State v. Craig ( 2023 )

[Cite as State v. Craig, 2023-Ohio-1003.]
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF OHIO
TENTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
State of Ohio, :
Plaintiff-Appellant, :
No. 22AP-215
v. : (C.P.C. No. 21CR-2468)
Jonathan A. Craig, : (REGULAR CALENDAR)
Defendant-Appellee. :
D E C I S I O N
Rendered on March 28, 2023
On brief: G. Gary Tyack, Prosecuting Attorney, and
Darren M. Burgess, for appellant. Argued: Darren M.
Burgess.
On brief: Yeura R. Venters, Public Defender, and George M.
Schumann, for appellee. Argued: George M. Schumann.
APPEAL from the Franklin County Court of Common Pleas
DORRIAN, J.
{¶ 1} Plaintiff-appellant, State of Ohio, appeals a judgment of the Franklin County
Court of Common Pleas that granted the dismissal of rape charges filed against defendant-
appellee, Jonathan A. Craig, due to preindictment delay. For the following reasons, we
reverse that judgment and remand this matter to the trial court for further proceedings.
I. Facts and Procedural History
{¶ 2} On June 17, 2021, Craig was indicted on three counts of rape, all felonies of
the first degree, in violation of R.C. 2907.02. All three counts in the indictment alleged that,
on or about November 19, 1998, Craig engaged in sexual contact with D.A. by purposefully
compelling her to submit by force or threat of force.
No. 22AP-215 2
{¶ 3} Craig moved to dismiss the indictment based on the over 22-year delay
between the date of the alleged offense and the filing of the indictment. According to Craig,
the preindictment delay violated his due process rights under the United States and Ohio
Constitutions. Craig argued the delay caused him actual prejudice that prevented him from
presenting a complete defense at trial, and the state could not produce a justifiable reason
for the delay. The state opposed Craig's motion, asserting neither actual prejudice nor
unjustifiable delay existed.
{¶ 4} The trial court held an evidentiary hearing regarding the motion to dismiss.
The evidentiary record established that Craig lacked any specific memory of D.A. or sexual
contact with her. At the hearing, Craig testified he could not remember exactly what he did
on November 19, 1998. Additionally, he admitted that, upon seeing a photograph of D.A.,
he did not recognize her.
{¶ 5} However, Craig explained that during fall 1998, he was using and occasionally
selling crack cocaine at an apartment on the west side of Columbus. The apartment was
located only three blocks from an establishment known as the "Candy Store." (Tr. at 10.)
Women who worked at the Candy Store visited the apartment to buy crack cocaine or trade
sex for crack cocaine. Approximately three separate times, Craig traded crack cocaine for
sex with women who worked at the Candy Store. All these sexual encounters were
consensual. Later during the hearing, Craig's attorney established that D.A. worked at the
Candy Store.
{¶ 6} According to Craig, three different witnesses would have corroborated his
testimony if they had not died prior to the issuance of the indictment. First, two paraplegic,
house-bound brothers, Oscar Knox and Charles Colvin,1 lived at the apartment and knew
women from the Candy Store who frequented the apartment. Craig testified the brothers
also were aware that women from the Candy Store exchanged sex for crack cocaine at the
apartment. Additionally, Craig testified regarding his friend Larry Madden, who smoked
and sold crack cocaine with Craig at the apartment. Madden knew that women who worked
at the Candy Store bought crack cocaine and traded sex for crack cocaine at the apartment.
Knox died in 2014, Colvin in 2003,and Madden in 2015.
1Craig originally misidentified Colvin as "Charley Knox," but an investigator for the Franklin County Public
Defender's Office corrected Craig's error. (Tr. at 21.)
No. 22AP-215 3
{¶ 7} The state presented the testimony of Captain Charles Williamson and
Sergeant Brian Toth, both officers with the Franklin County Sheriff's Office ("Sheriff's
Office"). In February 2021, Captain Williamson found an untested sexual assault kit in the
Sheriff's Office property room that was older than 30 days. Upon inquiring about the kit,
Captain Williamson learned that the property room possessed several older untested sexual
assault kits. Captain Williamson then asked the property room supervisor to create an
inventory of all untested sexual assault kits older than 30 days. D.A.'s sexual assault kit
appeared on that list.2
{¶ 8} Captain Williamson directed Sergeant Toth to send D.A.'s sexual assault kit
to Ohio's Bureau of Criminal Investigation for DNA testing. Testing on the kit resulted in
the identification of Craig. DNA testing of D.A.'s sexual assault kit did not occur before
2021 either due to a "mistake by the property room" or because "the detective [originally
assigned to the case] did not request for them to send [the kit] out." (Tr. at 51, 52.)
{¶ 9} As part of investigating D.A.'s case, Sergeant Toth reviewed the original
investigatory case file. According to that file, the detective who investigated the case in
1998, Detective Larry Winters, attempted to contact D.A. 12 times after she reported the
rape. Detective Winters' attempts were unsuccessful. Consequently, in January 1999,
Detective Winters closed the investigation. The investigation then remained dormant until
Sergeant Toth took it over in 2021.
{¶ 10} Sergeant Toth acknowledged that the original investigatory file indicates that
police recovered a lighter and paper currency from the alleged crime scene. The Sheriff's
Office, however, destroyed both items prior to the filing of the indictment. Furthermore,
photographs taken as part of the original investigation are also missing.
{¶ 11} At the hearing, Craig's attorney argued that the death of Knox, Colvin, and
Madden caused Craig actual prejudice because the three witnesses would have supported
Craig's defense that he and D.A. engaged in consensual sex. According to Craig's attorney,
Craig intended to testify that, although he did not remember D.A., he believed he left his
2 Captain Williamson did not explain why the Sheriff's Office failed to comply with 2014 Sub.S.B. No. 316,
which became effective on March 23, 2015 and amended R.C. 2933.82. As amended, R.C. 2933.82(B)(2)(a)
required the Sheriff's Office to forward all sexual assault kits in its possession that were collected during a rape
investigation to a crime laboratory for DNA testing by March 23, 2016. D.A.'s sexual assault kit languished in
the Sheriff's Office property room for almost five years after the running of the statutory deadline.
No. 22AP-215 4
DNA on her when he had consensual sex with her in exchange for crack cocaine at the
apartment. The three deceased witnesses would have verified that female workers from the
Candy Store traded sex for crack cocaine at the apartment.
{¶ 12} In a judgment entry dated March 9, 2022, the trial court granted Craig's
motion to dismiss. The trial court found Craig established actual prejudice and the state
failed to prove a justifiable reason for the delay in prosecution.
II. Assignment of Error
{¶ 13} The state now appeals the March 9, 2022 judgment and assigns the
following sole assignment of error for our review:
The trial court erred when it dismissed the Franklin County
Grand Jury's indictment charging the defendant with three
counts of first degree rape.
III. Analysis
{¶ 14} Before addressing the merits of this appeal, we must clarify which facts we
will consider on appeal. First, the state wants us to consider facts which the state included
in its appellate brief but failed to establish with evidence in the trial court. We refuse to do
so. A reviewing court cannot add matter to the record before it, which was not part of the
trial court's proceedings, and then decide an appeal based on the new matter. State v.
Ishmail, 54 Ohio St.2d 402 (1978), paragraph one of the syllabus; accord State v.
McComas, 10th Dist. No. 05AP-134, 2006-Ohio-380, ¶ 15 ("[A]n appellate court cannot
consider evidence outside of the record created before the trial court."). Second, both
parties would have us consider facts they recited in their trial court briefing but did not
support with evidence at the evidentiary hearing. In other words, the parties want us to
accept their attorneys' statements of fact as evidence. However, statements made by legal
counsel are not evidence. In re A.E., 10th Dist. No. 19AP-782, 2021-Ohio-488, ¶ 79; State
v. Walters, 10th Dist. No. 06AP-693, 2007-Ohio-5554, ¶ 81. Consequently, where no
evidence underlies the facts stated, we disregard them.
{¶ 15} By its assignment of error, the state argues the trial court erred in dismissing
the indictment based on preindictment delay. The state contends Craig failed to
demonstrate that the loss of evidence during the preindictment delay actually prejudiced
Craig's defense. We agree.
No. 22AP-215 5
{¶ 16} In reviewing a dismissal for preindictment delay, a court of appeals applies
the de novo standard of review to issues of law, but affords great deference to a trial court's
findings of fact. State v. Porter, 3d Dist. No. 1-21-01, 2021-Ohio-2539, ¶ 7; State v.
McKinley, 8th Dist. No. 108715, 2020-Ohio-3664, ¶ 31-32; State v. Adkins, 6th Dist. No.
WD-16-042, 2018-Ohio-2588, ¶ 11; State v. Hawkins, 2d Dist. No. 27019, 2018-Ohio-867,
¶ 37; State v. Wilson, 10th Dist. No. 13AP-205, 2013-Ohio-4799, ¶ 4. A court of appeals will
accept a trial court's findings of fact if they are supported by competent, credible evidence.
McKinley at ¶ 32.
{¶ 17} Statutes of limitations determine "the ultimate time limit within which the
government must prosecute a defendant." State v. Jones, 148 Ohio St.3d 167, 2016-Ohio-
5105, ¶ 11. "These statutes provide predictability by specifying a limit beyond which there
is an irrebuttable presumption that a defendant's right to a fair trial would be prejudiced."
United States v. Marion, 404 U.S. 307, 322 (1971). However, even if the state indicts a
defendant within a statute of limitations, the protections afforded by the Due Process
Clauses of the United States and Ohio Constitutions may require the dismissal of the
indictment. Id. at 324; State v. Luck, 15 Ohio St.3d 150, 159 (1984). When unjustifiable
preindictment delay actually prejudices a defendant's right to a fair trial despite the state's
initiation of prosecution within the statutorily defined limitations period, the state violates
the defendant's due process rights under the Fifth and Fourteenth Amendments to the
United States Constitution and Article I, Section 16 of the Ohio Constitution. Jones at ¶ 11-
12; Luck at paragraph two of the syllabus.
{¶ 18} Courts employ a burden-shifting framework to analyze a due-process claim
based on preindictment delay. Jones at ¶ 13. A defendant first bears the burden of
presenting evidence that the preindictment delay caused actual prejudice. Id.; State v.
White, 10th Dist. No. 15AP-815, 2017-Ohio-810, ¶ 54, 68. The burden then shifts to the
state to produce evidence of a justifiable reason for the delay. Jones at ¶ 13; White at ¶ 54.
{¶ 19} "Actual prejudice exists when missing evidence or unavailable testimony,
identified by the defendant and relevant to the defense, would minimize or eliminate the
impact of the state's evidence and bolster the defense." Jones at ¶ 28. A determination of
actual prejudice requires " ' "a delicate judgment" ' " based on "a case-by-case consideration
of the particular circumstances." Id. at ¶ 20, quoting State v. Walls, 96 Ohio St.3d 437,
No. 22AP-215 6
2002-Ohio-5059, ¶ 52, quoting Marion at 325. That consideration must include "the
evidence as it exists when the indictment is filed and the prejudice the defendant will suffer
at trial due to the delay." Walls at ¶ 52.
{¶ 20} The defendant bears the burden of demonstrating the exculpatory value of
the evidence he lost due to the preindictment delay.3 State v. Miller, 10th Dist. No. 11AP-
899, 2013-Ohio-1242, ¶ 42; State v. Dennis, 10th Dist. No. 05AP-1290, 2006-Ohio-5777,
¶ 19. The defendant must show how the unavailable witnesses and lost physical evidence
would have aided in establishing the defendant's asserted defense. State v. Meeks, 5th Dist.
No. 21 CAA 20 0010, 2022-Ohio-6, ¶ 53. " 'Without proof of prejudice, meaning something
which adversely affects [a defendant's] ability to defend himself at trial, there is no due
process violation for preindictment delay in prosecution.' " Id., quoting State v. Smith, 8th
Dist. No. 100501, 2014-Ohio-3034, ¶ 26.
{¶ 21} Speculative prejudice does not satisfy the defendant's burden. Jones at ¶ 20.
The mere possibility that memories will fade, witnesses will become unavailable, or
evidence will be lost is not sufficient to establish actual prejudice. Id. at ¶ 21. " 'Proof of
actual prejudice must be specific, particularized, and non-speculative; a court will not
speculate as to whether the delay somehow prejudiced a defendant.' " Miller at ¶ 42,
quoting Dennis at ¶ 19.
{¶ 22} In the case at bar, the trial court found Craig demonstrated actual prejudice
because "evidence has been destroyed and witnesses are no longer alive." (Mar. 9, 2022
Entry at 3.) We will first address the destroyed evidence. At the hearing, Sergeant Toth's
testimony established that the Sheriff's Office had destroyed a lighter and a dollar bill
collected from the alleged crime scene.4 Additionally, photographs relevant to the case are
missing from the investigatory file. Craig, however, did not show how the loss of this
evidence minimized or eliminated the impact of the state's evidence and bolstered the
3 The missing evidence need not have "demonstrably exculpatory value that goes beyond attacking the
credibility of the state's evidence" to be actually prejudicial. Jones at ¶ 23. "[T]he proven unavailability of
specific evidence or testimony that would attack the credibility or weight of the state's evidence against a
defendant and thereby aid in establishing a defense may satisfy the due-process requirement of actual
prejudice." Id. at ¶ 25.
4 The trial court decision and the parties' briefs state that the Sheriff's Office also destroyed cigarettes collected
from the alleged crime scene. No evidence in the record substantiates these statements.
No. 22AP-215 7
defense. Consequently, Craig has not proven that the loss of the physical evidence has
actually prejudiced him.
{¶ 23} At trial and on appeal, Craig primarily argued that dismissal was warranted
because the death of the three witnesses—Colvin, Knox, and Madden—actually prejudiced
him. The death of a witness during the preindictment period may constitute actual
prejudice, but only if the defendant can identify the exculpatory evidence that was lost and
show that the exculpatory evidence could not be obtained by any other means. State v.
Adams, 144 Ohio St.3d 429, 2015-Ohio-3954, ¶ 103. In identifying the exculpatory
evidence lost, "a defendant need not know what the exact substance of an unavailable
witness's testimony would have been in order to establish actual prejudice based on the
witness's unavailability." Jones at ¶ 28. However, while precision is not required, a
defendant must explain what testimony the unavailable witness might have offered. State
v. Walker, 8th Dist. No. 106414, 2018-Ohio-3669, ¶ 23; State v. Hart, 8th Dist. No. 105673,
2018-Ohio-3272, ¶ 19.
{¶ 24} Here, Craig does not generically claim that the deceased witnesses' testimony
would have assisted his defense. Rather, Craig explained that the deceased witnesses would
have testified that women who worked at the Candy Store traded sex for crack cocaine at
the apartment. Craig, therefore, has identified with sufficient specificity the testimony the
deceased witnesses would have offered.
{¶ 25} The state suggests we cannot give any credence to Craig's recounting of what
the deceased witnesses would have said on the stand. But we defer to the trial court on
issues of fact. Porter at ¶ 7; McKinley at ¶ 32; Adkins at ¶ 11; Hawkins at ¶ 37; Wilson at
¶ 4. As the trier of fact, the trial court is in the best position to resolve factual questions and
evaluate the credibility of witnesses. Hawkins at ¶ 38, 47. We thus accept the trial court's
findings of fact if they are supported by competent, credible evidence. McKinley at ¶ 32.
{¶ 26} Here, the trial court had to find Craig credible to determine that the loss of
the deceased witnesses' testimony actually prejudiced him. The testimony of Sky Sharma,
the investigator for the Franklin County Public Defender's Officer, confirmed the basic facts
Craig set forth. Sharma testified that Knox, Colvin, and Madden all existed, but all three
had died. Sharma determined that Knox and Colvin had lived at the apartment together,
as Craig stated. Sharma also found that Madden had reported his address as the same
No. 22AP-215 8
apartment during the period that Knox and Colvin lived at the apartment. Finally, Sharma
verified through Craig's siblings that Craig was taking drugs in 1998 and that Knox and
Colvin were physically disabled. Given this competent, credible evidence, we conclude that
the trial court had a basis on which to find Craig credible, and we decline to second-guess
that credibility finding.
{¶ 27} We, therefore, are left with the ultimate question: whether the loss of the
deceased witnesses' testimony actually prejudiced Craig, i.e., whether the lost testimony
would have minimized or eliminated the impact of the state's evidence and bolstered Craig's
defense. We find it would not.
{¶ 28} Craig bases his defense on consent. In his version of events, he gave D.A.
crack cocaine and, in return, she engaged in consensual sex with him at the apartment.
Craig contends that the deceased witnesses would provide evidence minimizing the state's
claim of forcible sexual contact and bolstering his defense of consent. Craig, however, did
not state that the deceased witnesses would testify that he and D.A. had engaged in
consensual sex at the apartment. Craig did not even claim that the deceased witnesses
would testify that D.A. had traded sex for crack cocaine at the apartment. Instead, the
deceased witnesses would only testify that women who worked at the Candy Store traded
sex for crack cocaine at the apartment. For this testimony to minimize the state's evidence
and assist Craig in bolstering his defense, a finder of fact would have to first infer from the
testimony that D.A. was one of the female employees of the Candy Store who visited the
apartment to obtain crack cocaine. Building on that first inference, the finder of fact would
then have to infer that D.A. also agreed to trade sex for crack cocaine at the apartment. And
finally, the finder of fact would have to further infer that D.A. had consensual sex with Craig
in exchange for crack cocaine at the apartment on or about November 19, 1998.
{¶ 29} "A trier of fact may not draw 'an inference based * * * entirely upon another
inference, unsupported by any additional fact or another inference from other facts.' " State
v. Cowans, 87 Ohio St.3d 68, 78 (1999), quoting Hurt v. Charles J. Rogers Transp. Co.,
164 Ohio St. 329 (1955), paragraph one of the syllabus; accord State v. Agee, 10th Dist. No.
19AP-12, 2021-Ohio-489, ¶ 55, quoting State v. Ingram, 10th Dist. No. 11AP-1124, 2012-
Ohio-4075, ¶ 23 (Citations omitted.) (" 'The rule prohibiting the stacking of one inference
upon another prohibits the drawing of one inference solely and entirely from another
No. 22AP-215 9
inference, where that inference is unsupported by any additional facts or inferences drawn
from other facts.' "). The rule against inference stacking prevents a finder of fact from
arriving at an inference that is so attenuated that it amounts to pure speculation or
conjecture. State v. Greeno, 4th Dist. No. 19CA15, 2021-Ohio-1372, ¶ 34; State v.
Armstrong, 11th Dist. No. 2015-P-0075, 2016-Ohio-7841, ¶ 23. "While reasonable
inferences may be drawn from the facts and conditions established, they cannot be drawn
from facts or conditions merely assumed." Armstrong at ¶ 23.
{¶ 30} Absent any inference, the deceased witnesses' testimony only establishes that
women who worked at that Candy Store traded sex for crack cocaine. Without drawing
inferences, the testimony does not establish that D.A. traded sex for crack cocaine, much
less that D.A. traded sex with Craig for crack cocaine. Thus, the deceased witnesses'
testimony only helps Craig if a finder of fact can use it as a basis to stack inference upon
inference to arrive at the conclusion that D.A. had consensual sex with Craig in exchange
for crack cocaine at the apartment on or about November 19, 1998. The rule against
stacking inferences, however, precludes a finder of fact from drawing that conclusion.
Consequently, the deceased witnesses' testimony does not minimize the state's evidence
and bolster Craig's defense, so it does not establish actual prejudice.
{¶ 31} Because Craig did not carry his burden to prove actual prejudice, the trial
court erred in granting the motion to dismiss for preindictment delay. Accordingly, we
sustain the state's sole assignment of error.
IV. Conclusion
{¶ 32} For the foregoing reasons, we sustain the state's sole assignment of error, we
reverse the judgment of the Franklin County Court of Common Pleas, and remand this
matter to that court for further proceedings consistent with law and this decision.
Judgment reversed;
cause remanded.
BEATTY BLUNT, P.J., and BOGGS, J., concur.