Chunyo v. Gauntner , 2017 Ohio 5555 ( 2017 )

[Cite as Chunyo v. Gauntner, 2017-Ohio-5555.]
STATE OF OHIO ) IN THE COURT OF APPEALS
)ss: NINTH JUDICIAL DISTRICT
COUNTY OF SUMMIT )
SANDOR CHUNYO C.A. No. 28346
Appellee
v. APPEAL FROM JUDGMENT
ENTERED IN THE
HEIDI L. GAUNTNER COURT OF COMMON PLEAS
COUNTY OF SUMMIT, OHIO
Appellant CASE No. CV-2016-04-1770
DECISION AND JOURNAL ENTRY
Dated: June 28, 2017
SCHAFER, Judge.
{¶1} Defendant-Appellant, Heidi L. Gauntner, appeals the judgment of the Summit
County Court of Common Pleas denying her Civ.R. 12 (C) motion for judgment on the pleadings
in a civil lawsuit filed by Plaintiff-Appellee, Sandor Chunyo. We affirm.
I.
{¶2} In 2016, Chunyo was a student attending Hudson High School, where Gauntner is
employed as a teacher. On March 8, 2016, Gauntner entered the classroom of another teacher to
discuss with students the opportunity to attend a trip abroad. Chunyo alleges that upon
informing Gauntner that he would not participate in the trip for financial reasons, Gauntner, a
purported martial arts expert, approached him while he was seated, took hold of his jaw,
squeezed his face, and forced his head backwards. Chunyo also alleges that Gaunter made
threatening comments to him and informed him that she was not afraid of losing her job.
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Chunyo claims that Gauntner’s actions caused him to suffer lasting physical, mental, emotional,
and social damage.
{¶3} On April 6, 2016, Chunyo filed a complaint against Gauntner in the Summit
County Court of Common Pleas. Chunyo subsequently filed an amended complaint. Gauntner
filed an answer denying the allegations sets forth in Chunyo’s amended complaint. On June 29,
2016, Gauntner filed a motion for judgment on the pleadings pursuant to Civ.R. 12(C) arguing
that, pursuant to R.C. 2744.03(A)(6), she is immune from liability due to her status as a political
subdivision employee. Chunyo filed a brief in opposition to Gauntner’s Civ.R. 12(C) motion.
On August 17, 2016, the trial court issued a journal entry denying Gauntner’s Civ.R. 12(C)
motion for judgment on the pleadings.
{¶4} Gauntner filed this interlocutory appeal and raises one assignment of error for this
Court’s review.
II.
Assignment of Error
The trial court erred in denying Defendant Heidi L. Gauntner the benefits of
statutory immunity under R.C. Chapter 2744.
{¶5} In her sole assignment of error, Gauntner argues that the trial court erred by
denying her Civ.R. 12(C) motion for judgment on the pleadings because, as an employee of a
political subdivision, she is immune from civil liability pursuant to R.C. Chapter 2744. We
disagree.
A. Jurisdiction
{¶6} This Court initially questions its jurisdiction to consider the instant appeal. When
jurisdiction appears uncertain, a court of appeals must raise issues of jurisdiction sua sponte.
Kouns v. Pemberton, 84 Ohio App.3d 499, 501 (4th Dist.1992), citing In re Murray, 52 Ohio
3St.3d 155, 159, fn. 2 (1990). “Generally, a judgment overruling a motion for judgment on the
pleadings is not a final appealable order.” Thompson v. Buckeye Joint Vocational School Dist.,
5th Dist. Tuscarawas No. 2015 AP 08 0047, 2016-Ohio-2804, ¶ 13, citing Paul C. Harger Trust
v. Morrow Cty. Regional Planning Comm., 5th Dist. Morrow No. 03-CA-19, 2004-Ohio-6643, ¶
24. However, “[a]ny order of the trial court that denies a political subdivision and its employees
the benefit of immunity is a final order.” Moss v. Lorain Cty. Bd. of Mental Retardation, 9th
Dist. Lorain No. 09CA009550, 2009-Ohio-6931, ¶ 7, citing R.C. 2744.02(C) and Hubbell v.
Xenia, 115 Ohio St.3d 77, 2007-Ohio-4839, ¶ 2. “An order denying a motion for judgment on
the pleadings filed by a political subdivision or its employees is a final, appealable order.” Id.,citing Sullivan v. Anderson Twp., 122 Ohio St.3d 83, 2009-Ohio-1971, ¶ 3-4, 13. Thus, because
it is undisputed that Gauntner is an employee of a political subdivision given her status as a
public school teacher, we conclude that the trial court’s denial of her Civ.R. 12(C) motion for
judgment on the pleadings is a final appealable order and that this Court has jurisdiction to
consider the merits of the present appeal.
B. Standard of Review
{¶7} A motion for judgment on the pleadings is analogous to a delayed motion to
dismiss an action for failure to state a claim. Cashland Fin. Servs., Inc. v. Hoyt, 9th Dist. Lorain
No. 12CA010232, 2013-Ohio-3663, ¶ 7, citing Pinkerton v. Thompson, 174 Ohio App.3d 229,
2007-Ohio-6546, ¶ 18 (9th Dist.). Thus, this Court applies a de novo standard of review to a trial
court’s ruling on a motion for judgment on the pleadings, affording no deference to the trial
court. Id., citing Moss at ¶ 8. Our review is strictly confined to the parties’ pleadings,
“accepting all factual allegations in the plaintiff’s complaint as true, and making all reasonable
inferences in favor of the nonmoving party.” Moss at ¶ 8, quoting Dunfee v. Oberlin School
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Dist., 9th Dist. Lorain No. 08CA009497, 2009-Ohio-3406, ¶ 6. “Judgment on the pleadings is
appropriate if it is clear that the nonmoving party can prove no set of facts that would entitle that
party to relief.” Id., quoting Dunfee at ¶ 6
C. Immunity from Political Subdivision Tort Liability
{¶8} R.C. 2744.03(A) sets forth certain defenses or immunities that may be asserted to
establish non-liability in a civil action brought against a political subdivision or an employee of a
political subdivision to recover damages for injury, death, or loss to person or property allegedly
caused by any act or omission in connection with a governmental or proprietary function. In the
present case, Gauntner, who is undisputedly an employee of a political subdivision, see R.C.
2744.01(B) and 2744.01(F), cites to R.C. 2744.03(A)(6), which states as follows:
In a civil action brought against * * * an employee of a political subdivision to
recover damages for injury, death, or loss to person or property allegedly caused
by any act or omission in connection with a governmental or proprietary function,
* * * the employee is immune from liability unless one of the following applies:
(a) The employee’s acts or omissions were manifestly outside the scope of the
employee’s employment or official responsibilities;
(b) The employee’s acts or omissions were with malicious purpose, in bad faith,
or in a wanton or reckless manner;
(c) Civil liability is expressly imposed upon the employee by a section of the
Revised Code. Civil liability shall not be construed to exist under another
section of the Revised Code merely because that section imposes a
responsibility or mandatory duty upon an employee, because that section
provides for a criminal penalty, because of a general authorization in that
section that an employee may sue and be sued, or because the section uses the
term “shall” in a provision pertaining to an employee.
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{¶9} “One acts with a malicious purpose if one willfully and intentionally acts with a
purpose to cause harm.” Moss at ¶ 19. “Willful misconduct implies an intentional deviation
from a clear duty or from a definite rule of conduct, a deliberate purpose not to discharge some
duty necessary to safety, or purposefully doing wrongful acts with knowledge or appreciation of
the likelihood of resulting injury.” Anderson v. Massillon, 134 Ohio St.3d 380, 2012–Ohio–
5711, paragraph two of the syllabus. “The term ‘bad faith’ embraces more than bad judgment or
negligence; it is conduct that involves a dishonest purpose, moral obliquity, conscious
wrongdoing, breach of a known duty through some ulterior motive or ill will partaking of the
nature of fraud.” (Internal quotations and citations omitted.) Thomas v. Bauschlinger, 9th Dist.
Summit No. 26485, 2013-Ohio-1164, ¶ 22. “Wanton misconduct is the failure to exercise any
care toward those to whom a duty of care is owed in circumstances in which there is great
probability that harm will result.” Anderson at paragraph three of the syllabus. Meanwhile,
“[r]eckless conduct is characterized by the conscious disregard of or indifference to a known or
obvious risk of harm to another that is unreasonable under the circumstances and is substantially
greater than negligent conduct.” Id. at paragraph four of the syllabus. “The actor must be
conscious that his conduct will in all probability result in injury.” O’Toole v. Denihan, 118 Ohio
St.3d 374, 2008–Ohio–2574, paragraph three of the syllabus. There must be a “perverse
disregard of a known risk.” Id.D. Analysis & Conclusion
{¶10} In considering the issue presented in this matter, we recognize that, as the
plaintiff, Chunyo’s “obligation to provide the grounds for [his] entitlement to relief requires
more than labels and conclusions, and a formulaic recitation of the elements of a cause of action
will not do.” Schaad v. Buckeye Valley Local School Dist. Bd. of Edn., 5th Dist. Delaware No.
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15 CAE 080063, 2016-Ohio-569, ¶ 28, citing Parsons v. Greater Cleveland Regional Transit.
Auth., 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 93523, 2010-Ohio-266, ¶ 11. However, because Ohio is a notice-
pleading state, “the plaintiff need not prove his or her case at the pleading stage.” Scott v.
Columbus Dept. of Pub. Utils., 192 Ohio App.3d 465, 2011-Ohio-677, ¶ 8 (10th Dist.). “Thus, a
plaintiff need not affirmatively dispose of the immunity question altogether at the pleading
stage.” Id. (concluding that requiring a plaintiff to demonstrate an exception to immunity at the
pleading stage would be tantamount to “requiring a plaintiff to overcome a motion for summary
judgment at the pleading stage”). “Instead, a plaintiff must merely allege a set of facts that, if
proven true, would plausibly allow for recovery.” Id. Moreover, we remain mindful that issues
regarding whether an actor’s conduct was malicious, wanton, reckless, or in bad faith are
generally for the trier of fact to decide. Schaad at ¶ 28, citing Gilbert v. Cleveland, 8th Dist.
Cuyahoga No. 99708, 2013-Ohio-5252, ¶ 15.
{¶11} Here, the allegations within Chunyo’s amended complaint indicate that Gauntner,
a self-described martial arts expert, intentionally and without provocation grabbed Chunyo’s jaw,
squeezed his face, and pushed his head backwards. Chunyo alleges that Gauntner’s actions
caused him pain. Chunyo further alleges that during this physical encounter, Gauntner
threatened him by stating that she had the ability to physically “get” him anytime she wanted.
{¶12} Accepting these allegations and all reasonable inferences derived therefrom as
true, we cannot say that the trial court erred in denying Gauntner’s motion for judgment on the
pleadings. Chunyo’s amended complaint asserts that Gauntner was an employee of Hudson
High School on the date in question and asserts that that Gauntner’s aforementioned actions
“were manifestly outside the scope of her employment or official responsibilities with the
Hudson School District within the meaning of R.C. 2744.03(A)(6)(a).” Chunyo’s amended
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complaint further alleges that Gauntner acted “with a malicious purpose, in bad faith and/or in a
wanton or reckless manner within the meaning of R.C. 2744.03(A)(6)(b).” Upon our
independent review of the pleadings, we determine that Chunyo’s amended complaint satisfies
the requirements of Civ.R. 8(A) and does not clearly illustrate that Chunyo can prove no set of
facts that would entitle him to relief. See Rogers v. Akron City School Sys., 9th Dist. Summit No.
23416, 2008-Ohio-2962, ¶ 18-19 (concluding that student’s complaint alleging various
intentional and unintentional torts against teacher was sufficiently pleaded to survive a motion
for judgment on the pleadings on the basis of sovereign immunity).
{¶13} Accordingly, Gauntner’s assignment of error is overruled.
III.
{¶14} Having overruled Gauntner’s sole assignment of error, the judgment of the
Summit County Court of Common Pleas is affirmed.
Judgment affirmed.
There were reasonable grounds for this appeal.
We order that a special mandate issue out of this Court, directing the Court of Common
Pleas, County of Summit, State of Ohio, to carry this judgment into execution. A certified copy
of this journal entry shall constitute the mandate, pursuant to App.R. 27.
Immediately upon the filing hereof, this document shall constitute the journal entry of
judgment, and it shall be file stamped by the Clerk of the Court of Appeals at which time the
period for review shall begin to run. App.R. 22(C). The Clerk of the Court of Appeals is
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instructed to mail a notice of entry of this judgment to the parties and to make a notation of the
mailing in the docket, pursuant to App.R. 30.
Costs taxed to Appellant.
JULIE A. SCHAFER
FOR THE COURT
HENSAL, P. J.
TEODOSIO, J.
CONCUR.
APPEARANCES:
MATTHEW JOHN MARKLING, PATRICK VROBEL, and SEAN KORAN, Attorneys at Law,
for Appellant.
DEAN S. HOOVER, Attorney at Law, for Appellee.