Gregory v. Cuyahoga Cty. ( 2020 )

[Cite as Gregory v. Cuyahoga Cty., 2020-Ohio-2714.]
COURT OF APPEALS OF OHIO
EIGHTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
COUNTY OF CUYAHOGA
RAQUEL GREGORY, :
Plaintiff-Appellee, :
v. : No. 108192
CUYAHOGA COUNTY, :
Defendant-Appellant. :
_________________________________
JOURNAL ENTRY AND OPINION
JUDGMENT: REVERSED AND REMANDED
RELEASED AND JOURNALIZED: April 30, 2020
_______________________________________
Civil Appeal from the Cuyahoga County Court of Common Pleas
Case No. CV-17-882718
_______________________________________
Appearances:
Mansour Gavin L.P.A., and James A. Budzik, for
appellee.
Nora Hurley, Interim Cuyahoga County Director of Law,
and Amy E. Marquit Renwald, Assistant Director of Law,
for appellant.
SEAN C. GALLAGHER, P.J.:
Cuyahoga County appeals the trial court’s conclusion that there was a
lack of substantial, reliable, and probative evidence supporting Raquel Gregory’s
termination from her position as a supervisor within the county fiscal office. The
crux of Gregory’s removal focused on two particular claims: (1) that Gregory
mismanaged, and failed to adequately execute, her duties to supervise the
processing and updating of data within the dog license database (under the parlance
of the county’s policy, this mismanagement supported Gregory’s removal for
egregious, flagrant, or willful neglect in the performance of assigned duties and
failing to complete legitimate job assignments); and (2) that Gregory failed to follow
the required call-in procedures on two consecutive days. The first was considered a
“removable infraction,” while the second was considered a “major infraction”
according to the unambiguous terms of the county’s policy and procedures manual.
The removal was also, in part, supported by the fact of Gregory’s consistent failure
to read communications sent through the county email system, which according to
the hearing officer’s conclusion, supported the charge of egregious, flagrant, or
willful neglect of legitimate job assignments. The Cuyahoga County Personnel
Review Commission (the “Commission”) affirmed the employer’s termination
decision through the adoption of the thorough report and recommendation
prepared by the hearing officer.
Hearing Officer’s Findings of Fact
Gregory worked for the county in various capacities for 23 years. In
January 2008, she was promoted to director of General Services. Following the
change in the county’s governmental structure in 2009, through voter-approved
amendments to the county’s charter, Gregory was reclassified into her most recent
position of Fiscal Office supervisor. Her direct supervisor was Bonnie Innis. One of
Gregory’s primary areas of responsibility was to manage employees in the
maintenance and processing of the annual dog licensing program for Cuyahoga
County. The dog licensing program issues and renews the most licenses and
generates the highest cash proceeds of all the licenses over which the Fiscal Office
has responsibility.
The dog license registration process occurs every year between
December 1 and January 31. The Fiscal Office handles anywhere between 63,000
and 74,000 license applications and renewals. A license costs $20, and there is a
$20 late fee for belated renewals. A majority of the applications come in the form of
paper applications sent in by residents. The registration process is preceded by a
targeted mailing sent to all existing dog license holders. Gregory’s department is
charged with processing the mountain of paperwork each year and ensuring that an
electronic database is maintained for the Fiscal Office and other departments within
the county. The county maintains an animal shelter that depends on the dog license
database for both revenue and to assist the citizens of the county.
After the registration period closes, the animal shelter, in conjunction
with General Services, conducts a nonrenewal campaign based on the previous
year’s records. Essentially, the nonrenewal campaign is looking for registration
information on dog licenses issued the previous year that were not renewed in the
current year’s registration process. The animal shelter stands to lose significant
revenue through the inability to conduct the nonrenewal campaign from both the
lost fee for the dog license itself and also from the $20 late-registration penalty that
accompanies the belated registration. Further, the lack of renewals impedes the
animal shelter’s enforcement obligations and its ability to assist county residents.
In 2016, there were over 15,000 nonrenewed registrations from the 2015 licensing
year.
When Gregory took charge of the dog license program and database,
the animal shelter was able to conduct a nonrenewal campaign for the first couple
of years. However, starting in 2010, the dog license database was not updated in
sufficient time for the nonrenewal campaign to be processed before the next year’s
registration process began.1
Although Gregory’s performance evaluations were largely mediocre
(generally indicating the need for improvement but also demonstrating that she met
expectations in some categories), Gregory faced no disciplinary actions throughout
her tenure with the county until January and February 2016, when Gregory received
two formal reprimands. The first involved a dispute between her and Innis
regarding one of Gregory’s employees, who was dissatisfied with the manner in
which certain jobs were divvied up by Gregory. Gregory told Innis something to the
effect of “no one is going to tell me how to run General Services,” and Innis initiated
a reprimand for insubordination. There is a dispute as to whether Gregory was
1Why the county has not implemented an online registration process for dog owners is
unclear to this panel. In any event, the lack of an automated renewal system has no
bearing on this case.
directing that commentary at Innis or at the employee who first lodged a complaint
against Gregory.
The second reprimand resulted from Gregory’s not responding to
emails, in a few of which Innis requested that Gregory provide weekly reports or
updates. Gregory claimed that a switch in the county’s Outlook email application
resulted in her not receiving notices of new emails. The specific email request for
the weekly reports was sent on January 5, 2016, however, and Gregory had not
responded or provided the requested information as of January 25th when the
reprimand was issued. In addition, the second reprimand noted that Gregory had
approved four refund vouchers totaling $80 in January 2016. Although Gregory
had been authorized to approve the vouchers in the past, the policy had changed in
the previous September and memoranda explaining the policy decision were
emailed in September and November 2015. In the prehearing disciplinary
conference, Gregory admitted that she was unaware of the policy because she had
merely skimmed the relevant emails. At the hearing, it was noted that Gregory
claimed that she did not believe the policy applied to her.
The second reprimand for inappropriately approving the vouchers
led to a five-day suspension that was enforced on nonconsecutive workdays in April
2016 — April 12 (Tuesday), 13 (Wednesday), 14 (Thursday), 19 (Tuesday), and 20
(Wednesday). The suspension letter unambiguously delineated the days for which
Gregory was suspended. The county uses the nonconsecutive suspension for
suspensions carrying over a weekend so that the employee does not obtain an
extended period of time off when serving the sanction. Gregory did not show up for
work or call in her absence on April 15 (Friday) or 18 (Monday), although she called
in on April 19 and 20. By the time she called in on days that she was suspended,
Gregory had already violated the call-in procedure on two consecutive work days —
a major infraction. In her defense, Gregory claimed that she must have misread the
suspension letter or merely presumed her suspension was imposed on consecutive
work days starting on April 12.
On February 18, 2016, Gregory took a preplanned and approved leave
of absence, in part explaining why the suspension for the second reprimand was
served in April. While she was on leave, Innis took over the dog license registration
process. The following day, Innis discovered 15,000 dog license applications in a
back room of the General Services department. The checks totaling $318,420 were
deposited, but the information on the applications had not been entered into the
system. No one had made Innis aware of the applications, but upon discovery, Innis
recruited additional volunteers to enter the information into the database — Gregory
generally recruited some volunteers to help with the data processing obligations, but
not as many as Innis used to clear the backlog. Gregory claimed that those 15,000
applications would be processed later in time, per the procedures typically followed
by the department; however, Innis was not made aware of the backlog of
applications that required entry into the database. Innis’s processing of the 2016
backlog resulted in the animal shelter being able to conduct the nonrenewal
campaign for the first time since 2010.
The manager of the animal shelter, Mindy Naticchioni, discovered a
problem in attempting to process the nonrenewal campaign. In May 2016,
Naticchioni reviewed 15,470 records in the dog license database last updated during
the 2015 registration process and that had not been renewed in the 2016 registration
campaign. Naticchioni discovered that well over half of the nonrenewed licenses
had a response of “null” or “blank” in the field where the name of the city should
have been entered for the address of the dog owner. This meant that the renewal
notices sent out ahead of the 2016 registration drive did not reach the intended
destinations. Naticchioni spearheaded an effort to correct the deficiencies by
inputting the appropriate city into the address field — demonstrating that the
database could be updated with information within the county’s possession.
Gregory admitted that she instructed her employees to enter “unknown” into the
city field during the data-entry phase of the registration process during the time-
sensitive period of the initial application season, but claimed that the erroneous
entries would be corrected during the summer months after the dog license
registration process tapers off. Gregory’s predecessor confirmed that was supposed
to be the process.
Nevertheless, Gregory maintained that the issues with the data entry
that Naticchioni discovered were a product of Innis’s employing untrained
volunteers to input the applications received during the 2016 registration process.
The hearing officer discounted Gregory’s argument because it is undisputed that
Gregory was in charge of the 2015 registration process at which time the entries at
issue would have been created and that Gregory was responsible for updating the
database during the 2015 calendar year. Gregory also conceded that it was her
responsibility to correct the database, when possible, if applications supplied
incorrect or missing information.
Commission’s Conclusion
The hearing officer concluded that the two grounds for Gregory’s
removal from her position were egregious, flagrant, or willful neglect in the
performance of assigned duties and the failure to complete legitimate job
assignments. Although the dog license registration process and updating the
database had remained the same over the relevant time period, Gregory (for the first
two years she held the position) and her predecessor were able to update the dog
license database after the December-January registration process in a timely
manner that permitted the animal shelter to conduct a nonrenewal campaign in the
summer months to ensure that all dog owners were in compliance with the law.
Innis, albeit through the recruitment of additional volunteers to clear the backlog of
the 15,000 applications discovered in the storage closet, also used the same
procedures and was able to complete the initial data entry to permit the nonrenewal
campaign.
As an additional explanation of the egregious finding, the hearing
officer cited Gregory’s failure to adequately update the 2015 dog license database
and her consistent failure to read and respond to emails. Of the over 15,000
nonrenewals from the 2015 registration process, over half of the entries lacked an
actual city in the address field. Gregory admitted that she instructed her staff to
enter “unknown” as a temporary measure; however, in light of the undisputed fact
that half of the 15,000 entries were never updated, the hearing officer concluded
that Gregory failed to institute a process to ensure that the temporary measure was
corrected. And further, Gregory’s systemic issues with responding or reading emails
was largely undisputed — Gregory’s only defense to her failure to respond to emails
for over three weeks was that the county updated its email system and she no longer
received notice of the new emails.
And finally, the hearing officer concluded that Gregory violated the
county policy with respect to the call-in procedure on two consecutive work days
based on the undisputed evidence. Gregory did not contest the underlying fact; she
only offered an excuse as to how the failure occurred.
In light of those findings substantiating the removable and major
infractions, the hearing officer recommended that Gregory’s termination from her
position be upheld. The Commission adopted the hearing officer’s report and
recommendation. Gregory appealed the Commission’s decision to the trial court
under R.C. Chapter 2506.
Trial Court’s Standard of Review
“A common pleas court has jurisdiction to review final orders issued
by ‘any officer, tribunal, authority, board, bureau, commission, department, or other
division of any political subdivision of the state.’” Shelly Materials, Inc. v.
Streetsboro Planning & Zoning Comm., Slip Opinion No. 2019-Ohio-4499, ¶ 12,2
quoting R.C. 2506.01(A). The trial court, under this review process, essentially acts
as an appellate court, and “‘may find that the order, adjudication, or decision is
unconstitutional, illegal, arbitrary, capricious, unreasonable, or unsupported by the
preponderance of substantial, reliable, and probative evidence on the whole
record.’” Id., quoting R.C. 2506.04. Each ground of the disjunctive list must be read
to have a distinct meaning. Id., citing Freedom Rd. Found. v. Ohio Dept. of Liquor
Control, 80 Ohio St.3d 202, 205, 1997-Ohio-346, 685 N.E.2d 522.
Under the trial court’s standard of review, the “‘court weighs the
evidence to determine whether a preponderance of reliable, probative, and
substantial evidence supports the administrative decision, and if it does, the court
may not substitute its judgment for that of’ the administrative agency.” Id. at ¶ 13,
quoting Independence v. Office of the Cuyahoga Cty. Executive, 142 Ohio St.3d 125,
2014-Ohio-4650, 28 N.E.3d 1182, ¶ 13. However, the trial court “may not ‘blatantly
substitute its judgment for that of the agency, especially in areas of administrative
expertise.’” Dudukovich v. Lorain Metro. Hous. Auth., 58 Ohio St.2d 202, 207, 389
N.E.2d 1113 (1979).
2 Although Shelly Materials is a plurality decision with no binding authority, none of the
dissenting justices took issue with the black letter standard of review as announced in the
lead opinion. The issue driving the split decision was focused on the particularities of the
administrative appeal in that case, which included a clear and convincing standard that
is not applicable in this case. Justice Stewart authored the plurality decision, joined by
Justices Kennedy and Donnelly. Justice Fischer concurred in judgment only with Justice
Stewart’s decision. Justice DeWine authored the dissent, joined by Chief Justice
O’Connor and Judge William Zimmerman, of the Third District Court of Appeals, who
was sitting by assignment for Justice French.
Before addressing the trial court’s conclusions, it bears noting that the
incorrect standard of review was cited below, and that standard carried into the
appellate briefing. The trial court favorably quoted Univ. of Cincinnati v. Conrad,
63 Ohio St.2d 108, 111, 407 N.E.2d 1265 (1980), for the proposition of law that
In R.C. Chapter 2506 appeals, determining whether the
[Commission’s] Final Order is supported by reliable, probative, and
substantial evidence essentially is a question of the absence or presence
of the requisite quantum of evidence.
“Although this in essence is a legal question, inevitably it involves a
consideration of the evidence, and to a limited extent would permit a
substitution of judgment by the reviewing Common Pleas Court. In
undertaking this hybrid form of review, the Court of Common Pleas
must give due deference to the administrative resolution of evidentiary
conflicts; [sic] however, the findings of the agency are by no means
conclusive.”
Id.3 Conrad involves an R.C. Chapter 119 appeal to the trial court, in which “the
common pleas court must give deference to the agency’s resolution of evidentiary
conflicts.” Bartchy v. State Bd. of Edn., 120 Ohio St.3d 205, 2008-Ohio-4826, 897
3 The quotation contained an undesignated omission. The full quotation is as follows:
Although this in essence is a legal question, inevitably it involves a
consideration of the evidence, and to a limited extent would permit a
substitution of judgment by the reviewing Common Pleas Court.
In undertaking this hybrid form of review, the Court of Common Pleas must
give due deference to the administrative resolution of evidentiary conflicts.
For example, when the evidence before the court consists of conflicting
testimony of approximately equal weight, the court should defer to the
determination of the administrative body, which, as the fact-finder, had
the opportunity to observe the demeanor of the witnesses and weigh their
credibility. However, the findings of the agency are by no means conclusive.
(Emphasis added.) Id.N.E.2d 1096, ¶ 37, citing Conrad.4 Unlike R.C. Chapter 119 appeals, in reviewing
R.C. Chapter 2506 appeals, the trial court “weighs the evidence to determine
whether a preponderance of reliable, probative, and substantial evidence supports
the administrative decision.” Shelly Materials, Inc., Slip Opinion No. 2019-Ohio-
4499, at ¶ 13. The court does not presumptively give deference to the agency’s
resolution of the evidentiary conflicts.
Thus, although both sections of the Revised Code provide similar
standards of review, the starting bases of the inquiries differ. For this reason, the
trial court’s reliance on Conrad as the standard of review for an R.C. Chapter 2506
appeal was misplaced. Nonetheless, and in light of the trial court’s conclusion to
independently weigh the evidence, any error in misstating the standard of review
would be harmless.
Trial Court’s Decision
The trial court, upon conducting its review of the administrative
record, concluded that (1) Gregory followed the same procedure for the annual
registration program as had been in place by her predecessor; (2) that the animal
shelter’s ability to conduct the renewal campaign based on the untimely entry of
information was “not the proper benchmark” because the animal shelter and the
general services department used the database for different purposes; (3) that there
was a “complete failure on the part of management” to communicate deadlines and
4 As noted with respect to Shelly Materials, although Bartchy is a plurality decision with
no binding authority, none of the dissenting justices took issue with the black letter
standard of review as announced in the lead opinion.
job requirements to Gregory; (4) that Naticchioni was not an “expert in databases”
for the basis of her conclusion that half of the over 15,000 2015 dog license entries
lacked a city information in the address field; (5) that not all entries could be
corrected and that it was impossible to determine where the errors came from; (6)
that Gregory was not provided training, progressive discipline, or a meeting to
discuss “the best way to handle the issue of timely updating” the database; and (7)
that because there was no evidence that Gregory intended to miss work, there was
no pattern of disregarding the call-in procedures.
According to the trial court, those conclusions demonstrated that the
Commission’s order affirming Gregory’s termination from employment was
unsupported by the preponderance of substantial, reliable, and probative evidence.
The county timely appealed the trial court’s decision.
Discussion
Our review of the trial court’s decision is more limited than the trial
court’s standard of review. Shelly Materials, Inc., Slip Opinion No. 2019-Ohio-
4499, at ¶ 17, quoting Kisil v. Sandusky, 12 Ohio St.3d 30, 34, 465 N.E.2d 848(1984). “A party who disagrees with a decision of a court of common pleas in an R.C.
Chapter 2506 administrative appeal may appeal that decision to the court of appeals
but only on ‘questions of law.’” Id. In addition, we can review whether the trial court
“abused its discretion in deciding that an administrative order was or was not
supported by reliable, probative, and substantial evidence.” Id., citing Boice v.
Ottawa Hills, 137 Ohio St.3d 412, 2013-Ohio-4769, 999 N.E.2d 649, ¶ 17, and Kisil
at 34. “In this context, a reversal ‘as a matter of law’ can occur only when, having
viewed the evidence most favorably to the decision, there are no facts to support the
common pleas court decision.” Kurutz v. Cleveland, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No.
105899, 2018-Ohio-2398, ¶ 8.
It must be briefly noted that the plurality decision in Shelly Materials
has no precedential value in light of the fact that only three justices joined in the
conclusion that “the court of appeals [in Shelly Materials] had no authority to
second-guess the decision of the court of common pleas on questions going to the
weight of the evidence supporting the commission’s findings.” Id. at ¶ 21. The
plurality concluded that the court of appeals incorrectly weighed the evidence
contrary the limitations imposed under R.C. 2506.04. It was expressly recognized
that the appellate court in Shelly Materials had acknowledged that the case hinged
on the credibility of the expert’s testimony at the hearing level — a matter almost
entirely reserved to the trial court within the framework of R.C. Chapter 2506. Id.
at ¶ 23.
The plurality, however, also recognized that an appeal from the trial
court’s review of an administrative decision under R.C. 2506.04 goes beyond the
weight-of-the-evidence review (through which the court of appeals can determine
whether the court of common pleas abused its discretion in deciding that an
administrative order was or was not supported by the requisite evidence); it also
includes reviewing questions of law. Id. at ¶ 17. It is equally noteworthy that the
dissent in Shelly Materials would have concluded that the trial court applied the
incorrect standard of review, but the court of appeals nonetheless erred by
reinstating the commission’s (agency’s) decision. Id. at ¶ 39 (DeWine, J.,
dissenting.). According to the dissent, the matter should have been remanded to the
trial court to apply the correct standard of review in the first instance. Id.
In reading Shelly Materials to its fullest extent, while at the same time
acknowledging that it was a fractured decision, we must review whether the trial
court applied the correct standard of review to the administrative agency’s decision.
If there is any takeaway from Shelly Materials, it is this: the one legal conclusion
agreed upon by a majority of the justices in Shelly Materials is that a party aggrieved
by a decision of a trial court in an R.C. Chapter 2506 administrative appeal may
appeal that decision to the court of appeals on questions of law. Shelly Materials at
¶ 17, 39. Six justices agreed with that proposition of black letter law. See id. The
question before us does not address the weight of the evidence, which we would be
reviewing for an abuse of discretion, but instead, the county posits that the trial court
applied the incorrect standard of review — a question of law and an issue well
beyond the scope of the plurality opinion in Shelly Materials. See id. at ¶ 21
(recognizing that the only issue preserved was limited to the weight of the evidence
in support of the agency’s and the trial court’s conclusions).
The Trial Court’s Review Exceeded the Scope of Its Review
The trial court exceeded the scope of its review in several respects and
thereby erred in reversing the Commission’s decision. For example, the hearing
officer concluded, based on Section 13.08 of the county’s personnel policies and
procedures manual, that Gregory committed a “major infraction” by failing to follow
call-in procedures on two consecutive work days. The trial court fundamentally
disagreed with that policy, claiming that Gregory’s failure to follow the call-in
procedures was a “mistake” and that there was “certainly not a pattern of
disregarding call-in procedures” such that Gregory’s infraction should not have
resulted in or formed the support of her removal.
The trial court has no authority to determine the severity of the
county’s infraction system that is set forth in the personnel policies and procedures
manual. The policies and procedures manual created a policy that escalated the
severity of the failure to follow call-in procedures — one day was a minor infraction,
two days was a major infraction, and three days was a removable infraction. Nothing
in that procedure requires the county to prove that the employee willfully
disregarded the procedures or demonstrated a pattern of failures to follow the
procedures. It is for this reason that the court was able to find an absence of evidence
demonstrating Gregory’s intent or pattern of misconduct — the employer bore no
burden to produce any such evidence because the standard for failing to follow the
call-in procedures was, for all intents and purposes, a strict liability standard.
The sole question before the trial court was whether a preponderance
of the evidence demonstrated that Gregory’s conduct amounted to a “major
infraction,” and the evidence was undisputed on that point — Gregory conceded that
she failed to follow the call-in procedure for two consecutive work days. In essence,
the trial court made a policy decision limiting the severity of the call-in infractions
contrary to the employer’s own policies and procedures manual. This is beyond the
scope of the administrative review process, which is limited to determining whether
a preponderance of the evidence supports the conclusion — in this case that the
employee violated the call-in procedure on two consecutive days.
Along those lines, the trial court also concluded that the county was
required to progressively discipline Gregory before taking steps to remove her for
the conduct that constituted the basis of the “removable infractions.” The hearing
officer did not address this aspect of the policies and procedures manual, and in fact,
the employer’s policies and procedures manual expressly establishes that the
“progressive discipline program” does not apply to an offense deemed “removable,”
such as the offense for which Gregory was terminated. There is no evidence in the
record demonstrating that Gregory was subject to progressive discipline because
Gregory was not entitled to invoke the progressive discipline policy based on the
severity of alleged infractions.
The trial court’s conclusion, that the county failed to progressively
discipline Gregory before her removal, exceeded the trial court’s scope of review —
it again insinuated that the county require a policy or procedure that was contrary
to the employer’s own policies and procedures manual. See Kurutz, 8th Dist.
Cuyahoga No. 105899, 2018-Ohio-2398, at ¶ 19. The only issue before the trial court
was whether the two major infractions and one removable infraction — the basis of
Gregory’s removal — were supported by a preponderance of the evidence in the
record. The trial court lacked authority to conclude that the county was required to
implement progressive disciplinary procedures for a “removable infraction.”
With respect to the trial court’s conclusion that the county did not
produce a preponderance of evidence supporting the “removable infraction” of
egregious, flagrant, or willful neglect in the performance of assigned duties, the trial
court found that the failure to maintain the database and failure to timely conclude
the data-entry process did not rise to this level. On this issue, the trial court
concluded that Gregory had followed the same procedures as her predecessor, that
the animal shelter’s inability to conduct a renewal campaign was “not the proper
benchmark,” that there was a complete failure to communicate deadlines and
requirements to Gregory by management, and that Naticchioni was not an “expert
in databases” so that her testimony of finding half of the 2015 dog license entries
that were not renewed in 2016 to be lacking a “city” in the address field was
unreliable.
None of the trial court’s conclusions address the weight of underlying
evidence in support of the Commission’s decision. It is unclear why the animal
shelter’s inability to conduct a nonrenewal campaign was not the “proper
benchmark” for Gregory’s performance standards. According to the trial court, the
animal shelter’s primary objectives are dependent on an up-to-date database that
was managed by Gregory.
The hearing officer concluded that Gregory failed to update the 2015
dog license database during the 2015 calendar year, based on Naticchioni’s
testimony that she reviewed over 15,000 nonrenewed dog license entries after the
initial 2016 campaign. Of those 15,000 entries, over half lacked a “city” in the
address field. It is undisputed that Gregory was responsible for ensuring that the
2015 dog license application information was entered into the database, and
Gregory conceded that she was responsible for updating the database information
after the initial period of data entry ended, the procedure used by her predecessor.
Naticchioni reviewed the 2015 information and found a systematic failure to input
the basic address information. Despite this evidence, the trial court concluded that
“there is insufficient evidence in the record before the Court to fault Gregory for
neglect of duty based on the testimony of a layperson such as Naticchioni” because
Naticchioni could not “pinpoint” the one person or department that erroneously
entered the information due to her lack of expertise in databases.
It is not at all apparent why the employer would need an expert to
ascertain whether a “city” is included in the address field in the database its
employees maintain and use as part of their day-to-day employment obligations.
Most important, Naticchioni’s status as a fact witness was not challenged at the
agency level. Thus, the trial court’s conclusion that the employer failed to
demonstrate that Naticchioni was an expert in the database went beyond the court’s
scope of review. There was no evidence demonstrating Naticchioni to be an expert
in the database solely because Gregory failed to challenge her testimony at the
agency level on such grounds. Since her testimony was not challenged, the employer
bore no burden in proving her to be an expert.
Further, the trial court heavily relied on the fact that the county failed
to demonstrate which employee specifically inputted the address into the database
without a complete address. According to the hearing officer’s report and
recommendation, however, the reason for the omission was irrelevant — there was
never an attempt to prove that Gregory herself was the cause of, or to otherwise
“pinpoint” the persons responsible for, the errors. The hearing officer’s conclusion
was that Gregory failed to establish procedures for her employees to ever update the
2015 information. Thus, the trial court interjected a factual issue — which particular
employee was responsible for each of the erroneous entries — that was not
considered or resolved by the Commission and that did not form the basis of the
Commission’s final decision.
Gregory admitted that she instructed her employees to enter
“unknown” into the city field during the time-sensitive period of the initial data-
entry process. Gregory also acknowledged that the erroneous entries should be
corrected during the summer months after the initial dog license registration
process tapers off. According to Naticchioni’s testimony, the 2015 information was
never updated, but Naticchioni was able to update the information through
information readily available to county employees. The trial court did not address
whether the preponderance of the evidence supported the Commission’s decision to
uphold Gregory’s termination from employment, but rather, the trial court inserted
factual issues that were not reviewed at the agency level. At the risk of belaboring
the point, there was no evidence of which employee actually incorrectly inputted the
“null” or “blank” city in the address field because that was not the issue; the issue
was Gregory’s failure to ensure that the database was corrected during the 2015
calendar year.
And most importantly, the trial court did not address the second
finding by the hearing officer, as adopted by the Commission, that Gregory’s
repeated failure to read and respond to emails reflected on her attention to details
and the consistent disregard of the emails constituted an egregious, flagrant, or
willful neglect of Gregory’s duties that would also support Gregory’s removal from
her position. In other words, the trial court failed to conduct a complete review of
the administrative agency’s decision — the second finding also substantiated the
conclusion to uphold Gregory’s termination.
Conclusion
Although trial courts must weigh the evidence to determine whether
a preponderance of reliable, probative, and substantial evidence supports the
administrative decision, a trial court may not substitute its judgment for that of the
administrative agency. In light of the foregoing, the trial court crossed that
boundary and its decision substituted its judgment for that of the Commission. In
this case, the trial court instituted policy requirements contrary to the express
provisions of the county’s policies and procedures manual and discussed factual
issues beyond what was considered by the Commission in reversing the
Commission’s decision to uphold Gregory’s termination. Accordingly, the court
exceeded the standard of its review, and thereby erred as a matter of law.
Notwithstanding the error, our review does not include the ability to review the
evidence in reaching a conclusion as to the validity of the Commission’s decision.
Our review is limited to considering the trial court’s decision, and as pertinent to our
discussion, whether the trial court applied the correct standard of review.
Accordingly, we reverse the decision of the trial court and remand for
further proceedings in which the trial court must review the Commission’s decision
under the standard of review as concisely presented in Shelly Materials, Inc., Slip
Opinion No. 2019-Ohio-4499, at ¶ 13. Reversed and remanded.
It is ordered that appellant recover of said appellee costs herein taxed.
The court finds there were reasonable grounds for this appeal.
It is ordered that a special mandate issue out of this court directing the
common pleas court to carry this judgment into execution.
A certified copy of this entry shall constitute the mandate pursuant to Rule 27
of the Rules of Appellate Procedure.
____________________________________
SEAN C. GALLAGHER, PRESIDING JUDGE
FRANK D. CELEBREZZE, JR., J., CONCURS;
MICHELLE J. SHEEHAN, J., DISSENTS WITH SEPARATE OPINION
MICHELLE J. SHEEHAN, J., DISSENTING:
Respectfully, I dissent. In my view, whether Gregory’s conduct
relating to her management of the dog license database rose to the level of egregious,
flagrant, or willful neglect in performing her duties warranting a removal is a
question concerning the weight of the evidence. As the Supreme Court of Ohio
recently reminded us in Shelly Materials, Slip Opinion No. 2019-Ohio-4499, an
appellate court plays a different role than the court of common pleas in an
administrative appeal pursuant to R.C. Chapter 2506. While the trial court is
authorized to examine and weigh the evidence, our role is limited to reviewing
whether the lower court abused its discretion in deciding an administrative order
was (or was not) supported by reliable, probative, and substantial evidence. Mindful
of our limited role, I find the trial court applied the proper standard of review and
acted within its discretion in finding the county’s removal of Gregory, a 23-year
employee, was not supported by reliable, probative, and substantial evidence.
It is undisputed the standard of review governing this appeal is set
forth in the recent Supreme Court of Ohio decision, Shelly Materials. Regarding the
trial court’s review of an administrative appeal pursuant to R.C. Chapter 2506, the
Court noted that, while such a review is not de novo, it resembles a de novo
proceeding. Shelly Materials at ¶ 13, citing Kisil v. Sandusky, 12 Ohio St.3d 30, 34,
465 N.E.2d 848 (1984). This means that the trial court “‘weighs the evidence to
determine whether a preponderance of reliable, probative, and substantial evidence
supports the administrative decision, and if it does, the court may not substitute its
judgment for that of’ the administrative agency.” Id., quoting Independence v. Office
of the Cuyahoga Cty. Executive, 142 Ohio St.3d 125, 2014-Ohio-4650, 28 N.E.3d
1182, ¶ 13. This standard of review, however, also means the trial court has “‘the
power to examine the whole record, make factual and legal determinations, and
reverse the [administrative agency’s] decision if it is not supported by a
preponderance of substantial, reliable, and probative evidence.’” Id., quoting
Cleveland Clinic Found. v. Cleveland Bd. of Zoning Appeals, 141 Ohio St.3d 318,
2014-Ohio-4809, 23 N.E.3d 1161, ¶ 24.
Preponderance of the evidence means the greater weight of the
evidence. Dawson v. Anderson, 121 Ohio App.3d 9, 13, 698 N.E.2d 1014 (10th
Dist.1997); Weishaar v. Strimbu, 76 Ohio App.3d 276, 283, 601 N.E.2d 587 (8th
Dist.1991). In Hale v. Bd. of Edn., 13 Ohio St.2d 92, 96-97, 234 N.E.2d 583 (1968),
the Supreme Court of Ohio noted that when adopting R.C. 2506.04 in 1957, the
General Assembly employed the words “preponderance of * * * evidence” to signal
its intent that the common pleas court is to weigh evidence in administrative
appeals.
“‘[D]etermining whether an agency order is supported by reliable,
probative and substantial evidence is essentially a question of the absence or
presence of the requisite quantum of evidence.’” Kisil at 35, quoting Univ. of
Cincinnati v. Conrad, 63 Ohio St.2d 108, 111, 407 N.E.2d 1265 (1980). “‘Although
this in essence is a legal question, inevitably it involves a consideration of the
evidence, and to a limited extent would permit a substitution of judgment by the
reviewing Common Pleas Court.’” Id., quoting Conrad at 111.
While the trial court’s review resembles a de novo proceeding, the
review to be undertaken by the court of appeals is much more limited in scope. Kisil,
12 Ohio St.3d at 34, 465 N.E.2d 848. R.C. 2506.04 gives the common pleas court
power to weigh the evidence and to reverse the administrative body where its
decision is not supported by the preponderance of substantial, reliable, and
probative evidence, but grants “a more limited power to the court of appeals to
review the judgment of the common pleas court only on ‘questions of law,’ which
does not include the same extensive power to weigh ‘the preponderance of
substantial, reliable, and probative evidence,’ as is granted to the common pleas
court.” Kisil at 34, fn.4.
Summarizing its precedents, the Supreme Court of Ohio in Shelly
Materials, Slip Opinion No. 2019-Ohio-4499, again cautions us of the limited role
played by the court of appeals in an administrative appeal pursuant to R.C. Chapter
2506.
A party who disagrees with a decision of a court of common pleas in
an R.C. Chapter 2506 administrative appeal may appeal that decision
to the court of appeals but only on “questions of law.” R.C. 2506.04.
For this reason, we have stated that under R.C. 2506.04, an appeal to
the court of appeals is “more limited in scope” than was the appeal to
the court of common pleas. While the court of common pleas is
required to examine the evidence, the court of appeals may not weigh
the evidence. Apart from deciding purely legal issues, the court of
appeals can determine whether the court of common pleas abused its
discretion, which in this context means reviewing whether the lower
court abused its discretion in deciding that an administrative order
was or was not supported by reliable, probative, and substantial
evidence.
(Citations omitted.) Shelly Materials at ¶ 17.
The trial court in Shelly Materials found the Planning and Zoning
Commission’s decision was not supported by a preponderance of substantial,
reliable, and probative evidence. The court of appeals reversed the trial court’s
decision. Emphasizing that the trial court acted within the scope of review under
R.C. Chapter 2506 when it weighed the evidence differently than the Commission,
id. at ¶ 21, the Supreme Court of Ohio reversed the court of appeals.
In this case, there were three infractions cited for Gregory’s removal
pursuant to Section 13.08 of the county’s Employee Conduct Policy (“Inappropriate
Conduct/Grounds for Discipline”). The hearing officer concluded that all three
infractions were proven. The first infraction was “egregious, flagrant or willful
neglect in the performance of assigned duties” (a conduct relating to “neglect of
duty, insufficiency, and incompetence” and constituting a removable infraction); the
second infraction was a “failure to complete a legitimate job assignment” (a conduct
also relating to “neglect of duty, insufficiency, and incompetence” and constituting
a major offense); and the third infraction was her failing to follow the call-in
procedures for two consecutive days (a conduct also relating to “neglect of duty,
insufficiency, and incompetency” and constituting a major infraction).
Although the hearing officer found the county proved all three
infractions, he acknowledged that the first infraction and the second infraction were
both predicated on Gregory’s mismanagement of the dog license database. (Hearing
Officer’s Report, p. 29.)
The trial court issued a detailed decision to support its reversal of the
order of the county’s Personnel Review Commission removing Gregory. After a
careful review of the evidence, it concluded the Commission’s order affirming
Gregory’s removal was not supported by the preponderance of substantial, reliable,
and probative evidence. Specifically, the trial court found an absence of reliable
evidence in support of the hearing officer’s conclusions that Gregory was removed
for just cause for mismanaging the dog license database and for failing to follow call-
in procedures for two consecutive days.
Regarding the dog registration program, the trial court found that the
preponderance of the evidence showed that Gregory followed the same process and
procedure for the annual dog registration and data entry work put into place by her
predecessor, pre-Charter Director Lula Hamilton. The trial court specifically
referred to the testimony from Hamilton, Innis, and General Services employees
Sarah Watkins and Louis Bucci to support this finding. Because of the high volume
of applications received each year, additional county workers were always needed to
work on the applications even when the department had eight employees.
Hamilton’s policy was always “Process first, data entry second.” Because the dog
license number is on the application, the information about a lost dog can be
manually looked up even if the information has not been entered into the database
yet.
Regarding the County Kennel’s inability to run a nonrenewal
campaign due to the lack of an up-to-date database, the trial court reasoned that
Gregory alone cannot be faulted for General Services’ inability to timely update the
database. Gregory was following the same process put in place by Hamilton and had
never been directed by a supervisor to follow a different procedure. The trial court
found that the fact that the County Kennel could not conduct a nonrenewal
campaign did not equate to Gregory not performing her job or mishandling the
database because General Services is focused on its statutory duty to process the dog
license applications before updating the database. The trial court reasoned that, if
having an up-to-date database was such an important part of Gregory’s duty, Innis
would have the responsibility to direct her and provide her with necessary human
resources to complete the task timely. The court determined that there was “a
complete failure on the part of management to communicate any deadlines or
requirements for Gregory to fulfill her job duties regarding managing” the dog
license database.
The trial court noted that the hearing officer relied heavily on the
testimony of Naticchioni, the County Kennel Manager. She testified to the errors in
the database based on her personal review of the database and concluded Gregory
mishandled the database. The trial court observed that Naticchioni is not an expert
in computer database and she never reviewed the applications to determine the
cause of the errors in the database. The trial court pointed to Hamilton’s remark of
“garbage in, garbage out” in reference to the possibility that the errors may be
created by people inputting the data, including other county employees and the dog
owners who register online. The trial court concluded Naticchioni’s testimony did
not constitute sufficient reliable evidence to support Gregory’s alleged neglect of
duty.
The trial court also noted that, while Naticchioni had raised the issue
of the necessity of an up-to-date database with Eric Richter and had also
communicated her dissatisfaction with the database to Innis, Naticchioni never
raised her concerns directly with Gregory. The trial court noted that “[t]here was no
training, progressive discipline, or even a meeting with Gregory to discuss the best
way to handle the issue of timely updating [the dog license database].”
Citing these reasons, the trial court concluded that any deficiency
regarding Gregory’s management of the dog license database “could not be an
egregious failure or willful neglect of assigned job duties on Gregory’s part.” In other
words, after weighing the evidence, which was within the trial court’s scope of
review, the trial court determined there was a lack of preponderance of reliable
evidence showing Gregory’s performance of her job relating to the management of
the dog license database rose to the level of egregious or willful conduct warranting
a “removable infraction” designation.
Regarding the second basis for Gregory’s removal — her failure to
follow the call-in procedures after being suspended — the trial court stated that non-
consecutive suspension, while permissible, was not “intuitive.” The court
characterized Gregory’s failure to call in or show up for work on the two non-
suspended days as nothing more than a mistake. The trial court determined that
there was no evidence that Gregory, a 23-year county employee without any prior
discipline regarding call-in procedures, intentionally disregarded the procedures.
Although Gregory’s failure in following the call-in procedure for two
consecutive days was deemed a “major” infraction pursuant to section 13.08 of the
county’s Employee Conduct Policy (and it appears the Conduct Policy does not allow
for a consideration of any mitigating circumstances), Innis testified that
Naticchioni’s April 26, 2016 letter to Fiscal Officer Dennis Kennedy complaining of
Gregory’s management of the dog license database was the catalyst for Gregory’s
removal. (Hearing Officer’s Report, p.11.)
Thus, whether the county proved Gregory committed a “major”
infraction in falling to call in for two consecutive days is not relevant. The only issue
in this case is whether the trial court abused its discretion in finding Gregory’s
removal was not supported by the preponderance of substantial, reliable, and
probative evidence. The trial court was permitted to weigh all the evidence cited in
support of her removal and was within its discretion in assigning less weight to
Gregory’s failure of following the call-in procedure for two consecutive days — albeit
its classification as a “major” infraction — in reversing the Commission’s order
removing Gregory.
Here, the record shows that, after a thorough examination of the
evidence, the trial court found an absence of the requisite quantum of evidence
showing Gregory was removed for just cause. Gregory followed the procedure and
policy set forth by her predecessor in managing the dog license database. While it
was undisputed that the County Kennel relied on an up-to-date and accurate
database to perform its work and that the Kennel was unable to use the database to
run the nonrenewal campaign, the trial court found there was a lack of
preponderance of reliable, probative, and substantial evidence — other than the
County’s assertion — establishing that Gregory, rather than her supervisor(s), was
responsible for instituting an improved procedure regarding the data entry work
and the database.
Instead, the trial court found the evidence showed Gregory had not
received directives or guidance from a supervisor requiring her to alter the existing
policy or procedure; neither had Gregory been given specific deadlines for the data
entry work for purposes of facilitating the County Kennel’s nonrenewal campaign.
After the Kennel Manager Naticchioni raised her concerns with the Fiscal Officer in
April 2016, Gregory was soon placed on administrative leave in May 2016 and
terminated in June 2016. The trial court noted that there was “no training,
progressive discipline, or even a meeting with Gregory” to discuss the best way to
handle the issue of timely updating the dog license database. While progressive
discipline is applicable only to infractions that are less severe than those categorized
as “removable” (such as “egregious, flagrant or willful neglect in the performance of
assigned duties”), the trial court found Gregory’s conduct did not rise to the level of
“egregious, fragrant or willful neglect” and therefore not a “removable” infraction.
Progressive discipline would also be applicable as to her second infraction, which
was “failing to complete a legitimate job assignment,” not a “removable” offense.
This appeal concerns the weight of the evidence. The trial court acted
within its scope of review in weighing the evidence differently than the Commission.
While the common pleas court is required to examine and weigh the evidence, the
court of appeals “may not weigh the evidence.” Shelly Materials at ¶ 17. Our role in
the instant administrative appeal is different from that of the trial court. Within the
ambit of “questions” for appellate review, we are limited to determining whether the
trial court abuses its discretion in deciding that an administrative order is not
supported by reliable, probative, and substantial evidence. Under this limited and
narrow scope of review, I would affirm the trial court’s decision because the trial
court did not abuse its discretion in reviewing the evidence and finding the
Commission’s removal of Gregory from her employment with the Fiscal Office was
not supported by reliable, probative, and substantial evidence. For these reasons, I
respectfully dissent.