State v. Bradford , 91 N.E.3d 10 ( 2017 )

[Cite as State v. Bradford, 2017-Ohio-3003.]
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF OHIO
FOURTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
ROSS COUNTY
STATE OF OHIO, :
: Case No. 16CA3531
Plaintiff-Appellee, :
:
vs. : DECISION AND JUDGMENT
: ENTRY
PELE K. BRADFORD, :
:
Defendant-Appellant. : Released: 05/23/17
_____________________________________________________________
APPEARANCES:
Pele K. Bradford, Lebanon, Ohio, Pro Se Appellant.
Matthew S. Schmidt, Ross County Prosecuting Attorney, and Pamela C.
Wells, Ross County Assistant Prosecuting Attorney, Chillicothe, Ohio, for
Appellee.
_____________________________________________________________
McFarland, J.
{¶1} This is an appeal from a Ross County Common Pleas Court
judgment denying Pele K. Bradford’s motion to withdraw his guilty plea and
motion for appointed counsel. On appeal, Appellant contends that 1) the
trial court abused its discretion by denying him his Sixth Amendment right
to counsel at the oral hearing on his motion to withdraw his guilty plea,
which he argues was a critical stage of the proceeding; 2) the trial court
lacked authority to preside over the oral hearing and issue an entry, as the
trial judge was improperly assigned; 3) the trial court abused its discretion
Ross App. No. 16CA3531 2
by overruling his motion to withdraw his guilty plea where he claimed his
conviction was void and his sentence was unlawfully imposed, thus
rendering his detention unlawful, and established a manifest injustice; 4) the
trial court erred when it accepted his unintelligent and involuntary pleas
which were induced by his reliance on counsel’s advice, when, as a matter of
law, he could not have been convicted of the crime of escape, to which he
pleaded guilty; and 5) the trial court erred when it failed to acknowledge the
underlying fact that he was illegally under detention pursuant to a jury
verdict convicting him of an unindicted offense under R.C. 2903.01(B) and
an unlawfully imposed sentence under R.C. 2903.01(A), where lawful
detention is an essential element of the crime of escape.
{¶2} Because four of Appellant’s assignments of error rely upon the
premise that his underlying sentence imposed by the Hamilton County Court
of Common Pleas in 2004 is void, and because we have found that the error
in the 2004 sentencing entry simply constituted a clerical error rather than an
error resulting in the sentence or a portion of the sentence being void, we
overrule assignments of error one, three, four and five. Further, because we
have concluded that the trial judge was properly assigned and therefore had
authority to preside over Appellant’s motion to withdraw his guilty plea, we
Ross App. No. 16CA3531 3
overrule Appellant’s second assignment of error. Accordingly, the judgment
of the trial court is affirmed.
FACTS
{¶3} On January 9, 2004, Appellant, Pele K. Bradford, was indicted
by a Hamilton County, Ohio, grand jury on one count of aggravated murder,
in violation of R.C. 2903.01(A), and one count of having weapons while
under disability, in violation of R.C. 2923.13(A)(3). A review of the
Hamilton County online docket indicates that the indictment was later
amended on February 10, 2004; however, the substance of the amendment is
not available on the online docket.1 Appellant was subsequently found
guilty by a jury “of Aggravated Murder 2903.01(B) as charged in Count 1 of
the Indictment.” Both the verdict form and the jury trial transcript
consistently reference that Appellant was found guilty of aggravated murder
in violation of R.C. 2903.01(B). Appellant was also found guilty of count
two as charged in the indictment. However, the judgment and sentencing
entry filed by the trial court on June 8, 2004 states that Appellant was found
guilty of “count 1; Aggravated Murder with Specifications #1 and #2, 2903-
1
Appellant has requested that we take judicial notice of the court proceedings and filings in the Hamilton
County case related to his aggravated murder conviction, which form the basis of his later charge of escape,
to which he pleaded guilty in the Ross County Court of Common Pleas. “Both trial courts and appellate
courts can take judicial notice of filings readily accessible from a court's website.” State v. Wright, 4th Dist.
Scioto Nos. 15CA3705 and 15CA3706, 2016-Ohio-7795, fn. 3; citing In re Helfrich, 5th Dist. Licking No.
13CA20, 2014-Ohio-1933, ¶ 35; State ex rel. Everhart v. McIntosh, 115 Ohio St.3d 195, 2007-Ohio-4798,
974 N.E.2d 516, ¶ 8, 10 (court can take judicial notice of judicial opinions and public records accessible
from the internet).
Ross App. No. 16CA3531 4
01A/ORCN, SF[,]” and “count 2: Having Weapons While Under Disability,
2923-13A3/ORCN, F5[.]”2
{¶4} The Hamilton County online docket indicates that Appellant
filed a direct appeal from his convictions and sentences on June 18, 2004. In
his appeal, he argued that his convictions were against the manifest weight
of the evidence and the trial court erred in excluding a police report from
evidence. Appellant did not raise any arguments claiming his convictions or
sentences were void or that the verdict form or sentencing entry cited the
wrong subsection of the murder count. The First District Court of Appeals
rejected both of Appellant’s assignments of error and affirmed his
convictions on May 6, 2005. State v. Bradford, 1st Dist. Hamilton No. C-
040382, 2005-Ohio-2208. Appellant went on to file multiple post-
conviction petitions and motions for resentencing in the Hamilton County
Court of Common Pleas, the substance of which we cannot discern from the
online docket, but all of which have been denied.3
{¶5} Appellant was subsequently arrested and charged with escape on
February 5, 2006, “after climbing the perimeter fence at Ross Correctional
Institution” while he “was serving a sentence for aggravated murder.” State
2
Certified copies of the verdict form, excerpts from the trial transcript, and the sentencing entry from the
Hamilton County case were all attached to Appellant’s motion to withdraw guilty plea (of the escape
conviction) that Appellant filed in the Ross County Court of Common Pleas, the denial of which he is
currently appealing.
3
The Hamilton County Court Clerk’s page does not permit viewing of the actual pleadings and documents
filed, citing the fact that the “document may contain sensitive information.”
Ross App. No. 16CA3531 5
v. Bradford, 4th Dist. Ross No. 08CA3053, 2009-Ohio-1864, ¶ 2. As a
result, Appellant was indicted for escape, in violation of R.C. 2921.34. Id.Appellant pleaded guilty to that charge on October 16, 2007, and did not file
an appeal. However, on March 26, 2008, Appellant filed a petition for post-
conviction relief in the Ross County Court of Common Pleas claiming he
was not the actual defendant named in the indictment and that the trial court
lacked jurisdiction over him. The petition was denied and Appellant filed an
appeal in this Court from the denial. On April 10, 2009, this Court rejected
Appellant’s arguments and affirmed his conviction for escape. Id. at ¶ 20.
{¶6} Subsequently, on March 25, 2015, Appellant filed an action in
mandamus in the First District Court of Appeals, seeking a correction of the
judgment entry for his conviction for aggravated murder. State ex rel.
Bradford v. Dinkelacker, 146 Ohio St.3d 219, 2016-Ohio-2916, 54 N.E.3d
1216, ¶ 1. The First District Court dismissed the motion and Appellant then
appealed the decision to the Supreme Court of Ohio. Id. at ¶ 3. In analyzing
Appellant’s argument, the Supreme Court noted that Appellant had been
found guilty “ ‘of Aggravated Murder 2903.01(B) as charged in Count I of
the Indictment[,]’ ” but also noted that “ ‘the court’s journal entry stated
“[a]ggravated Murder with Specifications # 1 and # 2, 2903-01A/ORCN,
SF.” ’ ” The Supreme Court nevertheless affirmed the First District’s
Ross App. No. 16CA3531 6
dismissal of Appellant’s action in mandamus on May 12, 2016, reasoning as
follows:
“Bradford could have raised the mistake in the original journal
entry as part of his direct appeal of his conviction. He also
could have appealed Judge Dinkelacker’s entry denying his
motion to correct the judgment entry. He therefore had an
adequate remedy in the ordinary course of the law.” Id. at ¶ 6.
Nowhere in its decision did the Supreme Court state that Appellant’s
conviction or sentence was void as a result of the discrepancy between the
verdict form and the sentencing entry.
{¶7} Then, on October 22, 2015, six years after we affirmed his
conviction for escape, Appellant filed a motion to withdraw his guilty plea to
the escape charge in the Ross County Court of Common Pleas. In his
motion he argued that his original murder conviction in Hamilton County
was void because the verdict forms indicated he was found guilty of
aggravated murder in violation of R.C. 2903.01(B), as charged in the
indictment, but the trial court’s sentencing entry stated he had been found
guilty of a violation of R.C. 2903.01(A). Appellant argued that because his
underlying conviction and sentence were void, his conviction for escape was
also void, because he was not under lawful detention at the time he was
charged with escape. The trial court, however, denied the motion. In
denying the motion, the trial court reasoned as follows:
Ross App. No. 16CA3531 7
“I am specifically finding that the Ross County Court of
Common Pleas has no jurisdiction, no authority to consider the
verdict, conviction, or sentence of the Hamilton County, Ohio,
Court of Common Pleas, so therefore I cannot find that there’s
a manifest injustice in this Ross County, Ohio, case, so your
motion to withdraw your guilty plea, sir, is overruled.”
(Emphasis added).
It is from this denial of his motion to withdraw his guilty plea that Appellant
now brings his current appeal, assigning the following errors for our review.
ASSIGNMENTS OF ERROR
“I. THE TRIAL COURT ABUSED ITS DISCRETION BY DENYING
THE APPELLANT HIS SIXTH AMENDMENT RIGHT TO
COUNSEL AT THE FEBRUARY 1, 2016 ORAL HEARING ON
APPELLANT’S PRESENTENCE MOTION TO WITHDRAW
GUILTY PLEA WHICH WAS A CRITICAL STAGE OF THE
PROCEEDING.
II. THE TRIAL COURT LACKED AUTHORITY TO PRESIDE OVER
THE FEBRUARY 1, 2016 ORAL HEARING AND ISSUE AN
ENTRY AS HE WAS IMPROPERLY ASSIGNED.
III. THE TRIAL COURT ABUSED ITS DISCRETION BY
OVERRULING APPELLANT’S MOTION TO WITHDRAW
GUILTY PLEA WHERE THE APPELLANT’S VOID
CONVICTION FOR A VIOLATION OF R.C. 2903.01(B) AND AN
UNLAWFULLY IMPOSED SENTENCE UNDER R.C. 2903.01(A)
IN CASE NO. B-0400169, RENDERING THE APPELLANT’S
DETENTION UNLAWFUL, CONSTITUTED A FUNDAMENTAL
FLAW IN THE PROCEEDINGS ESTABLISHING THE
EXISTENCE OF MANIFEST INJUSTICE.
IV. THE TRIAL COURT ERRED WHEN IT ACCEPTED
BRADFORD’S UNINTELLIGENT AND INVOLUNTARY PLEAS
WHICH WERE INDUCED BY DEFENDANT’S RELIANCE ON
COUNSEL’S ADVICE WHERE, AS A MATTER OF LAW, THE
DEFENDANT COULD NOT HAVE BEEN CONVICTED OF THE
Ross App. No. 16CA3531 8
CRIME OF ESCAPE WHICH HE PLED GUILTY, THEREBY
RENDERING BRADFORD’S PLEAS IN VIOLATION OF THE
DUE PROCESS CLAUSE UNDER THE FOURTEENTH
AMENDMENT TO THE UNITES STATES CONSTITUTION.
V. THE TRIAL COURT ERRED WHEN IT FAILED TO
ACKNOWLEDGE THE UNDERLYING FACT THAT
APPELLANT WAS ILLEGALLY UNDER DETENTION
PURSUANT TO A JURY VERDICT CONVICTING APPELLANT
OF AN UNINDICTED OFFENSE UNDER R.C. 2903.01(B) AND
AN UNLAWFULLY IMPOSED SENTENCE UNDER R.C.
2903.01(A) IN CASE NO. B-0400169, WHERE LAWFUL
DETENTION IS AN ESSENTIAL ELEMENT OF THE CRIME OF
ESCAPE.”
ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR II
{¶8} Because Appellant’s second assignment of error challenges the
trial court’s jurisdiction to preside over his motion to withdraw his guilty
plea, we address it first, out of order. In his second assignment of error,
Appellant contends that the trial court lacked authority to preside over the
oral hearing on the motion to withdraw his guilty plea to the escape
conviction, arguing that the trial court judge was improperly assigned to the
case. Appellant argues that Art. IV, Section 6(C) provides for assignment of
retired judges to serve as acting judges upon assignment of the chief justice
of the Supreme Court of Ohio, and that there was no assignment of Judge J.
Jeffery Benson made by the Supreme Court. Appellant therefore concludes
that Judge Benson lacked jurisdiction over the matter and the resultant entry
Ross App. No. 16CA3531 9
denying his motion to withdraw his guilty plea is void. For the following
reasons, we disagree with Appellant.
{¶9} A judge who acts absent a proper transfer of a case is without
authority and his rulings are voidable upon a timely objection by either
party. Washington Mutual Bank v. Spencer, 10th Dist. Franklin No. 05AP-
1209, 2006-Ohio-3807, ¶ 6; citing Berger v. Berger, 3 Ohio App.3d 125,
443 N.E.2d 1375, paragraph three of the syllabus (1981), overruled on other
grounds (additional citations omitted). However, it is incumbent upon the
complaining party to raise its objection to the judge’s authority to act at the
first opportunity. Id. In Jurek v. Jurek, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 54438, 1988
WL 112967 *2, the court noted its prior holding which stated that
“ ‘reassignment of any case must be accompanied by a journal entry
executed by the administrative judge which states a justifiable reason for
transferring responsibility for the case to another judge.’ ” Quoting Berger v.
Berger, supra at 130. Jurek’s case was transferred two different times post-
divorce without the required journal entry. Id. at *2. The court held,
however, that “[t]he transfer of a case from one judge to another under these
circumstances does not render a judgment void, but merely voidable.” Id.
The Jurek court further noted its prior reasoning set forth in Brown v.
Brown, 15 Ohio App.3d 45, 472 N.E.2d 361 (1984), which stated that:
Ross App. No. 16CA3531 10
“any party objecting to reassignment must raise that objection
at the first opportunity to do so. If the party has knowledge of
the transfer with sufficient time to object before the new judge
takes any action, that party waives any objection to the transfer
by failing to raise that issue on the record before the action is
taken.” Jurek at *3.
Further, as noted by the State, the Rules of Superintendence for the Court of
Ohio in Rule 36, which governs the assignment system, provides for the
“redistribution of cases involving the same criminal defendant, parties,
family members, or subject matter.”
{¶10} Here, we initially note that Judge Jeffrey Benson was not a
retired judge serving by assignment of the Supreme Court of Ohio. Rather,
he was a current sitting judge of the Ross County Court of Common Pleas at
the time of Appellant’s hearing. Further, although Appellant’s case was
originally assigned to Judge Nusbaum, the record reflects that a journal entry
was filed on December 14, 2015 indicating that the case was being
transferred to Judge Benson because Judge Nusbaum had recused himself.
The journal entry is signed by the presiding judge of the court. It is
reasonable to conclude that recusal and resultant reassignment of a case
would fall under the provisions of Sup.R. 36. Thus, this was not a scenario
involving the transfer of Appellant’s case from one judge to another without
the required journal entry.
Ross App. No. 16CA3531 11
{¶11} The record further reflects that four days after the case was
transferred, on December 18, 2015, Judge Benson filed a judgment entry
overruling Appellant’s previously filed “Motion to Deem Conceded.”
Appellant made no challenge to Judge Benson’s authority over the case after
the issuance of that entry. Moreover, Appellant was present at the hearing
on his motion to withdraw his guilty plea on March 22, 2016. He made no
challenge to Judge Benson’s authority prior to, during or immediately after
the hearing. The transcript from the motion hearing indicates Appellant
engaged in a dialogue with Judge Benson in which Appellant made
reference to the fact that Judge Nusbaum had previously been assigned to
the case, but he made no complaint whatsoever related to Judge Benson’s
authority or jurisdiction over the matter at that time.
{¶12} Based upon the foregoing, we find no irregularity or flaw in the
transfer of Appellant’s case from one judge to another that would render the
orders issued by the transferee judge voidable, let alone void. Further, even
if there was an error rendering the order voidable, the record reflects that
Appellant failed to bring the argument to the attention of the trial court at his
earliest opportunity to do so, either after the issuance of the transfer order,
the December 18th order, or certainly at the oral hearing on the motion. As
Ross App. No. 16CA3531 12
such, he has waived any argument related to the transfer of the case.
Accordingly, Appellant’s second assignment of error is overruled.
ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR V
{¶13} For ease of analysis, we next address Appellant’s fifth
assignment of error, out of order. In his fifth assignment of error, Appellant
contends that the trial court erred when it failed to acknowledge the
underlying fact that he was illegally under detention pursuant to a jury
verdict convicting him of an unindicted offense under R.C. 2903.01(B) and
an unlawfully imposed sentence under R.C. 2903.01(A) in Hamilton County
Case No. B-0400169, where lawful detention is an essential element of the
crime of escape. Phrased another way, Appellant contends that his escape
conviction was based upon a void conviction and an invalid sentence
imposed in Hamilton County, and that the trial court abused its discretion by
failing to acknowledge and determine the essential element of lawful
detention.
{¶14} The State responds by arguing that the Ross County Court of
Common Pleas had no jurisdiction to “overturn” a determination of the
Hamilton County Court of Common Pleas because it is “not a court of
appeal to determine the validity of judgment from another county court of
common pleas.” Similarly, the trial court reasoned that it did not have
Ross App. No. 16CA3531 13
jurisdiction or authority to “consider” the verdict, conviction or sentence of
the Hamilton County Court of Common Pleas. While we agree with the
State that the Ross County Court of Common Pleas had no authority to
“overturn” or vacate Appellant’s Hamilton County conviction, we disagree
with the trial court’s statement that it had no jurisdiction or authority to
“consider” the Hamilton County conviction. Lingo v. State, 2014-Ohio-
1052, 7 N.E.2d 1188, ¶ 46 (“Any court in any jurisdiction certainly has the
right to decline to recognize the validity of a void judgment of any other
court.”) and ¶ 47 (“There are various scenarios in which a court might have
jurisdiction over an issue that provides the court with the opportunity to
declare the judgment of any other court to be void.”); see also State v.
Fischer, 128 Ohio St.3d 92, 2010-Ohio-6238, 942 N.E.2d 332, ¶ 6-7
(explaining that a void “sentence may be reviewed at any time, on direct
appeal or by collateral attack.”).4
{¶15} Initially, we note that Appellant sought review by the Ross
County Court of Common Pleas of the felony sentence imposed by the
Hamilton County Court of Common Pleas, and now essentially asks this
Court to do the same. When reviewing felony sentences we apply the
4
The Supreme Court of Ohio has described a “collateral attack” as “ ‘ “an attempt to defeat the operation of
a judgment, in a proceeding where some new right derived from or through the judgment is involved.” ’ ”
Ohio Pyro, Inc. v. Ohio Dept. of Commerce, 115 Ohio St.3d 375, 2007-Ohio-5024, 875 N.E.2d 850, ¶ 16.
Ohio Pyro also noted that “[c]ollateral attacks on judgments conceivably can be mounted in either the court
that issued the judgment or in a different court, as they involve any new ‘proceeding’ not encompassed
within the proceeding in which the original judgment was entered.” Id. at ¶ 20.
Ross App. No. 16CA3531 14
standard of review set forth in R.C. 2953.08(G)(2). State v. Taylor, 138 Ohio
St.3d 194, 2014-Ohio-460, 5 N.E.3d 612, ¶ 40; State v. Marcum, 146 Ohio
St.3d 516, 2016-Ohio-1002, 59 N.E.3d 1231, ¶ 1. R.C. 2953.08(G)(2)
specifies that an appellate court may increase, reduce, modify, or vacate and
remand a challenged felony sentence if the court clearly and convincingly
finds either that “the record does not support the sentencing court's findings”
under the specified statutory provisions or “the sentence is otherwise
contrary to law.” Id.{¶16} Recently, the Supreme Court of Ohio, reflecting on the
evolution of its “void sentence jurisprudence” summarized as follows:
“Our jurisprudence on void sentences ‘reflects a fundamental
understanding of constitutional democracy’ that the power to
define criminal offenses and prescribe punishment is vested in
the legislative branch of government, and courts may impose
sentences only as provided by statute. State v. Fischer, 128
Ohio St.3d 92, 2010-Ohio-6238, 942 N.E.2d 332, ¶ 21-22.
Because ‘[n]o court has the authority to impose a sentence that
is contrary to law,’ Id. at ¶ 23, when the trial court disregards
statutory mandates, ‘[p]rinciples of res judicata, including the
doctrine of the law of the case, do not preclude appellate
review. The sentence may be reviewed at any time, on direct
appeal or by collateral attack.’ Id. at ¶ 30. But if the
sentencing court had jurisdiction and statutory authority to act,
sentencing errors do not render the sentence void, and the
sentence can be set aside only if successfully challenged on
direct appeal. Fischer at ¶ 6-7; State v. Payne, 114 Ohio St.3d
502, 2007-Ohio-4642, 873 N.E.2d 306, ¶ 28. * * *” State v.
Williams, 2016-Ohio-7658, -- N.E.3d --, ¶ 22-23. (Emphasis
added).
Ross App. No. 16CA3531 15
{¶17} Although the trial court refused to consider Appellant’s
argument below based upon its reasoning that it lacked jurisdiction to
consider the decision of another district, we held differently in State v.
Burns, 4th Dist. Highland No. 11CA19, 2012-Ohio-1626. In Burns, this
Court concluded State v. Fischer, supra, provided us with authority to
recognize a Brown County sentencing entry to be void “despite the fact that
Appellant [had] attacked it collaterally through the Highland County Court
of Common Pleas.” Burns at ¶ 12; see also State v. Romine, 4th Dist.
Pickaway No. 16CA1, 2016-Ohio-5308, ¶ 8 (noting our conclusion in Burns
that “Fischer provided us with authority to cure an error in sentencing that
occurred in Highland County, despite the fact that to do so necessitated
review of another county’s sentencing entry.”).5 Thus, the trial court erred
in determining that it lacked authority to review or “consider” Appellant’s
argument that his Ross County escape conviction was void, based upon an
argument that the underlying sentence imposed in Hamilton County was
void.
5
Although Burns and Romine both involved claims that sentences were void because post-release control
was improperly imposed, as discussed more fully below, the Supreme Court of Ohio, in its “void sentence
jurisprudence” has extended its reasoning to find that certain other sentencing errors, aside from the
improper imposition of post-release control, can render felony sentences void. Further, in Burns, we note
that our reference to curing a sentencing error was made in regard to curing a sentencing error that occurred
in Highland County, which sentence was on direct review, and not curing the underlying sentencing error
that occurred in Brown County, which was outside of this Appellate District.
Ross App. No. 16CA3531 16
{¶18} We do note, however, the distinctions between reviewing a
conviction or sentence from another court or district for voidness and
validity as opposed to attempting to overrule or vacate said conviction or
sentence. While this Court and the trial court have the authority and
jurisdiction to perform the former, neither have the authority or jurisdiction
to perform the latter. Lingo, supra, ¶ 47 (noting “* * * the fact that a
judgment might be void certainly does not give every court the authority to
directly reverse, vacate, or modify that judgment[,]” and further noting that
“* * * the authority to vacate void judgments of another court is exclusively
conferred by the Ohio Constitution on courts of direct review * * *.”) Lingo
further explained that “* * * a void judgment does not by itself create a
justiciable controversy that a court may seize upon and resolve[,]” but
instead “[t]o be subject to collateral attack, the judgment must be relevant to
the relief sought or to the enforcement of some right in a controversy
properly before the court.” Id. at ¶ 47; citing Kingsborough v. Tously, 56
Ohio St. 450, 458, 47 N.E. 541 (1897); see also State v. Hartley, 10th Dist.
Franklin No. 15AP–192, 2016-Ohio-2854, ¶ 7 (relying on the authority
provided in Lingo, supra, the 10th District Court of Appeals noted that
although a Vinton County Juvenile Court judgment containing a sex
offender classification was not subject to direct review by the trial court, the
Ross App. No. 16CA3531 17
motion before the trial court required that it consider the validity of the sex
offender classification.”). As such, because this Court does have authority
to review and determine if Appellant’s underlying murder conviction, which
served as the foundation for his escape conviction, is void, we will undertake
to do so.6
{¶19} Appellant essentially contends that his aggravated murder
conviction and sentence from Hamilton County are void because the jury
convicted him of aggravated murder in violation of R.C. 2903.01(B), as
evidenced by the verdict forms, but the trial court imposed sentence upon
him for a violation of R.C. 2903.01(A) instead. Although it is not
completely clear from his arguments on appeal, in his motion to withdraw
his guilty plea filed below, Appellant seems to suggest that the jury’s finding
of guilt under the (B) subsection of the statute essentially convicted him of
an “unindicted offense.” Implicit in this argument is the suggestion that
6
As set forth above, Appellant now seeks to withdraw his guilty plea to escape, in violation of R.C.
2921.34. The relevant version of R.C. 2921.34 in effect at the time Appellant was charged with escape
provided, in pertinent part, as follows:
“ (A)(1) No person, knowing the person is under detention or being reckless in that regard, shall purposely
break or attempt to break the detention, or purposely fail to return to detention, either following temporary
leave granted for a specific purpose or limited period, or at the time required when serving a sentence in
intermittent confinement.
***
(B) Irregularity in bringing about or maintaining detention, or lack of jurisdiction of the committing or
detaining authority, is not a defense to a charge under this section if the detention is pursuant to judicial
order or in a detention facility. In the case of any other detention, irregularity or lack of jurisdiction is an
affirmative defense only if either of the following occurs:
(1) The escape involved no substantial risk of harm to the person or property of another.
(2) The detaining authority knew or should have known there was no legal basis or authority for the
detention.”
Ross App. No. 16CA3531 18
Appellant was actually indicted under the (A) subsection of the statute.
Appellant has not provided this Court with a complete record from his
Hamilton County case. However, a review of the information available on
the online docket for Hamilton County, in which we are both requested and
permitted to take judicial notice, reveals that Appellant was, in fact, indicted
for aggravated murder in violation of R.C. 2903.01(A), not (B).
{¶20} Thus, at first blush, it appears that there may have been an
error in the jury verdict forms. However, the online docket also reveals that
after a bill of particulars was filed in the case, the State filed a motion to
amend the indictment, which was granted by the court. Appellant’s original
indictment contained two counts, the aggravated murder count, and a second
count of having weapons while under disability in violation of R.C.
2923.13(A). It appears from the sentencing entry that Appellant was
convicted of the second count, as charged in the indictment, and was
sentenced for a violation of R.C. 2923.13(A). Thus, the logical conclusion is
that the having weapons while under disability count was not changed when
the indictment was amended. Thus, because there was only one other count,
the aggravated murder charge was likely the count that was amended.
{¶21} Unfortunately, as set forth above, Appellant did not provide us
with the complete record of the Hamilton County case and the online docket
Ross App. No. 16CA3531 19
does not permit viewing of the actual substance of the court filings. “ ‘[I]t is
the appellant's duty to transmit the [record] to the court of appeals. * * *
This duty falls to the appellant because the appellant has the burden of
establishing error in the trial court.” State v. Bailey, 4th Dist. Scioto No.
09CA3287, 2010-Ohio-2239, ¶ 57; quoting State v. Dalton, 9th Dist. Lorain
No. 09CA009589, 2009-Ohio-6910, ¶ 25; citing Knapp v. Edwards
Laboratories, 61 Ohio St.2d 197, 199, 400 N.E.2d 384 (1980) (internal
citations omitted). Further, we are not permitted to speculate on what might
have been amended in the indictment, but instead we must presume the
regularity of the record and trust that the jury was instructed on the proper
murder charge and found Appellant guilty of the charge which was set forth
in the indictment, as amended. Bailey at ¶ 60.
{¶22} Having reached this conclusion, the fact remains that the
sentencing entry is inconsistent with the verdict form, which we must
presume is correct. However, Appellant has presented us with no authority
stating a trial court’s reference to an incorrect statutory subsection in a
sentencing entry renders a conviction or sentence void. As set forth above,
in State v. Williams, supra, the Supreme Court of Ohio discussed the
evolution of its “void sentence jurisprudence,” and noted its prior
determinations that failure to impose a statutorily mandated term of post-
Ross App. No. 16CA3531 20
release control, failure to include a mandatory driver’s license suspension in
the offender’s sentence, and failure to include a mandatory fine in the
sentence all result in the sentence being void. State v. Williams at ¶ 21; citing
State v. Singleton, 124 Ohio St.3d 173, 2009-Ohio-6434, 920 N.E.2d 958,
¶ 18, 23, 36; State v. Harris, 132 Ohio St.3d 318, 2012-Ohio-1908, 972
N.E.2d 509, paragraph one of the syllabus; State v. Moore, 135 Ohio St.3d
151, 2012-Ohio-5479, 985 N.E.2d 432, syllabus. The Supreme Court in
Williams further extended its “void sentence jurisprudence” to scenarios
where a trial court determines prior to sentencing that offenses constitute
allied offenses of similar import, but then fails to merge them for purposes
of sentencing and imposes sentences on all counts. Williams at ¶ 29.
{¶23} Here, Appellant has presented us with no authority and we are
aware of no authority which states a trial court’s reference to an incorrect
statutory subsection in a sentencing entry renders a conviction or sentence
void. Instead, based on the limited facts before us, as well as the foregoing
case law, we conclude that the error in the sentencing entry is simply a
clerical error. Clerical errors, including ones involving a court’s incorrect
statutory reference in a sentencing entry, can be corrected by a nunc pro tunc
entry. State v. Lattimore, 1st Dist. Hamilton No. C-010488, 2002 WL
252451, *1-2 (2002)(“the trial court’s internally inconsistent sentencing
Ross App. No. 16CA3531 21
entry is a correctable clerical error.”); State v. Taylor, 3rd Dist. Seneca No.
13-10-49, 2011-Ohio-5080, ¶ 52-53 (despite “innumerable errors” in the
verdict forms and judgment entries, which included the trial court’s citation
to an incorrect Ohio Revised Code section, court-held errors were clerical
and correctable via a nunc pro tunc order); State v. Daley, 3rd Dist. Seneca
No. 13-13-26, 2014-Ohio-2128, ¶ 1 (remanded case for correction of clerical
errors included in the sentencing judgment entry). Nonetheless, the clerical
error does not render Appellant’s conviction or sentence void or contrary to
law.
{¶24} Further, because this error does not render the conviction or
sentence void, and because Appellant did not raise this error in his direct
appeal of his convictions and sentences, it is barred by res judicata. “Under
the doctrine of res judicata, a final judgment of conviction bars a convicted
defendant who was represented by counsel from raising and litigating in any
proceeding, except an appeal from that judgment, any defense or any
claimed lack of due process that was raised or could have been raised by the
defendant at trial, which resulted in that judgment of conviction, or on an
appeal from that judgment.” State v. Szefcyk, 77 Ohio St.3d 93, 671 N.E.2d
233, syllabus. We are reassured in our decision by the fact that, as set forth
above, the Supreme Court of Ohio has reviewed Appellant’s Hamilton
Ross App. No. 16CA3531 22
County convictions in the course of a mandamus appeal, acknowledged the
discrepancy between the verdict form and the sentencing entry, yet failed to
sua sponte recognize that the error rendered either the conviction or sentence
void or contrary to law. See Bradford v. Dinkelacker, supra.7
{¶25} In light of our conclusion that the sentencing error complained
of by Appellant does not actually render his Hamilton County aggravated
murder conviction or sentence void or contrary to law, and as such is barred
by principles of res judicata, the Ross County court did not err in refusing to
consider this argument when presented below. Further, because Appellant’s
underlying murder sentence has not been determined to be void, we reject
Appellant’s argument that he was not under lawful detention, which was an
element of his subsequent escape conviction. Accordingly, Appellant’s fifth
assignment of error is overruled.
ASSIGNMENTS OF ERROR I, III, AND IV
{¶26} As Appellant’s first, third and fourth assignments of error are
all premised upon a finding that Appellant’s Hamilton County conviction
and sentence for aggravated murder are void, an argument which we
7
As set forth above, in affirming the appellate court’s denial of Appellant’s action in mandamus, the
Supreme Court of Ohio noted, in determining Appellant had an adequate remedy at law, that “Bradford
could have raised the mistake in the original journal entry as part of his direct appeal of his conviction. He
also could have appealed Judge Dinkelacker’s entry denying his motion to correct the judgment entry.”
Bradford v. Dinkelacker at ¶ 6. Thus, Appellant clearly could have previously raised this argument as part
of a direct appeal, did not, and is now barred by principles of res judicata from collaterally attacking his
conviction and sentence.
Ross App. No. 16CA3531 23
disposed of and rejected in our analysis of Appellant’s fifth assignment of
error, we address these assignments of error in conjunction with one another
for ease of analysis. In his first assignment of error, Appellant contends that
the trial court abused its discretion by denying Appellant his Sixth
Amendment right to counsel at the February 1, 2016 oral hearing on his
“presentence motion to withdraw guilty plea[,]” which Appellant argues was
a critical stage of the proceeding. In making this argument, Appellant
contends that his motion to withdraw should be treated as a presentence
motion to withdraw, rather than a post-sentence motion to withdraw “due to
the undeniable fact that Appellant was never legally under detention for the
conviction and sentence for which the escape charge was predicated upon,”
thereby rendering the sentence imposed on the escape charge void. Thus,
Appellant contends he was entitled to appointed counsel at the hearing,
pursuant to State v. Boswell, 121 Ohio St.3d 575, 2009-Ohio-1577, 906
N.E.2d 422 (superseded by statute as stated in State v. Singleton, supra),which held that “[a] motion to withdraw a plea of guilty or no contest made
by a defendant who has been given a void sentence must be considered as a
presentence motion under Crim.R. 32.”
{¶27} In his third assignment of error, Appellant contends that the
trial court abused its discretion by overruling his motion to withdraw his
Ross App. No. 16CA3531 24
guilty plea where his void conviction for a violation of R.C. 2903.01(B) and
an unlawfully imposed sentence under R.C. 2903.01(A) in the Hamilton
County case rendered his detention unlawful and constituted a fundamental
flaw in the proceedings establishing the existence of manifest injustice. In
support of his argument, Appellant relies on State v. Billiter, 134 Ohio St.3d
103, 2012-Ohio-5144, 980 N.E.2d 960, which held that “[w]hen a criminal
defendant is improperly sentenced to postrelease control, res judicata does
not bar the defendant from collaterally attacking his conviction for escape
due to an earlier post release-control sentencing error.” Billiter at syllabus.
Based upon his interpretation of the holding in Billiter, Appellant asserts
“that his conduct could not have constituted escape as a matter of law * * *
because he was never lawfully under detention at the time of the alleged
escape.”
{¶28} In his fourth assignment of error, Appellant contends that the
trial court erred when it accepted his unintelligent and involuntary pleas
which were induced by his reliance on counsel’s advice where he claims, as
a matter of law, he could not have been convicted of the crime of escape, to
which he pled guilty, thereby rendering his pleas in violation of the due
process clause under the Fourteenth Amendment to the Unites States
Constitution. Appellant essentially contends that his counsel was ineffective
Ross App. No. 16CA3531 25
for failing to “investigate and recognize” Appellant was not legally under
detention at the time he advised Appellant to plead guilty to escape, and that
the trial court abused its discretion when it determined the manifest injustice
standard had not been met.
{¶29} With regard to Appellant’s first assignment of error, we noted
Crim.R. 32.1 provides that “[a] motion to withdraw a plea of guilty or no
contest may be made only before sentence is imposed; but to correct
manifest injustice the court after sentence may set aside the judgment of
conviction and permit the defendant to withdraw his or her plea.” Under
Appellant’s fifth assignment of error, we rejected his argument that his
underlying conviction and sentence for aggravated murder imposed in the
Hamilton County Court of Common was void. Thus, we must also reject
Appellant’s argument that his motion to withdraw his guilty plea should be
treated as a presentence motion. Appellant’s argument is premised upon a
finding that his underlying conviction for aggravated murder was void,
thereby rendering his detention unlawful and further rendering his
subsequent escape conviction void. Having rejected Appellant’s argument
that his murder conviction was void, we have found his detention underlying
his escape conviction to be lawful. Therefore, Appellant’s argument fails
Ross App. No. 16CA3531 26
and his motion was properly treated as a post-sentence motion to withdraw a
guilty plea by the trial court.
{¶30} Further, with respect to Appellant’s argument that the trial
court abused its discretion by denying his request for appointed counsel in
connection with the filing of his motion to withdraw his guilty plea, we
acknowledge that “[t]he Sixth Amendment right to counsel applies to critical
stages of criminal proceedings.” State v. Schleiger, 141 Ohio St.3d 67, 2014-
Ohio-3970, 21 N.E.3d 1033, ¶ 13; Iowa v. Tovar, 541 U.S. 77, 80-81, 124
S.Ct. 1379 (2004) (“[t]he Sixth Amendment safeguards to an accused who
faces incarceration the right to counsel at all critical stages of the criminal
process”). “[I]n addition to counsel's presence at trial, the accused is
guaranteed that he need not stand alone against the State at any stage of the
prosecution, formal or informal, in court or out, where counsel's absence
might derogate from the accused's right to a fair trial.” (Footnote omitted.)
United States v. Wade, 388 U.S. 218, 226, 87 S.Ct. 1926 (1967).
{¶31} Although a plea withdrawal hearing has been held to be a
“critical stage” of a criminal prosecution, a demonstration of prejudice is
still required. State v. Taylor, 2015-Ohio-2080, 33 N.E.3d 123, ¶ 20; but see
State v. McNeal, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 82793, 2004 -Ohio- 50; ¶ 7 (stating
“[t]he United States Supreme Court has stated that the federal constitutional
Ross App. No. 16CA3531 27
right to counsel extends only through trial and “the first appeal of right.” and
that “[t]here is no statutory right to counsel in Crim.R. 32.1 motions[.]”). As
noted in Taylor, “[a]ctual or constructive denial of the assistance of counsel
altogether is legally presumed to result in prejudice.” Id.; quoting Strickland
v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 692, 104 S.Ct. 2052 (1984); United States v.
Cronic, 466 U.S. 648, 659, 104 S.Ct. 2039 (1984) (“[t]he presumption that
counsel's assistance is essential [for a fair trial] requires us to conclude that a
trial is unfair if the accused is denied counsel at a critical stage of his trial”).
“[T]he defendant [is spared] the need of showing probable effect upon the
outcome * * * where assistance of counsel has been denied entirely or
during a critical stage of the proceeding [since] * * * the likelihood that the
verdict is unreliable is so high that a case-by-case inquiry is unnecessary.”
Id.; quoting Mickens v. Taylor, 535 U.S. 162, 166, 122 S.Ct. 1237, (2002).
{¶32} However, per Taylor, the absence of actual or constructive
legal representation in this context, is subject to harmless error analysis.
Taylor at ¶ 22; citing United States v. Crowley, 529 F.2d 1066, 1070 (3rd
Cir.1976) (“[i]n its most recent opinions * * *, the Supreme Court has
observed that the role of counsel at various pretrial and post-trial hearings
depends upon the circumstances of the case and may differ significantly
from the role of counsel at trial”); compare State v. Payne, supra, at ¶ 18
Ross App. No. 16CA3531 28
(“constitutional errors can be deemed nonprejudicial so long as the error is
harmless beyond a reasonable doubt”). Accordingly, a demonstration of
prejudice is required in the present case.
{¶33} Here, based upon the facts presently before us, we cannot
conclude that Appellant was prejudiced by the trial court’s failure to appoint
counsel. Again, Appellant’s argument under this assignment of error is
based, in part, on his contention that his motion should be treated as a pre-
sentence motion to withdraw his guilty plea, which occurs at a much more
critical stage in the proceedings and prior to sentence. A post-sentence
motion to withdraw can only be granted to correct a manifest injustice. Our
review of the record before us fails to demonstrate any error with respect to
Appellant’s underlying murder conviction and sentence and thus neither
Appellant, nor counsel had counsel been appointed, could demonstrate a
manifest injustice requiring withdrawal of the plea to escape. Appellant
simply cannot demonstrate prejudice from the trial court’s denial of
appointed counsel. Accordingly, Appellant’s first assignment of error is
overruled.
{¶34} Moving on to Appellant’s third assignment of error, as noted
above, a post-sentence motion to withdraw a guilty plea may be granted
when necessary to correct a “manifest injustice.” Crim.R. 32.1. The
Ross App. No. 16CA3531 29
decision to grant or to deny a Crim.R. 32.1 motion lies in a trial court's
sound discretion and its decision will not be reversed absent an abuse of that
discretion. State v. Xie, 62 Ohio St.3d 521, 584 N.E.2d 715, at paragraph two
of the syllabus (1992); State v. Smith, 49 Ohio St.2d 261, 361 N.E.2d 1324,
paragraph two of the syllabus (1977). An abuse of discretion is generally
more than an error of law or judgment; rather, it implies that a court's
attitude was unreasonable, arbitrary or unconscionable. State v. Clark, 71
Ohio St.3d 466, 470, 644 N.E.2d 331 (1994); State v. Moreland, 50 Ohio
St.3d 58, 61, 552 N.E.2d 894 (1990). In reviewing for an abuse of
discretion, appellate courts must not substitute their judgment for that of the
trial court. State ex rel. Duncan v. Chippewa Twp. Trustees, 73 Ohio St.3d
728, 732, 654 N.E.2d 1254 (1995); In re Jane Doe 1, 57 Ohio St.3d 135,
137-138, 566 N.E.2d 1181 (1991).
{¶35} In State v. Layne, 4th Dist. Highland No. 11CA17, 2012-Ohio-
1627, we wrote:
“When reviewing a post-sentence motion to withdraw a plea, a
trial court may assess the credibility of a movant's assertions.
An evidentiary hearing is not always required in order to do so.
‘[A]n undue delay between the occurrence of the alleged cause
for withdrawal and the filing of the motion is a factor adversely
affecting the credibility of the movant and militating against the
granting of the motion.’ Smith at paragraph three of the
syllabus. Additionally, a hearing on a post-sentence motion to
withdraw a guilty plea is not necessary if the facts alleged by
the defendant, even if accepted as true, would not require the
Ross App. No. 16CA3531 30
court to grant the motion to withdraw the guilty plea.”
(Citations omitted.) Id. at ¶ 5.
{¶36} Here, Appellant pleaded guilty to escape in the Ross County
Court of Common Pleas on October 16, 2007. He did not file his motion to
withdraw his guilty plea until October 22, 2015. Thus, over eight years
passed before Appellant filed his motion to withdraw. This fact militates
against granting of the motion under Layne, supra. Further, from a
substantive standpoint, the argument raised in Appellant’s third assignment
of error is premised upon his argument that his underlying conviction and
sentence for aggravated murder, for which he was currently under detention
at the time of his escape charge, were void. We have discussed at length our
conclusion that Appellant’s underlying conviction and sentence for
aggravated murder are not void. Therefore, because we have concluded that
Appellant’s underlying murder conviction and sentence were valid and that
he was under lawful detention for purposes of the subsequent escape charge,
Appellant’s third assignment of error, which argues a manifest injustice had
been established, is without merit. Accordingly, it is overruled.
{¶37} Likewise, Appellant’s fourth assignment of error, which argues
his plea was induced as a result of counsel’s advice, which he claims
constituted ineffective assistance of counsel, is also without merit. To
establish constitutionally ineffective assistance of counsel, a defendant must
Ross App. No. 16CA3531 31
show (1) that his counsel's performance was deficient and (2) that the
deficient performance prejudiced the defense and deprived him of a fair trial.
Strickland v. Washington, supra, at 687; see also State v. Issa, 93 Ohio St.3d
49, 67, 752 N.E.2d 904 (2001); State v. Goff, 82 Ohio St.3d 123, 139, 694
N.E.2d 916 (1998).
{¶38} Appellant’s only arguments under his fourth assignment of
error are that his counsel was ineffective for failing to “investigate and
recognize” that he was not legally under detention, and the trial court abused
its discretion in not finding Appellant’s reliance upon counsel’s advice
constituted a manifest injustice. Again, in light of our conclusion that
Appellant’s underlying murder conviction and sentence were not void and
that Appellant was under lawful detention at the time he entered a guilty plea
to the escape charge, Appellant cannot demonstrate that his trial counsel’s
performance was deficient. Thus, we cannot conclude his counsel was
ineffective for failing to “investigate and recognize” Appellant was not
legally under detention, or that the trial court erred in failing to find a
manifest injustice requiring Appellant be permitted to withdraw his guilty
plea. Accordingly, Appellant’s fourth assignment of error is overruled.
Ross App. No. 16CA3531 32
{¶39} Having found no merit to any of the assignments of error
raised by Appellant, the judgment of the trial court is affirmed.
JUDGMENT AFFIRMED.
Ross App. No. 16CA3531 33
JUDGMENT ENTRY
It is ordered that the JUDGMENT BE AFFIRMED and costs be
assessed to Appellant.
The Court finds there were reasonable grounds for this appeal.
It is ordered that a special mandate issue out of this Court directing
the Ross County Common Pleas Court to carry this judgment into execution.
IF A STAY OF EXECUTION OF SENTENCE AND RELEASE
UPON BAIL HAS BEEN PREVIOUSLY GRANTED BY THE TRIAL
COURT OR THIS COURT, it is temporarily continued for a period not to
exceed sixty days upon the bail previously posted. The purpose of a
continued stay is to allow Appellant to file with the Supreme Court of Ohio
an application for a stay during the pendency of proceedings in that court. If
a stay is continued by this entry, it will terminate at the earlier of the
expiration of the sixty day period, or the failure of the Appellant to file a
notice of appeal with the Supreme Court of Ohio in the forty-five day appeal
period pursuant to Rule II, Sec. 2 of the Rules of Practice of the Supreme
Court of Ohio. Additionally, if the Supreme Court of Ohio dismisses the
appeal prior to expiration of sixty days, the stay will terminate as of the date
of such dismissal.
A certified copy of this entry shall constitute the mandate pursuant to
Rule 27 of the Rules of Appellate Procedure.
Harsha, J. & Hoover, J.: Concur in Judgment and Opinion.
For the Court,
BY: ____________________________
Matthew W. McFarland, Judge
NOTICE TO COUNSEL
Pursuant to Local Rule No. 14, this document constitutes a final
judgment entry and the time period for further appeal commences from
the date of filing with the clerk.