Johnson-Newberry v. Cuyahoga Cty. Child & Family Servs. , 2019 Ohio 3655 ( 2019 )

[Cite as Johnson-Newberry v. Cuyahoga Cty. Child & Family Servs., 2019-Ohio-3655.]
COURT OF APPEALS OF OHIO
EIGHTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
COUNTY OF CUYAHOGA
SYLVIA JOHNSON-NEWBERRY, :
Plaintiff-Appellee, :
No. 107424
v. :
CUYAHOGA COUNTY CHILD AND :
FAMILY SERVICES, ET AL.,
:
Defendant
[Appeal by Stacey Gura, Defendant-Appellant]
JOURNAL ENTRY AND OPINION
JUDGMENT: AFFIRMED IN PART; DISMISSED IN PART
RELEASED AND JOURNALIZED: September 12, 2019
Civil Appeal from the Cuyahoga County Court of Common Pleas
Case No. CV-17-888586
Appearances:
Sobel, Wade & Mapley, L.L.C., and Claire I. Wade-Kilts,
for appellee.
Michael C. O’Malley, Cuyahoga County Prosecuting
Attorney, and Brian R. Gutkoski, Assistant Prosecuting
Attorney, for appellant.
MICHELLE J. SHEEHAN, J.:
Defendant-appellant Stacey Gura appeals from the trial court’s order
denying the collective defendants’ motion for judgment on the pleadings and
granting the plaintiff-appellee Sylvia Johnson-Newberry’s motion for leave to
amend her complaint.1 Gura argues she is entitled to sovereign immunity for
Johnson-Newberry’s allegations of personal liability for aiding and abetting
pursuant to R.C. 4112.02(J). As set forth below, we affirm the trial court’s order
denying immunity. Because the trial court’s order granting leave to allow Johnson-
Newberry to amend her complaint to correct the Cuyahoga County defendant’s
name is not a final appealable order, we do not have jurisdiction to address Gura’s
second assignment of error.
Procedural History
Plaintiff-appellee Sylvia Johnson-Newberry was employed by
defendant Cuyahoga County Division of Children and Family Services (“CCDCFS”)
as a social worker on November 14, 2016, until her termination on August 2, 2017.
On November 6, 2017, Johnson-Newberry filed a complaint against her former
employer, CCDCFS, and her former supervisor, defendant-appellant Stacey Gura.
Johnson-Newberry asserted four claims in her complaint. Three
claims were against CCDCFS: (1) disability discrimination; (2) race discrimination;
1 Defendant Cuyahoga County Division of Children and Family Services did not
appeal the trial court’s denial of the defendants’ motion for judgment on the pleadings
and granting of the plaintiff’s motion for leave to amend the complaint and therefore is
not a party to this appeal.
and (3) retaliation. In her fourth cause of action, Johnson-Newberry asserted a
claim against Gura for aiding and abetting unlawful discrimination in violation of
R.C. 4112.02(J). The defendants filed a joint answer, with several exhibits, and
asserted affirmative defenses.
On April 9, 2018, the defendants filed a motion for judgment on the
pleadings and to strike Johnson-Newberry’s claim for punitive damages. In their
motion, defendants asserted that the cause of action against Gura is actually a claim
against Gura in her official capacity and therefore is a claim against CCDCFS.
Defendants also claimed immunity. On April 24, 2018, Johnson-Newberry filed a
motion to amend her complaint. Johnson-Newberry moved to correct a mistake in
the county defendant’s name. Johnson-Newberry stated that she mistakenly
omitted the words “division of” from “Cuyahoga County Child and Family Services.”
On June 12, 2018, the trial court denied the defendants’ motion for
judgment on the pleadings without analysis and granted Johnson-Newberry leave
to amend the complaint “to correct the misnomer, only.” Thereafter, Johnson-
Newberry filed her amended complaint, partially correcting the county defendant’s
name to “Cuyahoga County Division of Child [sic] and Family Services.”
Defendant-appellant Gura now appeals the trial court’s June 2018
order, assigning two errors for our review:
I. The trial court committed prejudicial and reversible error by
denying Appellant’s Motion for Judgment on the Pleadings.
II. The trial court abused its discretion in granting leave to file an
amended complaint.2
Motion for Leave to Amend Complaint
Gura contends that the trial court abused its discretion when it
permitted Johnson-Newberry to amend her complaint. In support, she argues that
(1) Johnson-Newberry’s motion failed to comply with the trial court’s local rules
requiring the movant to attach her proposed amendment; and (2) Johnson-
Newberry’s complaint improperly alleges punitive damages.
It is well established that an appellate court may only review final
orders, and without a final order, an appellate court has no jurisdiction for
review. Hubbell v. Xenia, 115 Ohio St. 3d 77, 2007-Ohio-4839, 873 N.E.2d 878, ¶ 9,
citing Gen. Acc. Ins. Co. v. Ins. Co. of N. Am., 44 Ohio St. 3d 17, 20, 540 N.E.2d 266
(1989). R.C. 2744.02(C) carves out an exception and permits a political subdivision
or an employee of a political subdivision to appeal an order that denies it the benefit
of an alleged immunity under R.C. Chapter 2744, “even when the order makes no
determination that there is no just cause for delay pursuant to Civ.R.
54(B).” Sullivan v. Anderson Twp., 122 Ohio St. 3d 83, 2009-Ohio-1971, 909 N.E.2d
88, syllabus.
However, appellate review pursuant to R.C. 2744.02(C) is limited to
review of only alleged errors involving the denial of “the benefit of an alleged
2 In the interest of judicial economy, we address the assignments of error out of
order.
immunity from liability” and does not authorize appellate courts to otherwise review
alleged errors that do not involve claims of immunity. Windsor Realty & Mgt., Inc.
v. N.E. Ohio Regional Sewer Dist., 2016-Ohio-4865, 68 N.E.3d 327, ¶ 15 (8th Dist.);
Riscatti v. Prime Props. Ltd. Partnership, 137 Ohio St. 3d 123, 2013-Ohio-4530, 998
N.E.2d 437, ¶ 20. “Generally, an order denying leave to amend a pleading is not a
final, appealable order.” Supportive Solutions, L.L.C. v. Electronic Classroom of
Tomorrow, 137 Ohio St. 3d 23, 2013-Ohio-2410, 997 N.E.2d 490, ¶ 10.
Here, the record shows that on November 6, 2017, Johnson-Newberry
filed a complaint against “Cuyahoga County Child and Family Services” and Stacey
Gura. On April 17, 2018, in the defendants’ motion for leave to file a reply brief in
support of judgment on the pleadings instanter, the defendants assert that Johnson-
Newberry “did not sue the proper named entity, which is ‘Cuyahoga County,
Division of Child and Family Services.’” Approximately one week later, Johnson-
Newberry filed a motion to amend her complaint to correct the defendant’s name,
requesting the court allow her to amend the complaint to add “division of” to the
defendant’s name. On June 12, 2018, the trial court granted Johnson-Newberry’s
motion to amend her complaint “to correct the misnomer, only.” And on June 20,
2018, Johnson-Newberry filed her amended complaint.
Our review of the amended complaint reveals that the only changes to
the original complaint is the addition of the words “division of” to the Cuyahoga
County defendant’s name (in two places) and a correction to the parenthetical
description of Johnson-Newberry’s first cause of action: “Race Discrimination” is
corrected to state “Disability Discrimination,” to correctly correspond to the
allegation of disability discrimination contained in the body of the first cause of
action. The amended complaint does not alter the body of the first cause of action.
Because Johnson-Newberry’s motion for leave to amend the
complaint sought only to correct a misnomer in the county defendant’s name and
did not involve any issues involving “immunity from liability,” the order granting
the motion is not a final appealable order. We therefore have no jurisdiction to
review Gura’s second assignment of error and we disregard it.
Motion for Judgment on the Pleadings
Gura also contends that the trial court erred when it denied her Civ.R.
12(C) motion for judgment on the pleadings. In support, she argues that Gura is
immune from liability, and Johnson-Newberry has failed to plead any set of facts
supporting an exception to immunity. Specifically, Gura argues that R.C. 4112.02(J)
does not expressly impose civil liability to an employee of a political subdivision and
does not constitute an exception to immunity.
Civ.R. 12(C) permits any party to move for judgment on the pleadings
“[a]fter the pleadings are closed but within such times as not to delay the trial.” A
motion for judgment on the pleadings, “which has been characterized as a belated
Civ.R. 12(B)(6) motion for failure to state a claim upon which relief can be granted,”
presents solely questions of law. Whaley v. Franklin Cty. Bd. of Commrs., 92 Ohio
St.3d 574, 581, 2001-Ohio-1287, 752 N.E.2d 267; Shingler, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No.
106383, 2018-Ohio-2740, at ¶ 17. Similar to a Civ.R. 12(B)(6) motion to dismiss, the
factual allegations of the complaint are taken as true; however, unsupported legal
conclusions are insufficient. Tate v. Garfield Hts., 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 99099,
2013-Ohio-2204, ¶ 9.
The consideration of a motion for judgment on the pleadings is
restricted solely to the allegations in the pleadings and any writings attached to the
pleadings. Peterson v. Teodosio, 34 Ohio St. 2d 161, 166, 297 N.E.2d 113 (1973).
Dismissal under Civ.R. 12(C) is appropriate where, after construing all material
allegations in the complaint, with all reasonable inferences drawn therefrom in favor
of the nonmoving party, the court finds that the plaintiff can prove no set of facts in
support of its claim that would entitle it to relief. State ex rel. Midwest Pride IV, Inc.
v. Pontious, 75 Ohio St. 3d 565, 570, 1996-Ohio-459, 664 N.E.2d 931. Therefore, a
motion for judgment on the pleadings “requires a determination that no material
factual issues exist and [] the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” Id.,
citing Burnside v. Leimbach, 71 Ohio App. 3d 399, 402-403, 594 N.E.2d 60 (10th
Dist.1991).
We review a trial court’s decision on a motion for judgment on the
pleadings de novo. Drozeck v. Lawyer Title Ins. Corp., 140 Ohio App. 3d 816, 820,
749 N.E.2d 775 (8th Dist. 2000).
In her complaint, Johnson-Newberry, an African-American, alleged
that she was discriminated against by her employer, CCDCFS, because of her
disability and her race. Johnson-Newberry claims that Gura, Johnson-Newberry’s
Caucasian supervisor, treated her differently than the Caucasian social workers, did
not provide Johnson-Newberry with the same training as the Caucasian social
workers, “belittled” Johnson-Newberry for not following procedures on which she
was never trained, and “spoke down” only to Johnson-Newberry.
According to the complaint, Johnson-Newberry complained about
the alleged discrimination to Gura’s supervisor, Bill Mench, and after Mench shared
Johnson-Newberry’s complaints with Gura, Gura’s treatment of Johnson-Newberry
worsened. In a written complaint about Gura to Mench, Johnson-Newberry alleged
that she believed Gura mistreated her “because I am black.” The complaint alleged
that Gura’s treatment caused Johnson-Newberry severe anxiety that substantially
limited major life activities, including work, and Gura’s treatment resulted in
Johnson-Newberry taking a seven-week medical leave. Johnson-Newberry was
terminated approximately two months after returning to work from medical leave.
In her fourth cause of action, “Aiding and Abetting in Violation of R.C.
4112.02(J),” Johnson-Newberry specifically alleged that “in failing to provide
necessary training to Johnson-Newberry” and “in terminating Johnson-Newberry,”
Gura aided and abetted CCDCFS in unlawful discrimination based on race,
disability, and in retaliation based on Johnson-Newberry’s R.C. Chapter 4112
protected activity. The issue on appeal is whether Gura is entitled to immunity for
Johnson-Newberry’s allegation of aiding and abetting pursuant to R.C. 4112.02(J).
R.C. 4112.02(A) makes it
an unlawful discriminatory practice * * * [f]or any employer, because
of the race, color, * * * [or] disability * * * of any person, to discharge
without just cause * * * or otherwise to discriminate against that
person with respect to hire, tenure, terms, conditions, or privileges of
employment, or any matter directly or indirectly related to
employment.
An “employer” includes “the state, any political subdivision of the state, * * * and any
person acting directly or indirectly in the interest of an employer.”
R.C. 4112.01(A)(2).
R.C. 4112.02(J) makes it unlawful for
any person to aid, abet, incite, compel, or coerce the doing of any act
declared by this section to be an unlawful discriminatory practice, to
obstruct or prevent any person from complying with this chapter or
any order issued under it, or to attempt directly or indirectly to
commit any act declared by this section to be an unlawful
discriminatory practice.
To “aid and abet,” an individual must actively participate in, or
otherwise facilitate, another’s discriminatory act in violation of R.C.
4112.02. Pittman v. Parillo, 6th Dist. Lucas No. L-16-1140, 2017-
Ohio-1477, ¶ 25. The statute defines “person” as one or more
individuals, partnerships, associations, organizations, corporations,
legal representatives, trustees, trustees in bankruptcy, receivers, and
other organized groups of persons * * * [as well as] the state and all
political subdivisions, authorities, agencies, boards, and commissions
of the state.
R.C. 4112.01(A)(1).
R.C. 2744.03 provides an employee of a political subdivision
immunity from tort liability, with three exceptions:
(a) The employee’s acts or omissions were manifestly outside the
scope of the employee’s employment or official responsibilities;
(b) The employee’s acts or omissions were with malicious purpose, in
bad faith, or in a wanton or reckless manner;
(c) Civil liability is expressly imposed upon the employee by a section
of the Revised Code. Civil liability shall not be construed to exist under
another section of the Revised Code merely because that section
imposes a responsibility or mandatory duty upon an employee,
because that section provides for a criminal penalty, because of a
general authorization in that section that an employee may sue and be
sued, or because the section uses the term “shall” in a provision
pertaining to an employee.
R.C. 2744.03(A)(6).
Gura contends that Johnson-Newberry cannot maintain a claim
against her personally for a violation of R.C. 4112.02, stating that Gura cannot “aid
and abet” her own employer, and even if this claim is available, Gura is immune from
liability. Thus, the issue is whether R.C. 4112.02(J) “expressly” imposes civil liability
upon Gura and, therefore, qualifies as an exception to immunity. Two Ohio
Supreme Court cases are relevant to our discussion concerning the application of
R.C. 4112.02(J) to Gura and immunity: Genaro v. Cent. Transport, Inc., 84 Ohio
St.3d 293, 703 N.E.2d 782 (1999); and Hauser v. Dayton Police Dept., 140 Ohio
St.3d 268, 2014-Ohio-3636, 17 N.E.3d 554 (2014).
In Genaro, the Supreme Court determined that an individual
supervisor or manager may be liable for employment discrimination. The court held
that “a supervisor/manager may be held jointly and/or severally liable with her/his
employer for discriminatory conduct of the supervisor/manager in violation of R.C.
Chapter 4112.” Genaro at 300. Gura claims that Genaro is a nearly two-decades
old, “deeply divided” case and its “continuing validity” has been repeatedly
questioned by federal courts. Gura argues, rather, that the Supreme Court’s holding
in Hauser, supra, applies here to bar Johnson-Newberry’s claim.
In 2014, the Ohio Supreme Court in Hauser held that
R.C. 4112.01(A)(2) and 4112.02(A) do not “expressly impose” civil liability on
political subdivision employees so as to trigger the immunity exception in
R.C. 2744.03(A)(6)(c). Hauser at ¶ 15. The Hauser court therefore concluded that
employees of political subdivisions could not be held individually liable for
discrimination because they are immune under R.C. 2744.03. Id.; Musarra v. Univ.
Hosps. Physician Servs., N.D.Ohio No. 1:18CV959, 2019 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 11482, 5
(Jan. 24, 2019). The court in Hauser distinguished its decision in Genaro, stating
that Genaro “involved private-sector supervisors and managers and it asked only
whether such persons may be jointly and severally liable with an employer for
conduct ‘in violation of R.C. Chapter 4112.’” Hauser at ¶ 17, citing Genaro at 293,
300. The court in Hauser further stated that Genaro “did not squarely address the
immunity question at issue here,” and therefore, was “not binding authority” in the
Hauser case. Id.
There is no dispute that CCDCFS is a political subdivision and
therefore Hauser would apply in this employment context. However, the Hauser
decision applies only to the provisions concerning “employer” discrimination. “We
underscore * * * that our conclusion is limited to provisions dealing with ‘employer’
discrimination, R.C. 4112.01(A)(2) and 4112.02(A).” Hauser, 140 Ohio St. 3d 268,
2014-Ohio-3636, 17 N.E.3d 554, at ¶ 15. And the court specifically stated, in dicta,
that “[a]n individual political-subdivision employee still faces liability under other
provisions of R.C. 4112.02 that expressly impose liability, including the aiding-and-
abetting provision in R.C. 4112.02(J).” (Emphasis added.) Id. The court explained:
Even though R.C. 4112.02(A) imposes liability only upon an
“employer,” the General Assembly knows how to expressly impose
liability on individuals, and it has done so elsewhere in R.C. 4112.02.
For example, ever since it first enacted R.C. Chapter 4112 in 1959, the
General Assembly has declared it unlawful for “any person” to “aid
abet, incite, compel[,] or coerce the doing of * * * an unlawful
discriminatory practice” or to “attempt directly or indirectly to
commit any act” constituting “an unlawful discriminatory practice.”
Former R.C. 4112.02(H) (enacted by Am.S.B. No. 10, 128 Ohio Laws
12, 14), now codified as R.C. 4112.02(J). * * * [A]n examination of R.C.
4112 reveals that when the General Assembly imposes individual
liability for discriminatory practices, it does so expressly. If we were
to conclude that the employer-discrimination provision in R.C.
4112.02(A) expressly imposes liability on employees, we would render
the aiding-and-abetting provision in R.C. 4112.02(J) largely
superfluous. That provision already holds individual employees liable
for their participation in discriminatory practices.
Hauser at ¶ 12.
Thus, according to Hauser, R.C. 4112.01(A)(2) and 4112.02(A), which
concern the discriminatory acts of an employer, do not expressly impose civil
liability on political subdivision employees so as to trigger the immunity exception
set forth in R.C. 2744.03(A)(6)(c). R.C. 4112.02(J), however, specifically applies to
a “person,” making it unlawful for “any person to aid, abet, incite, compel, or coerce
the doing of any” discriminatory act. That provision therefore expressly imposes
liability upon an individual that would include an employee of a political
subdivision. While the statutory provision may not have intended to encompass a
supervisor as a person that “aids and abets” their employer in an alleged
discriminatory act, if the legislature intended to exempt political subdivision
employees, including superiors, from civil liability pursuant to R.C. 4112.02(J), the
legislature could have narrowed the definition of a “person.” Accordingly, we are
constrained to find the exception to immunity set forth in R.C. 2744.03(A)(6)(c)
applies to Gura for alleged violations of R.C. 4112.02(J).
Gura contends that the Supreme Court’s language concerning
personal liability under R.C. 4112.02(J) is dicta and the case was decided by a
fragmented court and therefore should be disregarded. Although we agree that the
Hauser court’s discussion concerning R.C. 4112.02(J) is not the holding of the court,
we find guidance in the court’s discussion.
We are mindful that R.C. Chapter 4112 is a remedial statute and courts
should liberally construe the statute “to promote its purpose of eliminating
discrimination.” Woodworth v. Time Warner Cable, Inc., N.D.Ohio No. 1:15 CV
1685, 2015 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 148832, 6 (Nov. 2, 2015), citing Elek v. Huntington
Natl. Bank, 60 Ohio St. 3d 135, 137, 573 N.E.2d 1056 (1991). Acknowledging this
purpose, we consider the intentional difference in the language the General
Assembly used in enacting R.C. 4112.02(A) and 4112.02(J), as noted in Hauser, and
we recognize that other courts, implicitly or explicitly, followed Hauser’s reasoning
concerning R.C. 4112.02(J). See Moore v. Cuyahoga Cty., N.D.Ohio No. 1:16 CV
3068, 2017 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 152070, 18-19 (July 27, 2017), report and
recommendation adopted by Moore v. Cuyahoga Cty., N.D.Ohio No. 1:16 CV 3068,
2017 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 152411 (Sept. 18, 2017) (concluding that, in light of Hauser,
the political subdivision employees were not entitled to dismissal of the plaintiff’s
R.C. Chapter 4112 claim simply because they are individuals); see also Rosecrans v.
Wellington, N.D.Ohio No. 1:15CV0128, 2016 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 4882, 10 (Jan. 14,
2016) (acknowledging that Hauser recognized that R.C. 4112.02(J) imposes liability
on employees for aiding and abetting discrimination); Woodworth (following
Hauser in concluding “the fact that R.C. 4112.02(J) applies to ‘any person’ indicates
the legislature’s intent that the statute be applied more broadly than R.C.
4112.02(A).”); Musarra, N.D.Ohio No. 1:18CV959, 2019 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 11482, at
8 (noting that Genaro’s holding that individual supervisors and managers may be
held liable under R.C. Chapter 4112 remains good law and Hauser “merely created
an exception that applies when the immunity provision in R.C. 2744.03(A)(6)(c) is
invoked”). Accordingly, we find Hauser’s statements that R.C. 4112.02(J) expressly
imposes liability on an individual political subdivision employee to be persuasive.
Here, Johnson-Newberry’s fourth cause of action alleges that Gura, in
violation of R.C. 4112.02(J), aided and abetted the unlawful discrimination of Gura’s
employer, CCDCFS, (1) by failing to provide the necessary training to Johnson-
Newberry; and (2) in terminating Johnson-Newberry on the basis of her race or
disability, or in retaliation for making complaints about race discrimination.
R.C. 4112.02(J) makes it unlawful for “any person” to participate in another’s
discriminatory practices. Because R.C. 4112.02(J) expressly imposes liability on the
employee of a political subdivision, the immunity exception in
R.C. 2744.03(A)(6)(c) applies and Gura is not immune to Johnson-Newberry’s
claim under the aiding-and-abetting provision of the statute.
Accordingly, in construing all material allegations in the complaint in
favor of the nonmoving party, we find that Gura failed to demonstrate that Johnson-
Newberry could prove no set of facts in support of her claim for aiding and abetting
under R.C. 4112.02(J) that would entitle her to immunity at this stage of the
proceeding. The trial court therefore properly denied Gura’s Civ.R. 12(C) motion for
judgment on the pleadings.
Gura’s first assignment of error is overruled.
Judgment affirmed in part and dismissed in part.
It is ordered that appellee recover from appellant costs herein taxed.
The court finds there were reasonable grounds for this appeal.
It is ordered that a special mandate be sent to said court to carry this judgment
into execution.
A certified copy of this entry shall constitute the mandate pursuant to Rule 27
of the Rules of Appellate Procedure.
___________________________
MICHELLE J. SHEEHAN, JUDGE
ANITA LASTER MAYS, J., CONCURS;
SEAN C. GALLAGHER, P.J., CONCURS WITH SEPARATE OPINION ATTACHED
SEAN C. GALLAGHER, P.J., CONCURRING:
I fully concur with the majority’s decision, although I believe the
immunity issue is one the Supreme Court of Ohio may wish to address.
With regard to the immunity issue, I agree with the majority that the
allegations in the complaint and amended complaint, accepted as true, are sufficient
to state a claim for aiding and abetting the alleged discrimination. Whether
appellant will ultimately prevail on the claim is not a consideration before us, and
the merits of the claim remain to be determined in the trial court. I also agree with
the majority’s analysis of Genaro, 84 Ohio St. 3d 293, 1999-Ohio-353, 703 N.E.2d
782; and Hauser, 140 Ohio St. 3d 268, 2014-Ohio-3636, 17 N.E.3d 554. Although
Hauser is not controlling, other courts have found the reasoning persuasive and
determined that R.C. 4112.02(J) provides for a claim of this type against an
individual employee in an employment discrimination case. See Bower v.
Metroparks of Butler Cty., S.D.Ohio No. 1:18-CV-00791, 2019 U.S. Dist. LEXIS
98747, 23-27 (June 11, 2019); Markins v. S.W. Airlines Co., N.D.Ohio No. 5:17-CV-
793, 2017 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 148383, 7-8 (Sept. 13, 2017); Moore v. Cuyahoga Cty.,
N.D.Ohio No. 1:16-CV-3068, 2017 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 152070, 18 (July 27, 2017).
Appellant raises a compelling argument against imposing individual
liability under R.C. 4112.02(J). Appellant also argues that the issue was not central
to the resolution of the certified conflict in Hauser and there was no majority
supporting the reasoning expressed in Hauser. Nonetheless, because several federal
courts have agreed with the reasoning in Hauser, I am inclined to agree with the
majority decision. Because the issue has not been firmly decided by the Supreme
Court of Ohio, it may wish to consider the issue.