial court found no objective evidence to support
them as is required by Dunn.
{¶ 16} We cannot second guess the trial court's statement of facts; we must accept
the facts as the trial court found them, unless we find on a review of the record that they
are not supported by competent, credible evidence. We have made no such
determination. Under the facts as found by the trial court, the conclusions of the majority
are not supportable.
{¶ 17} For these reasons, I respectfully dissent and would affirm the judgment of
the trial court.