State v. Clardy , 2022 Ohio 4300 ( 2022 )

[Cite as State v. Clardy, 2022-Ohio-4300.]
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS
FIRST APPELLATE DISTRICT OF OHIO
HAMILTON COUNTY, OHIO
STATE OF OHIO, : APPEAL NO. C-210262
TRIAL NO. B-1901055
Plaintiff-Appellant, :
vs. :
O P I N I O N.
RONNY CLARDY, :
Defendant-Appellee. :
Criminal Appeal From: Hamilton County Court of Common Pleas
Judgment Appealed From Is: Reversed and Case Remanded
Date of Judgment Entry on Appeal: December 2, 2022
Joseph T. Deters, Hamilton County Prosecuting Attorney, and Ronald W. Springman,
Chief Assistant Prosecuting Attorney, for Plaintiff-Appellant,
Raymond T. Faller, Hamilton County Public Defender, and Krista Gieske, Assistant
Public Defender, for Defendant-Appellee.
OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS
BOCK, Judge.
{¶1} Appellant-plaintiff state of Ohio appeals the trial court’s decision
granting defendant-appellee Ronny Clardy’s motion to suppress evidence. We reverse
the trial court’s judgment and remand this case to the trial court for further
proceedings consistent with this opinion.
I. Facts and Procedure
{¶2} Clardy was on probation for a felony conviction from July 2018, for
which he signed a form containing the rules of community control (“probation”).1
Paragraph nine of the probation rules states:
I am subject to search in accordance with Ohio Revised Code section
2951.02. The search includes, but is not limited to, the search of my
person, place of residence, cell phone, purses and other packages.
{¶3} In February 2019, Clardy’s probation officer, Michael Schad, enlisted
the assistance of Cincinnati Police Officers Gould and Rice, and other officers, to
surveil Clardy because he suspected that Clardy was selling narcotics out of an
apartment located on Montgomery Road. Clardy had not registered that address with
the probation department. The officers stopped Clardy for allegedly performing a U-
turn, and because the vehicle had illegally-tinted windows.
{¶4} Schad searched Clardy and found $340 in cash and a set of keys. After
officers arrested Clardy, Schad used the keys to search the Montgomery Road
1
“Basic probation supervision” means a requirement that the offender maintain contact with a
person appointed to supervise the offender in accordance with sanctions imposed by the court. R.C.
2929.01. Community control under Ohio’s current statutory scheme is the functional equivalent of
probation under the former statutes. State v. Walton, 9th Dist. Lorain No. 09CA009588, 2009-
Ohio-6703, ¶ 5. For ease of discussion, we refer to people under community control as
“probationers.”
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OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS
apartment. He seized cocaine, drug paraphernalia, and cash. When Schad later
searched the residence that Clardy had registered with probation, he recovered a
digital scale and $1,420 in cash.
Clardy moved to suppress the evidence
{¶5} Clardy argued in his motion that officers lacked probable cause to stop
and arrest Clardy and that there were no reasonable grounds to search his person
during the traffic stop. Clardy further argued that the officers’ searches and seizures
within the apartment were illegal because the search of his person did not produce any
contraband or weapons, and officers illegally obtained the key that was used to access
the Montgomery Road apartment.
Officers testified at the hearing
{¶6} Schad testified that he had heard “from a few different sources that
[Montgomery Road] was [Clardy’s] residence,” Clardy’s vehicle was parked at the
apartment “multiple times,” including during the week of the arrest, and no one else
was seen coming and going from the apartment.
{¶7} Officer Corey Gould testified that the day before Clardy’s arrest, Schad
asked him to check the Montgomery Road address for a gray Dodge Dart. Gould
followed Clardy, who was driving a Dodge Dart, to the Montgomery Road address and
waited in a lot across the street. He saw Clardy leave the apartment once and saw no
one else go in or come out.
{¶8} Officer Jason Rice testified that one of the officers used the radio to ask
Rice to pull Clardy over on a traffic stop, but Rice did not remember who asked him
because any one of “three or four plainclothes officers” or “three or four probation
officers” could have made the request, including Schad and Gould. Rice stated that the
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OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS
officers on the investigation were on a “tactical radio” channel, which dispatch was
monitoring, and only they could hear the report about Clardy’s alleged U-turn. Rice
conceded that Clardy was not stopped for a traffic violation, but to detain him while
Schad conducted a probation investigation. The state also conceded that the stop was
not for a traffic violation; it was a pretextual stop to give Schad an opportunity to
conduct the probation investigation. Clardy was not cited for the U-turn or the tint,
and the police report did not mention either.
{¶9} Schad testified that he was driving behind Officer Jason Rice in an
unmarked vehicle before Rice pulled Clardy over. Schad stated that he did not see
Clardy make a U-turn, but there were “multiple officers” on the radio channel that they
were using when someone “said over the radio that [Clardy] had made a U-turn on
Kennedy Avenue.”
{¶10} Schad placed Clardy in custody for a probation investigation. Schad
testified that he found nothing incriminating when he searched Clardy—just $340 in
cash and keys. Schad characterized Clardy as “deflective” when Schad asked him what
he was doing and from where he was coming. When Schad asked Clardy whether any
of the keys that Clardy was carrying accessed the Montgomery Road apartment, he
responded “they might.” Schad stated that he became suspicious when Clardy did not
answer his questions about the apartment. While Clardy had never stated that the
apartment was his residence, Schad believed that Clardy had two residences from
“[t]he fact that he was seen there on multiple occasions. We had separate * * * people
give us information that corroborated the information that he was residing there as
well.” He added that Clardy had a key that accessed the apartment, there was a
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OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS
briefcase containing paperwork with Clardy’s name on it in the apartment, and the
Duke Energy bill (obtained after the search) was addressed to Clardy.
{¶11} Clardy asserted that the state lacked probable cause and reasonable
suspicion. The trial court allowed the parties to brief the constitutional issues as to the
traffic stop, the seizure of the keys, and the search of the Montgomery Road apartment.
The trial court granted Clardy’s motion
{¶12} The trial court suppressed all evidence found during the search and
seizure. It found that Clardy had standing to challenge the warrantless search of the
apartment.2 The court determined that the search was improper because 1.) the
probation rules did not provide proper notice that Clardy was subject to warrantless
searches under R.C. 2951.02(A), and 2.) the search was not supported by reasonable
grounds as required by R.C. 2951.02(A).
II. Law and Analysis
{¶13} In its sole assignment of error, the state argues that Clardy was properly
notified in writing that he consented to certain warrantless searches by authorized
probation officers as a part of being on community control. The state contends that
there were reasonable grounds to believe that Clardy was selling narcotics, he never
provided the address of the Montgomery Road apartment to probation, and he was
“deflective” during the traffic stop when Schad asked him what he was doing and from
where he was coming. The state asserts that Clardy was “often seen at the * * *
Montgomery Road apartment, which suggests that Clardy used [it] as his address” and
that “Clardy had a key to [the apartment], a bag with personal papers there, and a
2The state disputes Clardy’s standing to challenge the search of the apartment, not the search of
Clardy’s person.
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Duke Energy bill was mailed to him at that address,” which is probative evidence that
Clardy resided at the Montgomery Road apartment.
A. The trial court abused its discretion
{¶14} Crim.R. 47 provides:
An application to the court for an order shall be by motion. A motion,
other than one made during trial or hearing, shall be in writing unless
the court permits it to be made orally. It shall state with particularity the
grounds upon which it is made and shall set forth the relief or order
sought.
{¶15} It is well settled that a motion to suppress evidence must specify the
grounds upon which the motion is based so that the prosecutor may prepare the state’s
case and the court may know the grounds of the challenge to rule on evidentiary issues
at the hearing and properly dispose of the merits. City of Xenia v. Wallace, 37 Ohio
St.3d 216, 524 N.E.2d 889 (1998).
{¶16} In Wallace, the defendant’s motion failed to clarify whether the alleged
illegality was due to a violation of the Fourth Amendment. The court found that
Crim.R. 47 requires the defendant’s motion to provide the state notice of the specific
legal and factual grounds upon which the validity of the search and seizure is
challenged. Id. at 219. The court held that to suppress evidence obtained via a
warrantless search or seizure, the defendant must 1.) demonstrate the lack of a
warrant, and 2.) raise the grounds upon which the validity of the search or seizure is
challenged in such a manner as to give the state notice of its basis. Id.
{¶17} In State v. Byrnes, 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 25860, 2014-Ohio-1274,
Byrnes filed a motion to suppress all evidence from a traffic stop where he was charged
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OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS
with operating a motor vehicle while under the influence of alcohol and other traffic
violations. Id. at ¶ 2. The motion specifically addressed only whether the officer had
reasonable articulable suspicion and probable cause to stop Byrnes. Id. at ¶ 3. But
Byrnes made no argument involving his subsequent detention for sobriety testing. Id.
Byrnes confirmed at the hearing that his challenge was limited to the issues raised in
his motion. Id. at ¶ 4. But the court granted the motion to suppress based on the police
unlawfully continuing to detain Byrnes Id. at ¶ 5. The appellate court reversed because
Byrnes’s motion to suppress did not present any argument regarding the post-stop
detention. Id. at ¶ 13. The court determined that the state was prejudiced by the trial
court’s error because it was not prepared to address the post-stop detention. Id at 14.
{¶18} Clardy’s motion to suppress did not argue that the probation rules failed
to provide notice that he would be subject to warrantless searches. Thus, the state was
not prepared to address the issue. Guided by Wallace and Byrnes, we hold that the
trial court abused its discretion by ruling that the probation rules did not provide
Clardy notice that he, as a probationer, was subject to warrantless searches. Although
the trial court permitted the parties to file post-hearing briefs, the court nevertheless
abused its discretion. Crim.R. 47 and Ohio case law are clear that the court may only
rule on issues that the defendant raises, with particularity, in his motion.
B. The Ohio Supreme Court settled the reasonable-grounds issue
{¶19} The Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution protects
“[t]he right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects,
against unreasonable searches and seizures.” Article I, Section 14 of the Ohio
Constitution contains virtually identical language.
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{¶20} R.C. 2951.02(A) provides that a probation officer may conduct random,
warrantless searches of a probationer under the terms of a consent agreement if the
probation officer has “reasonable grounds to believe that the offender is not abiding
by the law or otherwise is not complying with the conditions.”
{¶21} Recently, the Supreme Court of Ohio considered the effect of an officer’s
violation of R.C. 2951.02(A). State v. Campbell, Slip Opinion No. 2022-Ohio-3626.
First, it determined “there is no Fourth Amendment violation when a probation officer
conducts a suspicionless search pursuant to a consent-to-search provision agreed to
as a condition of community control.” Id. at ¶ 12. Next, the court determined that,
regardless of whether a probationer consents to suspicionless searches, an officer
violates R.C. 2951.02(A) if the officer conducts a search without reasonable grounds
to believe that the probationer violated the law or conditions of probation. Id. at ¶ 19.
But the court determined that excluding the evidence resulting from this type of illegal
search is inappropriate because the exclusionary rule applies only to constitutional
violations. Id. at ¶ 20. Because R.C. 2951.02(A) does not impose an exclusionary
remedy for a violation of the reasonable-grounds requirement, there is no basis for the
evidence to be excluded. Id. at ¶ 23.
{¶22} We need not determine whether officers violated R.C. 2951.02(A)
because even if they did violate the statute, under Campbell, the evidence cannot be
excluded. Therefore, we sustain the state’s assignment of error.
III. Conclusion
{¶23} The trial court abused its discretion by ruling on an issue that was not
raised in Clardy’s motion to suppress. And if officers violated R.C. 2951.02(A), there is
no exclusionary remedy. We reverse the trial court’s judgment and remand this case
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to the trial court for further proceedings.
Judgment reversed and case remanded.
MYERS, P.J., and ZAYAS, J., concur.
Please note:
The court has recorded its entry on the date of the release of this opinion.
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