Mancz v. McHenry , 2022 Ohio 3256 ( 2022 )


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  • [Cite as Mancz v. McHenry, 
    2022-Ohio-3256
    .]
    IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF OHIO
    SECOND APPELLATE DISTRICT
    GREENE COUNTY
    BARRY W. MANCZ, FIDUCIARY OF                      :
    THE ESTATE OF AUBREY KIRBY                        :
    :   Appellate Case No. 2022-CA-20
    Plaintiff-Appellee                        :
    :   Trial Court Case No. 2015-CV-183
    v.                                                :
    :   (Civil Appeal from
    CALLISTA MCHENRY, et al.                          :   Common Pleas Court)
    :
    Defendants-Appellants                     :
    ...........
    OPINION
    Rendered on the 16th day of September, 2022.
    ...........
    BARRY W. MANCZ, Atty. Reg. No. 0011857, 40 North Main Street, Suite 2160, Dayton,
    Ohio 45423
    Attorney for Plaintiff-Appellee
    ROBERT L. MCHENRY, 1153 Cottage Court, Fairborn, Ohio 45324
    Defendant-Appellant, Pro Se
    .............
    EPLEY, J.
    -2-
    {¶ 1} Robert L. McHenry appeals from the trial court’s denial of his Civ.R. 60(B)
    motion for relief from judgment. For the following reasons, the trial court’s judgment will
    be affirmed.
    I. Facts and Procedural History
    {¶ 2} Robert McHenry is the husband of Callista McHenry, one of several children
    of Audrey Kirby. In October 2000, when Kirby was approximately 86 years old, she
    executed a power of attorney appointing Callista as her attorney-in-fact. Kirby died in
    April 2007, leaving 13 surviving children.
    {¶ 3} In December 2009, Attorney Barry Mancz, as successor fiduciary of Kirby’s
    estate, filed an action in probate court claiming that Callista had breached her fiduciary
    duties by concealing Kirby’s assets from the estate. Following a hearing, the probate
    court found Callista guilty of concealing, embezzling, or conveying away assets of the
    decedent, in violation of R.C. 2109.50, in the amount of $290,975.46. The court also
    assessed a ten-percent penalty, bringing Callista’s total liability to the estate to
    $320,073.01. We affirmed the trial court’s judgment on appeal. Mancz v. McHenry,
    
    2012-Ohio-3285
    , 
    974 N.E.2d 784
     (2d Dist.).
    {¶ 4} In March 2015, Mancz filed this action against both Callista and Robert,
    alleging that Callista had neither satisfied the probate court judgment nor returned any of
    the estate property. According to the complaint, Callista had fraudulently transferred her
    ownership interest in real estate to her husband prior to the probate court lawsuit and
    while other litigation by her siblings was pending against her. Callista allegedly also
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    transferred, converted, or concealed bank accounts and other financial assets that were
    recoverable in furtherance of the probate court judgment.        Mancz claimed that the
    transfers from Callista to Robert were void and that he was entitled to an order compelling
    the return of any and all such proceeds or the value thereof. The complaint specifically
    requested a judgment ordering the return of property of Kirby’s estate that had been
    conveyed by Callista to herself, to Robert, or to others. The complaint also sought
    punitive damages.
    {¶ 5} In January 2019, the matter proceeded to jury trial before a magistrate. Of
    relevance here, one issue concerned funds that ultimately were placed in a PNC account
    ending in 0500. As summarized by the trial court, “a Bank One CD was purchased with
    Audrey Kirby’s funds that matured on January 9, 2007.          When the Bank One CD
    matured, Callista used $54,188.96 of the proceeds to purchase a 9 month CD in her sole
    name at Liberty Savings Bank (Liberty account 3705) on May 3, 2007 (See Exhibit 10).
    Callista closed Liberty account 3705 on November 4, 2008 and deposited monies from
    that account into National City Bank account 4833 jointly held with Robert. At some
    point, National City Bank account 4833 became PNC Bank account 0500. (Trial
    Transcript p. 90, 92, 95, 144).” Decision, Jan. 22, 2022. Mancz presented evidence at
    trial that the PNC account was solely held by Robert. The McHenrys testified that they
    jointly owned the account.
    {¶ 6} The jury returned verdicts in the amount of $127,133 against both Callista
    and Robert for the fraudulent transfer of Kirby’s financial assets. It also found that
    Callista had fraudulently conveyed her interest in real estate to Robert. On January 15,
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    2019, the magistrate entered a decision on the jury verdicts. The magistrate declared
    the deed transferring Callista’s interest in real estate to Robert to be void and entered
    judgment against both Callista and Robert in the amount of $127,133. After holding a
    hearing, the magistrate declined to impose punitive damages.
    {¶ 7} The McHenrys objected to the magistrate’s decision on multiple grounds. In
    a November 13, 2019 judgment, the trial court made clear that Callista and Robert were
    jointly and severally liable for $127,133, but it otherwise overruled the objections. The
    court declared void the deed transferring Callista’s interest in real estate to her husband.
    {¶ 8} The McHenrys appealed, raising 13 assignments of error.             Among the
    arguments raised were: (1) the allegedly fraudulent transfers of the real estate and the
    money into bank accounts occurred prior to the probate court lawsuit and, thus, should
    have been litigated in the probate court case; (2) the trial court erred in failing to grant
    them a directed verdict because Callista remained in control of all of the financial assets
    at issue, despite Robert’s name being on accounts, and Robert never spent any of the
    money or made any withdrawals; (3) the verdicts were against the manifest weight of the
    evidence; and (4) the trial court erred in upholding a jury verdict finding that a transfer of
    assets from one joint bank account to another joint bank account, with the same owners,
    can be a fraudulent transfer of funds.
    {¶ 9} On January 15, 2021, we affirmed the trial court’s judgment.          Mancz v.
    McHenry, 2d Dist. Greene No. 2019-CA-74, 
    2021-Ohio-82
    . In our Opinion, we rejected
    the McHenrys’ claim that Robert was required to spend or make withdraws from the joint
    accounts, noting that, under R.C. 1336.04, Mancz was not required to prove that Robert,
    -5-
    the transferee, did anything in particular with the transferred assets. Id. at ¶ 58. We
    also addressed the flow of funds ending in PNC account 0500, stating in part:
    * * * [W]e agree with the McHenrys that a transfer of money from a
    National City joint account between Callista and Robert into a PNC joint
    account between Callista and Robert would not qualify as a potentially
    fraudulent transfer under the statute. Based on the evidence before us, we
    believe the weight of the evidence did not prove that PNC CD account
    number 0500 was in Robert’s name alone. Nevertheless, the evidence
    was that Callista closed Liberty account 3705 on November 4, 2008 and
    deposited the proceeds of $56,465.68 in a National City Bank or PNC Bank
    joint certificate of deposit with Robert, originally bearing account number
    4833. At some point, that account became PNC Bank CD account number
    0500, which grew to have a balance of $59,025.
    The foregoing analysis does not end the inquiry about Liberty
    account 3705 because the evidence reveals that account 3705 was not a
    joint account with Robert when it was opened. It was in Callista’s name
    alone.      The jury reasonably could have concluded the evidence
    established a fraudulent transaction with regard to Liberty account 3705
    sometime after June 23, 2008. The genesis of the Liberty 3705 account
    was a Bank One CD purchased with Audrey Kirby’s funds.
    Id. at ¶ 69-70. We ultimately concluded that, because the evidence supported the jury’s
    conclusion that Callista opened Liberty account 3705 in her sole name and it was in her
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    sole name until at least June 23, 2008, the transfer making the account or its proceeds a
    joint account with Robert was a transfer within the four-year statute of limitations. Id. at
    ¶ 74.
    {¶ 10} Approximately one year later, on January 18, 2022, Robert, pro se, filed a
    motion for relief from judgment pursuant to Civ.R. 60(B)(5), alleging fraud on the court.
    Robert asserted that Mancz had acted fraudulently when he attempted to prove that PNC
    Account 0500 was solely owned by Robert while knowing that the account actually was
    jointly owned by Robert and Callista. Robert argued that Mancz “withheld exculpatory
    information” from the court, attempted to solicit false testimony about the ownership of
    PNC account 0500 from Callista, and ignored the court’s request for an exhibit proving
    the ownership of that account. In support of his motion, Robert attached copies of PNC
    records that Mancz received on April 16, 2016 (Plaintiff’s Exhibit 15), correspondence
    from Mancz to the McHenrys’ counsel from September 15, 2016 (Plaintiff’s Exhibit 38),
    and portions of the January 2019 trial transcript.
    {¶ 11} Mancz opposed the motion, arguing that “the suggestion that I had some
    obligation to direct the Court’s attention to every specific element of an exhibit which was
    clearly in evidence and complete, makes no sense at all.” He asserted that Robert’s
    motion was inappropriate because he could have raised the issue at trial, in objections,
    or on appeal. Mancz further argued that there was no merit to Robert’s motion, as the
    PNC account was created from money that belonged to Kirby and Robert had no right to
    any of it, whether in a joint account or in his name alone.
    {¶ 12} In his reply memorandum, Robert emphasized that Mancz had violated
    -7-
    professional responsibility rules by not highlighting the pages of Exhibit 15 that showed
    joint ownership of PNC account 0500, that Mancz had improperly raised issues that
    should have been raised in the probate court action, that Liberty Bank account 3705 was
    a joint account, that Mancz was making inflammatory statements (such as saying that the
    McHenrys embezzled together), and that the fraudulent conveyance action should never
    have been brought.
    {¶ 13} On February 22, 2022, the trial court overruled the motion for relief from
    judgment. The court reasoned that that Robert had failed to establish that he had a
    meritorious defense to the fraudulent conveyance claim, stating: “The fact that the
    National City Bank account 4833 and PNC account 0500 were joint accounts is immaterial
    because the evidence established and the jury could have reasonably concluded that the
    fraudulent conveyance occurred when the proceeds from Liberty account 3705 were used
    to fund jointly-held National City Bank account 4833 and later, PNC account 0500.” The
    trial court further concluded that, even if he had raised a meritorious defense, his motion
    was not brought within a reasonable time, and the evidence did not establish that Mancz
    had engaged in conduct that would constitute a fraud upon the court.
    {¶ 14} Robert appeals the trial court’s denial of his Civ.R. 60(B) motion, raising ten
    assignments of error. We will address them in a manner that facilitates our analysis.
    II. Standard for Motions for Relief from Judgment
    {¶ 15} Civ.R. 60(B) permits a court to relieve a party from a final judgment, order,
    or proceeding for the following reasons:
    (1) mistake, inadvertence, surprise or excusable neglect;
    -8-
    (2) newly discovered evidence which by due diligence could not have been
    discovered in time to move for a new trial under Rule 59(B);
    (3) fraud (whether heretofore denominated intrinsic or extrinsic),
    misrepresentation or other misconduct of an adverse party;
    (4) the judgment has been satisfied, released or discharged, or a prior
    judgment upon which it is based has been reversed or otherwise vacated,
    or it is no longer equitable that the judgment should have prospective
    application; or
    (5) any other reason justifying relief from the judgment.
    Civ.R. 60(B)(1)-(5).
    {¶ 16} To prevail on a Civ.R. 60(B) motion, the moving party must establish: (1) a
    meritorious claim or defense to present if the court grants relief; (2) entitlement to relief
    under one of the grounds stated in Civ.R. 60(B)(1) through (5); and (3) the motion was
    filed within a reasonable time and, when relying on a ground for relief set forth in Civ.R.
    60(B)(1), (2), or (3), it was filed not more than one year after the judgment was entered.
    GTE Automatic Elec., Inc. v. ARC Industries, Inc., 
    47 Ohio St.2d 146
    , 
    351 N.E.2d 113
    (1976), paragraph two of the syllabus. Each of these elements must be met. Molnar-
    Satterfield v. Molnar, 2d Dist. Greene No. 2020-CA-52, 
    2021-Ohio-2698
    , ¶ 13. If the
    moving party fails to establish any of the requirements, the trial court must overrule the
    motion. 
    Id.,
     citing Rose Chevrolet, Inc. v. Adams, 
    36 Ohio St.3d 17
    , 20, 
    520 N.E.2d 564
    (1988).
    {¶ 17} “Civ.R. 60(B) is a remedial rule to be liberally construed so that the ends of
    -9-
    justice may be served.” Kay v. Marc Glassman, Inc., 
    76 Ohio St.3d 18
    , 
    665 N.E.2d 1102
    (1996).   The Rule “represents an attempt to strike a balance between conflicting
    principles that litigation must be brought to an end and that justice should be done.”
    Chapman v. Chapman, 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 21244, 
    2006-Ohio-2328
    , ¶ 13; Aurora
    Loan Servs., L.L.C. v. Wilcox, 2d Dist. Miami No. 2009-CA-9, 
    2009-Ohio-4577
    , ¶ 12.
    {¶ 18} It is well established that Civ.R. 60(B) cannot be used as a substitute for an
    appeal. E.g., Cincinnati Ins. Co. v. Schaub, 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 22419, 2008-Ohio-
    4729, ¶ 16; State ex rel. Martin v. Ohio Adult Parole Auth., 
    124 Ohio St.3d 63
    , 2009-Ohio-
    6164, 
    918 N.E.2d 1005
    , ¶ 1.       When the movant “merely reiterates arguments that
    concern the merits of the case and that could have been raised on appeal,” relief under
    Civ.R. 60(B) is not available.   Deutsche Bank Tr. Co. Americas v. Ziegler, 2d Dist.
    Montgomery No. 26287, 
    2015-Ohio-1586
    , ¶ 56, quoting Blount v. Smith, 8th Dist.
    Cuyahoga No. 96991, 
    2012-Ohio-595
    , ¶ 9.
    {¶ 19} We review a trial court’s ruling on a Civ.R. 60(B) motion for an abuse of
    discretion. Lundeen v. Turner, Ohio Slip Opinion No. 
    2022-Ohio-1709
    , __ N.E.3d __,
    ¶ 11; Griffey v. Rajan, 
    33 Ohio St.3d 75
    , 77, 
    514 N.E.2d 1122
     (1987). The term “abuse
    of discretion” connotes an attitude by the court which is arbitrary, unconscionable, or
    unreasonable.    AAAA Ents., Inc. v. River Place Community Urban Redevelopment
    Corp., 
    50 Ohio St.3d 157
    , 161, 
    553 N.E.2d 597
     (1990).
    III. Timeliness of Robert’s Motion
    {¶ 20} In his eighth assignment of error, Robert challenges the trial court’s
    conclusion that he failed to file his motion within a reasonable time. He emphasizes that
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    a motion under Civ.R. 60(B)(5) has no time limit, and he states that his motion was filed
    only 280 days after his appeal to the Ohio Supreme Court was not accepted for review.
    {¶ 21} As stated above, for motions made pursuant to Civ.R. 60(B)(1)-(3), the
    motion must be filed not more than one year after the judgment. Motions under Civ.R.
    60(B)(5) do not have such a time limit. However, all motions made pursuant to Civ.R.
    60(B) must be made within a reasonable time. Civ.R. 60(B). Whether a motion made
    under Civ.R. 60(B)(5) has been filed within a reasonable time depends on the facts of the
    case. Vitek v. Ward, 9th Dist. Medina No. 21CA0004-M, 
    2022-Ohio-1797
    , ¶ 6. The
    movant must point to “some operative facts or evidentiary material” to support that the
    motion is timely. (Citations omitted.) 
    Id.
    {¶ 22} The trial court entered its judgment on November 13, 2019.          Robert’s
    Civ.R. 60(B) motion was not filed until January 18 2022, more than two years later. In
    his motion, Robert did not explain why his motion was filed within a reasonable time, other
    than to state that Civ.R. 60(B)(5) has no fixed time limitation.
    {¶ 23} Under the facts before us, the trial court reasonably concluded that Robert’s
    motion was untimely. All of the facts underlying Robert’s Civ.R. 60(B)(5) motion were
    known to him when the trial court’s judgment was entered, and Robert offered no reason
    why he waited more than two years to seek vacation of the judgment. Robert now argues
    that the trial court failed to consider the time required to process an appeal to the Ohio
    Supreme Court and that he filed his motion only 280 days after the supreme court denied
    his request for review. However, just as Civ.R. 60(B) cannot be used as a substitute for
    an appeal, it cannot be held in reserve as a potential avenue for relief when all appeals
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    have failed. Robert’s more than two-year delay while his appeals were pending was not
    reasonable.
    IV. Fraud on the Court
    {¶ 24} Robert further claims that the trial court erred when it concluded that “the
    evidence also fails to establish that Mancz engaged in conduct that would constitute fraud
    upon the court.”
    {¶ 25} A court may grant relief under Civ.R. 60(B)(5), the so-called “catch-all”
    provision, only in those extraordinary and unusual cases where the moving party
    demonstrates substantial grounds warranting relief from judgment. Caruso-Ciresi, Inc.
    v. Lohman, 
    5 Ohio St.3d 64
    , 
    448 N.E.2d 1365
     (1983), paragraph one of the syllabus.
    “Substantial grounds may exist if the moving party establishes a fraud upon the court.”
    Molnar, 2d Dist. Greene No. 2020-CA-52, 
    2021-Ohio-2698
    , ¶ 16, citing Coulson v.
    Coulson, 
    5 Ohio St.3d 12
    , 
    448 N.E.2d 809
     (1983), paragraph one of the syllabus.
    {¶ 26} Fraud upon the court is an “elusive concept.”                Coulson at 15.
    Nevertheless, the Ohio Supreme Court has cited one commentator’s definition with
    approval: “ ‘Fraud upon the court’ should, we believe, embrace only that species of fraud
    which does or attempts to, defile the court itself, or is a fraud perpetrated by the officers
    of the court so that the judicial machinery can not perform in the usual manner its impartial
    task of adjudging cases that are presented for adjudication.”        
    Id.,
     quoting 7 Moore,
    Federal Practice (2d Ed. 1971) 515, ¶ 60.33; see also Carpenter v. Johnson, 
    196 Ohio App.3d 106
    , 
    2011-Ohio-4867
    , 
    962 N.E.2d 377
    , ¶ 12 (2d Dist.).
    {¶ 27} Several of Robert’s assignments of error identify behavior that allegedly
    -12-
    constituted fraudulent behavior by Mancz, but he summarizes his allegations in his tenth
    assignment of error. There, Robert contends that Mancz perpetuated a fraud on the
    court in eight ways: (1) withholding “exculpatory” evidence; (2) attempting to induce false
    testimony from a witness; (3) deceiving the jury; (4) submitted false evidence; (5) failing
    to answer a question from the magistrate; (6) serving as advocate and witness; (7)
    repeating the word embezzlement;” and (8) engaging in abusive discovery.
    {¶ 28} Most of Robert’s complaints relate to Mancz’s advocacy of his own case.
    Robert repeatedly raises that Mancz presented incomplete information to the jury by
    failing to reference the entirety of Plaintiff’s Exhibits 15 and 38 and by failing to offer
    Plaintiff’s Exhibit 5. He also states that Mancz asked Callista leading questions about
    PNC account 0500 (which is not inappropriate for cross-examination) and argued to the
    jury that PNC account 0500 was solely owned by Robert. Robert complains that Mancz
    used pretrial discovery in this action to pursue claims that should have been raised in the
    prior probate court action. Robert argues that Mancz improperly influenced the jury by
    repeatedly using the words “embezzle” and “guilty” during the trial. He also asserts that
    Mancz acted inappropriately by serving as counsel and also testifying as a witness at trial.
    {¶ 29} A trial is an adversarial proceeding. State v. Brown, 2d Dist. Montgomery
    No. 24541, 
    2012-Ohio-1848
    , ¶ 23. None of Robert’s allegations describe behavior that
    undermined the adversarial process, and to the extent that Robert believed that Mancz’s
    conduct was objectionable, he could have raised those objections in the trial court.
    Robert has not alleged that Mancz fabricated evidence or failed to disclose relevant
    information to the McHenrys’ attorney. It is clear that Mancz’s exhibits were available for
    -13-
    either party’s use at trial, and Robert’s own attorney could have used those same
    documents at trial to refute Mancz’s contentions regarding the ownership of PNC account
    0500 and its predecessor accounts.         The trial court did not abuse its discretion in
    determining that Robert had failed to establish that Mancz engaged in conduct that
    constituted a fraud on the court.
    {¶ 30} We emphasize that all of the facts upon which Robert relies in his motion
    were part of the record in the McHenrys’ direct appeal. The McHenrys could have raised
    each of Mancz’s alleged deficiencies on direct appeal, and they did, in fact, raise some
    of the same matters then. Notably, we rejected the McHenrys’ claim that the allegedly
    fraudulent transfers occurred prior to the probate court lawsuit and, thus, should have
    been litigated in the probate case.      We also thoroughly addressed whether Callista
    fraudulently conveyed the funds that ultimately resided in PNC account 0500. In doing
    so, we stated that, although the manifest weight of the evidence showed that PNC
    account 0500 was jointly owned (contrary to Mancz’s assertion), the evidence revealed
    that Liberty account 3705 was not a joint account with Robert when it was opened. The
    probate court previously had found that Callista purchased the 9-month CD at Liberty
    Savings Bank solely in her name. Robert cannot use Civ.R. 60(B)(5) as an additional
    appeal of these issues or to raise new arguments that he could have made but failed to
    make.
    V. Meritorious Defense
    {¶ 31} Finally, Robert claims that the trial court erred in concluding that he lacked
    a meritorious defense to the judgment. He argues that because he and Callista jointly
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    owned Liberty account 3705, there could not have been a fraudulent transfer when those
    funds were placed in jointly-owned National City Bank account 4833, which later became
    PNC account 0500.
    {¶ 32} Although Robert’s ninth assignment of error expressly addresses his
    meritorious defense, he challenges the trial court’s conclusion in multiple assignments of
    error. Significantly, Robert’s first assignment of error asserts that Liberty account 3705
    was not in his wife’s name alone and that it was established outside the statute of
    limitations. He points to Plaintiff’s Exhibit 5 (which was not offered at trial), which shows
    that Callista and Robert jointly opened the Liberty account 3705 with right of survivorship
    on May 4, 2007. In his second assignment of error, Robert claims that there was no
    evidence – only inferences – that Liberty account 3705 was fraudulently conveyed.
    {¶ 33} Robert acknowledges, however, that the ownership of Liberty account 3705
    was previously litigated. Indeed, he asserts that “courts have had 3705 wrong for years.
    The probate court in its Findings of Fact stated that Liberty account 3705 was solely
    owned by Callista McHenry.” We affirmed the probate court’s judgment on appeal. In
    their direct appeal in this case, the McHenrys again asserted that Liberty account 3705
    was opened by Callista on May 4, 2007 (outside the statute of limitations) as a joint
    certificate of deposit.   We determined that “the evidence reasonably supported a
    conclusion that account 3705 was opened solely in Callista’s name and was ‘transferred’
    by being made into a joint account with Robert sometime after June 23, 2008.” Mancz,
    2d Dist. Greene No. 2019-CA-74, 
    2021-Ohio-82
    , at ¶ 65. Although Robert disagrees
    with the prior judicial findings regarding Liberty account 3705, the trial court reasonably
    -15-
    concluded that the ownership of PNC account 0500 was immaterial, because the
    evidence established, and the jury could have reasonably found, that the fraudulent
    conveyance occurred when the proceeds from Liberty account 3705 were used to fund
    jointly-held National City Bank account 4833 and, later, PNC account 0500.
    {¶ 34} Robert’s assignments of error are overruled in their entirety.
    VI. Frivolous Appeal
    {¶ 35} In his appellate brief, Mancz asks us to assess damages against Robert for
    filing a frivolous appeal. Under App.R. 23, an appellate court may require the appellant
    to pay reasonable fees if the appellate court determines that the appeal is frivolous.
    App.R. 23; Springfield Venture, L.L.C. v. U.S. Bank, N.A., 
    2015-Ohio-1983
    , 
    33 N.E.3d 85
    ,
    ¶ 51 (2d Dist.). A frivolous appeal is one that presents issues lacking arguable merit,
    which means that, “on the facts and law involved, no responsible contention can be made
    that it offers a basis for reversal.” State v. Marbury, 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 19226,
    
    2003-Ohio-3242
    , ¶ 8, citing State v. Pullen, 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 19232, 2002-Ohio-
    6788, ¶ 4. Upon review, we cannot conclude that Robert’s appeal meets this standard.
    Mancz’s request for damages is denied.
    VII. Conclusion
    {¶ 36} The trial court’s judgment will be affirmed.
    .............
    WELBAUM, J. and LEWIS, J., concur.
    Copies sent to:
    -16-
    Barry W. Mancz
    Robert L. McHenry
    Hon. Michael A. Buckwalter
    

Document Info

Docket Number: 2022-CA-20

Citation Numbers: 2022 Ohio 3256

Judges: Epley

Filed Date: 9/16/2022

Precedential Status: Precedential

Modified Date: 9/16/2022