In re J.G. , 2014 Ohio 2652 ( 2014 )


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  • [Cite as In re J.G., 
    2014-Ohio-2652
    .]
    Court of Appeals of Ohio
    EIGHTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
    COUNTY OF CUYAHOGA
    JOURNAL ENTRY AND OPINION
    No. 100681
    IN RE: J.G.
    A Minor Child
    [Appeal by M.G., Mother]
    JUDGMENT:
    AFFIRMED
    Civil Appeal from the
    Cuyahoga County Court of Common Pleas
    Juvenile Division
    Case No. AD 13909890
    BEFORE: McCormack, J., E.A. Gallagher, P.J., and Kilbane, J.
    RELEASED AND JOURNALIZED: June 19, 2014
    ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLANT
    Anita Barthol Staley
    7327 Center Street
    Mentor, OH 44060
    Eileen Noon Miller
    Law Offices of Eileen Noon Miller, L.L.C.
    P.O. Box 1681
    Mentor, OH 44060
    ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEE
    Timothy J. McGinty
    Cuyahoga County Prosecutor
    By: Kara L. Brown
    Assistant County Prosecutor
    C.C.D.C.F.S.
    4261 Fulton Parkway
    Cleveland, OH 44144
    TIM McCORMACK, J.:
    {¶1} Appellant, M.G. (“Mother” or “M.G.”), appeals the judgment of the
    Cuyahoga County Court of Common Pleas, Juvenile Division, that granted permanent
    custody of the minor child, J.G., to the Cuyahoga County Department of Children and
    Family Services (“CCDCFS” or “the agency”). As mandated by the statute, the relevant
    analysis in a permanent custody matter is the best interest of the child. After a careful
    review of the record, we find that clear and convincing evidence supports the trial court’s
    determination that granting permanent custody to the agency is in the best interest of J.G.
    We therefore affirm its decision.
    Procedural History
    {¶2} On July 11, 2013, CCDCFS filed a complaint for dependency and
    permanent custody concerning minor child, J.G., and a motion for pre-dispositional
    temporary custody. That same day, an emergency hearing was held, during which the
    agency received temporary custody of the child. Mother was present at the emergency
    hearing, and she completed a waiver of service of summons of the complaint and motion
    for temporary custody, which contained a statement that she voluntarily attended the
    hearing and she was represented by counsel.
    {¶3} On July 16, 2013, Mother was issued a service of summons by certified
    mail, which included a notification of the next pretrial date of August 13, 2013. On July
    26, 2013, the service of summons was returned “not deliverable as addressed.”
    Subsequently, an adjudicatory hearing was scheduled for September 6, 2013.             The
    hearing was then continued until October 15, 2013. Notice of the new hearing date was
    served upon Mother by publication on September 17, 2013 and returned on September 25,
    2013.
    {¶4} On October 15, 2013, the court held an adjudicatory hearing. Present for
    the hearing were CCDCFS social workers, Latrice Miller and Andrea Funches-Jemison;
    Mother’s guardian ad litem, Tyrone Fazio; and the child’s guardian ad litem, James
    Skelton. Also present were Mother’s attorney and the prosecuting attorney. Mother
    was not present for the hearing.
    {¶5} During this hearing, the court found J.G. to be a dependent child.
    Thereafter, the parties agreed to proceed directly to the dispositional hearing. Counsel
    for Mother indicated that she had no position on disposition because she had been unable
    to contact Mother. Upon hearing the evidence on disposition, the court found J.G. to be
    abandoned and determined that permanent custody would be in the best interest of the
    child.
    Substantive Facts
    {¶6} CCDCFS received this case in July 2013, upon the birth of J.G. At the
    time of J.G.’s birth, Mother was a patient in a psychiatric unit at MetroHealth Hospital.
    She was being treated for anxiety, depression, bipolar disorder, and panic attacks.
    CCDCFS received a referral for neglect, the basis for which was that Mother had tested
    positive for PCP and cocaine, and she admitted to alcohol use during her pregnancy.
    {¶7} At the adjudicatory hearing, social worker, Latrice Miller, testified that she
    investigated the referral. Upon her investigation, Miller learned from Mother that she
    used drugs during the pregnancy and used alcohol daily. While Mother claimed that she
    did not know where the cocaine had come from, she did not deny using cocaine or PCP.
    {¶8} After the child’s birth, the agency conducted a safety conference in order to
    discuss the safety and well being of the child and to discuss plans for discharge. Both
    Mother and her mental health worker attended the conference. During this conference,
    Mother reported again that she had been using drugs during her pregnancy and she was
    homeless. Mother stated that she had no place to live and she had no provisions for the
    child. The mental health worker advised that Mother had been living in a park in a tent,
    with a friend, prior to her hospitalization. Mother was not receiving any mental health
    medication. Mother also advised Miller that she previously had two children who were
    removed from her care in New York and were adopted. When asked about J.G.’s father,
    Mother reported only that his name is Vincent. Miller learned from the mental health
    case manager that the father is also homeless and she did not know his whereabouts.
    Miller testified that the agency had attempted to contact the father through information
    received through Mother, the hospital staff, and agency records to no avail. To the best
    of Miller’s knowledge, the father had made no contact with the child, communicated with
    the child, or established paternity.
    {¶9} As a result of the safety conference, the decision was made to admit Mother
    to a crisis center, where she would have maintained a residence. Mother left after having
    stayed only one day.
    {¶10} Following the hearing, the court adjudicated the child to be a dependent
    child. The court then inquired of disposition, to which Mother’s counsel replied that she
    had no position on disposition because she had not been able to contact her client.
    Thereafter, all parties agreed to proceed with disposition.
    {¶11} CCDCFS’s ongoing social worker, Andrea Funches-Jemison, testified on
    behalf of the agency for the disposition. Funches-Jemison testified that she was assigned
    the case in September 2013. She stated that J.G. was placed in foster care in an adoptive
    home, which remains the only home he has ever known.
    {¶12} Funches-Jemison also testified that there is a case plan for Mother, which
    included substance abuse services, mental health services, basic needs for the child, and a
    plan to establish the child’s paternity. She stated that these services were offered to
    Mother while she was hospitalized and she could have begun services immediately upon
    her discharge.    She has not been able to offer any services, however, or schedule
    visitation with the child, because Mother left the crisis center after one day and the
    agency has not been able to locate Mother. The social worker testified that she has
    attempted to contact Mother through her mental health worker and accessing legal
    systems, and she provided Mother with her business card and phone number in order that
    Mother may contact her. Mother had not contacted Funches-Jemison, and to the best of
    her knowledge, Mother had not had any contact with the agency or hospital personnel
    since she left the crisis center. Funches-Jemison testified that if Mother were available,
    she would offer Mother psychiatric and psychological counseling.
    {¶13} The ongoing social worker maintained that Mother’s needs have not
    changed since the filing of the original complaint. To the best of Funches-Jemison’s
    knowledge, Mother remains homeless, is not obtaining basic needs for herself, has no
    source of income, and has not established paternity. Funches-Jemison had attempted on
    her own to locate the child’s father by searching the state registry and hospital and agency
    records to no avail. Funches-Jemison further provided that a reasonable amount of time
    had passed for Mother to begin services because those services were offered to Mother
    while she was in the hospital during the child’s birth, and they have remained available
    since that time. In her opinion, placement in the agency’s custody is in the child’s best
    interest.
    {¶14} J.G.’s guardian ad litem, James Skelton, recommended permanent custody
    to the agency, testifying that permanent custody would be in the best interest of the child.
    {¶15} Upon hearing the evidence and the recommendation of the guardian ad
    litem, the court found the child abandoned and granted permanent custody of J.G. to
    CCDCFS.
    {¶16} Mother appeals from the court’s decision granting permanent custody of
    J.G. to the agency and raises four assignments of error.
    Assignments of Error
    I. The trial court erred in granting the motion for permanent custody as
    such decision was against the manifest weight of the evidence.
    II. The trial court erred in proceeding immediately to disposition.
    III. The trial court erred by not determining whether notice requirements
    had been met before proceeding to adjudication.
    IV.   [Mother’s] due process rights as guaranteed by the Sixth and
    Fourteenth Amendments to the United States Constitution and Article I,
    Section 10 of the Ohio Constitution were violated by ineffective assistance
    of counsel.
    Notice Requirements
    {¶17} For ease of discussion, we will address M.G.’s assignments of error out of
    order. In Mother’s third assignment of error, she argues that the trial court erred by not
    determining whether notice requirements had been met prior to proceeding with the
    adjudicatory hearing.
    {¶18} It is well established that juvenile proceedings must comply with due
    process requirements, which include that of proper written notice. In re Taylor, 8th Dist.
    Cuyahoga No. 76429, 
    2000 Ohio App. LEXIS 2476
    , * 7 (June 8, 2000), citing In re
    Gault, 
    387 U.S. 1
    , 
    87 S.Ct. 1428
    , 
    18 L.Ed.2d 527
     (1967). And the juvenile court has no
    jurisdiction until notice of the proceedings has been provided to the parties. In re D.P.,
    8th Dist. Cuyahoga Nos. 86271, 86272, 
    2006-Ohio-937
    , ¶ 19; In re Miller, 
    33 Ohio App.3d 224
    , 
    515 N.E.2d 635
     (8th Dist.1986).
    {¶19} Juv.R. 29 governs adjudicatory hearings before a juvenile court and requires
    the court to perform certain duties at the beginning of a hearing. The rule states that the
    court must “[a]scertain whether notice requirements have been complied with and, if not,
    whether the affected parties waive compliance.”        Juv.R. 29(B)(1).    The purpose of
    Juv.R. 29(B) is to provide a “checklist” to aid the court in determining whether the parties
    have been afforded due process requirements. In re Shepherd, 4th Dist. Highland No.
    00CA12, 
    2001-Ohio-2499
    . Specifically, Juv.R. 29(B)(1), (3), and (4) address whether
    the parties have been notified and what the court should do in the event that they were not
    notified. 
    Id.
     In addressing the notice requirements of Juv.R. 29, we review the record
    for substantial compliance. In re Clark, 
    141 Ohio App.3d 55
    , 59, 
    2001-Ohio-4126
    , 
    749 N.E.2d 833
     (8th Dist.); In re C.S., 
    115 Ohio St.3d 267
    , 
    2007-Ohio-4919
    , 
    874 N.E.2d 1177
     (stating that most courts of appeals have held that only substantial compliance with
    Juv.R. 29 is needed). “The issue is not whether the judge strictly complied with rote, but
    whether the parties adequately understood their rights * * *.” In re Clark at 59.
    {¶20} Here, the record reflects that Mother appeared at an emergency hearing for
    predispositional temporary custody, where she received a copy of the complaint and
    signed a waiver of service of summons. The waiver, signed by Mother and dated July
    11, 2013, stated as follows:
    I, [M.G.], mother of [J.G.], hereby waive service of summons of me as a
    parent, regarding the complaint alleging the child to be dependent and
    requesting a disposition of permanent custody, * * *. I hereby voluntarily
    enter my appearance in the matter on the merits thereof. I have been given
    the opportunity to engage legal counsel and am presently represented by
    counsel.
    {¶21} The record also shows that on July 16, 2013, Mother was issued a service of
    summons by certified mail, which included a notification of the next pretrial date of
    August 13, 2013.      On July 26, 2013, the service of summons was returned “not
    deliverable as addressed.” Subsequently, an adjudicatory hearing was scheduled for
    September 6, 2013, which was then continued again until October 15, 2013, presumably
    due to the inability to locate Mother. Finally, the record shows that notice of the new
    hearing date was served upon Mother by publication in the Daily Legal News on
    September 17, 2013, and returned on September 25, 2013.            The summons, which
    included M.G.’s last known address, advised that a permanent custody hearing would be
    held on October 15, 2013, that she was entitled to counsel at the hearing, and it informed
    her of the consequences of the hearing.
    {¶22} The record further reflects that Mother voluntarily left the crisis center one
    day after her admission. There is no evidence that M.G. ever attempted to contact the
    agency after she left or communicated her whereabouts to the agency, despite having
    contact information for the social worker. At the adjudicatory hearing, the magistrate
    noted that Mother was not present and her counsel advised the court that she “[has] not
    been able to contact [her] client.” To the best of the agency’s knowledge, no one has
    ever visited the child, communicated with the child, or established paternity.1
    {¶23} In light of the foregoing, we find that the record supports that M.G. was
    properly notified of the adjudicatory hearing. While the trial court did not verbally
    recount the Juv.R. 29(B) notice requirements at the hearing, the court presumably
    reviewed the ample evidence contained in the record and ascertained that service of
    notice of the hearing was complete. Mother was therefore not prejudiced by the court’s
    failure to strictly comply with Juv.R. 29(B)(1). See In re Flanagan, 3d Dist. Seneca No.
    13-97-42, 
    1998 Ohio App. LEXIS 1813
     (Apr. 22, 1998). In this case, it was not the
    alleged failure to notify Mother of the permanent custody hearing that caused M.G.’s
    failure to appear. Rather, it was her own actions in voluntarily leaving her last known
    residence and failing to communicate with her attorney or social worker that resulted in
    her absence from the hearing.
    The record shows that J.G.’s father is known only by “Vincent” and he is also homeless.
    1
    The agency attempted service of the summons upon Vincent by publication, which was also returned.
    {¶24} M.G.’s third assignment of error is overruled.
    Dispositional Hearing
    {¶25} In her second assignment of error, M.G. contends that the trial court erred in
    proceeding immediately to disposition following the adjudication.
    {¶26} R.C. 2151.35 expressly allows the trial court to proceed immediately to the
    dispositional hearing after the adjudicatory hearing in a complaint for custody provided
    the parties received the proper notice:
    If the court at an adjudicatory hearing determines that a child is an abused,
    neglected, or dependent child, the court shall not issue a dispositional order
    until after the court holds a separate dispositional hearing. The court may
    hold the dispositional hearing for an adjudicated abused, neglected, or
    dependent child immediately after the adjudicatory hearing if all parties
    were served prior to the adjudicatory hearing with all documents required
    for the dispositional hearing.
    R.C. 2151.35(B)(1).
    {¶27} Similarly, Juv.R. 34(A), which governs the manner in which dispositional
    hearings are held on a complaint for custody, provides as follows:
    The dispositional hearing for an adjudicated abused, neglected, or
    dependent child shall be held at least one day but not more than thirty days
    after the adjudicatory hearing is held. The dispositional hearing may be held
    immediately after the adjudicatory hearing if all parties were served prior to
    the adjudicatory hearing with all documents required for the dispositional
    hearing and all parties consent to the dispositional hearing being held
    immediately after the adjudicatory hearing.
    {¶28} Although the language in Juv.R. 34(A) essentially mirrors the language
    contained in the statute, Juv.R. 34(A) also requires that the parties consent to proceed
    immediately to dispositional hearing.          In re D.H., 
    177 Ohio App.3d 246
    ,
    
    2008-Ohio-3686
    , 
    894 N.E.2d 364
    , ¶ 23 (8th Dist.).
    {¶29} Here, as previously discussed, Mother was served all documents required for
    the dispositional hearing prior to the adjudicatory hearing. The record shows that M.G.
    received a copy of the complaint for dependency and permanent custody at the
    predispositional hearing, during which time she signed a waiver of service of summons.
    She was also later issued a service of summons by certified mail and by publication.
    Additionally, M.G.’s counsel consented to the immediate dispositional hearing. We
    therefore find that the trial court did not err in holding the dispositional hearing
    immediately after the adjudicatory hearing in this case.
    {¶30} M.G.’s second assignment of error is overruled.
    Ineffective Assistance of Counsel
    {¶31} In her fourth assignment of error, M.G. argues that her attorney was
    ineffective in allowing the trial court to proceed directly to disposition. She claims that
    the dispositional hearing should not have taken place immediately after the adjudication
    and her counsel had no authority to consent to the immediate disposition of the case.
    {¶32} In order to establish a claim of ineffective assistance of counsel, a defendant
    must demonstrate: (1) his counsel was deficient in some aspect of his representation, and
    (2) the deficient performance prejudiced the defendant. Strickland v. Washington, 
    466 U.S. 668
    , 
    104 S.Ct. 2052
    , 
    80 L.Ed.2d 674
     (1984).
    {¶33} The first element requires a showing that counsel made errors “so serious
    that counsel was not functioning as the ‘counsel’ guaranteed the defendant by the Sixth
    Amendment.” 
    Id. at 687
    . It necessarily requires that when a defendant complains of the
    ineffectiveness of counsel’s assistance, “the defendant must show that counsel’s
    representation fell below an objective standard of reasonableness.” 
    Id. at 687-688
    . A
    court “must indulge a strong presumption that counsel’s conduct falls within the wide
    range of reasonable professional assistance.” 
    Id. at 689
    .
    {¶34} Regarding the second element, the defendant must demonstrate that there is
    a “reasonable probability that, but for counsel’s unprofessional errors, the result of the
    proceeding would have been different.” State v. Bradley, 
    42 Ohio St.3d 136
    , 142, 
    538 N.E.2d 373
    , citing Strickland at 694. Moreover, a defendant’s failure to satisfy one
    element of the Strickland test negates the court’s need to consider the other. State v.
    Madrigal, 
    87 Ohio St.3d 378
    , 389, 
    721 N.E.2d 52
     (2000), citing Strickland at 697.
    {¶35} Based upon our previous discussion, we determined that the trial court did
    not err in holding the dispositional hearing immediately after the adjudicatory hearing
    where Mother received the documents required for the dispositional hearing and she
    consented to the hearing, through her counsel. See Juv.R. 34(A); R.C. 2151.35(B)(1).
    Trial counsel’s decision to proceed immediately to disposition was arguably a trial tactic,
    and we do not second guess counsel’s decision. “[T]he reasonableness of trial counsel’s
    performance must be examined in light of the limitations that the [mother’s] own
    behavior placed on counsel’s ability to represent [her].” In re N.H., 9th Dist. Summit
    No. 24355, 
    2008-Ohio-6617
    , ¶ 28, citing Strickland at 691. The record shows that M.G.
    voluntarily left the residence secured for her and she failed to maintain communication
    with anyone involved in the permanent custody of her infant child, including her own
    attorney. By trial counsel’s own admission, she had not had been able to contact her
    client. M.G. has therefore not demonstrated that her attorney’s performance in agreeing
    to proceed directly to disposition fell below an objective standard of reasonableness.
    {¶36} Additionally, even if Mother can show that her attorney’s consent was
    somehow deficient, Mother has failed to demonstrate how the outcome of the permanent
    custody would have been different had the dispositional hearing been delayed one day, or
    even 30 days. The record shows that Mother did not participate in any case plan, she did
    not communicate or visit with the child or anyone with the agency at any time after she
    left the crisis center, and her trial counsel had been unable to locate her. M.G. has failed
    to show how these facts would have changed had the dispositional hearing been held on a
    different day. As such, we do not find M.G.’s counsel to be ineffective.
    {¶37} M.G.’s fourth assignment of error is overruled.
    Permanent Custody
    {¶38} In her first assignment of error, Mother argues that the trial court erred in
    awarding permanent custody to CCDCFS. She claims that (1) the decision was in error
    because the court failed to determine whether notice requirements had been met and
    because the court held the dispositional hearing immediately after the adjudicatory
    hearing; and (2) the decision was against the weight of the evidence. To the extent
    Mother is arguing error in the notice of the hearing and the manner in which the hearing
    was held, we previously determined there is no merit to this argument. We address the
    remainder of Mother’s argument below.
    {¶39} We begin with the recognition that “a parent’s right to raise a child is an
    essential and basic civil right.” In re Hayes, 
    79 Ohio St.3d 46
    , 48, 
    679 N.E.2d 680
    (1997). “The permanent termination of parental rights has been described as the family
    law equivalent of the death penalty in a criminal case.” In re Hoffman, 
    97 Ohio St.3d 92
    ,
    
    2002-Ohio-5368
    , 
    776 N.E.2d 485
    , ¶ 14. “All children have the right, if possible, to
    parenting from either natural or adoptive parents which provides support, care, discipline,
    protection and motivation.” In re Hitchcock, 
    120 Ohio App.3d 88
    , 102, 
    696 N.E.2d 1090
    (8th Dist.1996). This court has also emphasized that the “termination of the rights of a
    birth parent is an alternative of last resort.” In re Gill, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 79640,
    
    2002-Ohio-3242
    , ¶ 21. “The purpose of the termination of parental rights statutes is to
    facilitate adoption and to make a more stable life for dependent children.” In re Howard,
    5th Dist. Tuscarawas No. 85 A10-077, 
    1986 Ohio App. LEXIS 7860
    , *5 (Aug. 1, 1986).
    {¶40} R.C. 2151.414 provides guidelines a trial court must follow in deciding a
    motion for permanent custody. R.C. 2151.414(A) mandates that the trial court schedule
    a hearing and provide notice to all the parties to the action and to the child’s guardian ad
    litem upon the filing of a motion for permanent custody of a child by a public children
    services agency.
    {¶41} The statute sets forth a two-prong analysis to be applied by a juvenile court
    in adjudicating a motion for permanent custody. R.C. 2151.414(B). First, it authorizes
    the juvenile court to grant permanent custody of a child to the public agency if, after a
    hearing, the court determines, by clear and convincing evidence, that any of the four
    factors apply: (a) the child is not abandoned or orphaned, but the child cannot be placed
    with either parent within a reasonable time or should not be placed with the child's
    parents; (b) the child is abandoned; (c) the child is orphaned, and there are no relatives of
    the child who are able to take permanent custody; or (d) the child has been in the
    temporary custody of one or more public children services agencies or private child
    placing agencies for 12 or more months of a consecutive 22-month period.                R.C.
    2151.414(B)(1)(a)-(d).
    {¶42} In the event that R.C. 2151.414(B)(1)(a) applies, and the child is not
    abandoned or orphaned, but the child cannot be placed with either parent within a
    reasonable time or should not be placed with the child’s parents, a trial court must
    consider the factors outlined in R.C. 2151.414(E). In re R.M., 8th Dist. Cuyahoga Nos.
    98065 and 98066, 
    2012-Ohio-4290
    , ¶ 14. The presence of only one factor will support
    the court’s finding that the child cannot be reunified with the parent within a reasonable
    time. 
    Id.
     The relevant factors include the following:
    (1) Following the placement of the child outside the child’s home and
    notwithstanding reasonable case planning and diligent efforts by the agency
    to assist the parents to remedy the problems that initially caused the child to
    be placed outside the home, the parent has failed continuously and
    repeatedly to substantially remedy the conditions causing the child to be
    placed outside the child’s home. In determining whether the parents have
    substantially remedied those conditions, the court shall consider parental
    utilization of medical, psychiatric, psychological, and other social and
    rehabilitative services and material resources that were made available to
    the parents for the purpose of changing parental conduct to allow them to
    resume and maintain parental duties.
    ***
    (4) The parent has demonstrated a lack of commitment toward the child by
    failing to regularly support, visit, or communicate with the child when able
    to do so, or by other actions showing an unwillingness to provide an
    adequate permanent home for the child;
    ***
    (10) The parent has abandoned the child.
    (11) The parent has had parental rights involuntarily terminated with respect
    to a sibling of the child pursuant to this section or section 2151.353 or
    2151.415 of the Revised Code, or under an existing or former law of this
    state, any other state, or the United States that is substantially equivalent to
    those sections, and the parent has failed to provide clear and convincing
    evidence to prove that, notwithstanding the prior termination, the parent can
    provide a legally secure permanent placement and adequate care for the
    health, welfare, and safety of the child.
    ***
    (14) The parent for any reason is unwilling to provide food, clothing,
    shelter, and other basic necessities for the child or to prevent the child from
    suffering physical, emotional, or sexual abuse or physical, emotional, or
    mental neglect.
    ***
    (16) Any other factor the court considers relevant.
    {¶43} For the purposes of this statute, “abandoned” is defined by R.C.
    2151.011(C), which provides that “a child shall be presumed abandoned when the parents
    of the child have failed to visit or maintain contact with the child for more than ninety
    days, regardless of whether the parents resume contact with the child after that period of
    ninety days.”    In re K.M., 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 98545, 
    2012-Ohio-6010
    , ¶ 10. A
    trial court’s finding of abandonment under R.C. 2151.414(B)(1)(b) will satisfy the first
    prong of the permanent custody test, thus allowing the court to move on to the second
    prong of considering whether the grant of permanent custody to the agency is in the best
    interest of the child. See In re Cravens, 3d Dist. Defiance No. 4-03-48, 
    2004-Ohio-2356
    ,
    ¶ 25; In re J.B., 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 98546, 
    2013-Ohio-1704
    , ¶ 72 (stating that only
    one of the four factors must be present in order to satisfy the first prong of the permanent
    custody analysis).
    {¶44} If any of the factors outlined in R.C. 2151.414(B)(1)(a)-(d) exists, the trial
    court proceeds to the second part of the analysis: whether, by clear and convincing
    evidence, it is in the best interests of the child to grant permanent custody to the agency.
    {¶45} In determining the best interest of the child at a permanent custody hearing,
    R.C. 2151.414(D)(1) mandates that the juvenile court consider all relevant factors,
    including, but not limited to, the following:
    (a) The interaction and interrelationship of the child with the child’s
    parents, siblings, relatives, foster caregivers and out-of-home providers, and
    any other person who may significantly affect the child;
    (b) The wishes of the child, as expressed directly by the child or through the
    child’s guardian ad litem, with due regard for the maturity of the child;
    (c) The custodial history of the child, including whether the child has been
    in the temporary custody of one or more public children services agencies
    or private child placing agencies for twelve or more months of a
    consecutive twenty-two-month period * * *;
    (d) The child’s need for a legally secure permanent placement and whether
    that type of placement can be achieved without a grant of permanent
    custody to the agency;
    (e) Whether any of the factors in divisions (E)(7) to (11) of this section
    apply in relation to the parents and child.
    {¶46} R.C. 2151.414 requires the court to find, by clear and convincing evidence,
    (1) one of the factors enumerated in R.C. 2151.414(B)(1)(a)-(d), and (2) an award of
    permanent custody is in the best interest of the child. Clear and convincing evidence is
    that which will produce in the trier of fact “‘a firm belief or conviction as to the facts
    sought to be established.’” In re Adoption of Holcomb, 
    18 Ohio St.3d 361
    , 368, 
    481 N.E.2d 613
     (1985), quoting Cross v. Ledford, 
    161 Ohio St. 469
    , 
    120 N.E.2d 118
     (1954),
    paragraph three of the syllabus. While requiring a greater standard of proof than a
    preponderance of the evidence, clear and convincing evidence requires less than proof
    beyond a reasonable doubt.      In re Parsons, 9th Dist. Lorain No. 97CA006662 and
    97CA006663, 
    1997 Ohio App. LEXIS 5141
     (Nov. 12, 1997).
    {¶47} As for our own role on appeal from the trial court’s decision, we are
    cognizant that a juvenile court’s termination of parental rights and award of permanent
    custody to an agency is not reversed unless the judgment is not supported by clear and
    convincing evidence. In re: Dylan C, 
    121 Ohio App.3d 115
    , 121, 
    699 N.E.2d 107
     (6th
    Dist.1997).
    {¶48} Our review of the record in this case shows that the trial court’s decision to
    award permanent custody of J.G. to the agency was supported by clear and convincing
    evidence.
    {¶49} First, the record fully supports the trial court’s initial determination that
    Mother abandoned her infant child, thus satisfying the first prong of the permanent
    custody analysis. The record shows that Mother voluntarily left the crisis center — a
    home that had been secured on her behalf —after only one day. There was no evidence
    that she ever returned. She failed to maintain contact with anyone associated with her
    case, including her social worker, hospital staff, and her attorney. She made no efforts to
    communicate with or visit her child from the time she left the crisis center. And more
    than 90 days had passed since she last had any contact with her child.
    {¶50} Further, Mother failed to complete any part of her case plan. She did not
    receive mental health services, such as psychological and psychiatric counseling,
    treatment for substance abuse, basic needs services, or assistance in establishing paternity.
    The social worker testified that a reasonable amount of time had passed in order for
    M.G. to receive the case plan services. The services were originally offered to her upon
    the birth of her child in July 2013, and they remained available to her, up to and including
    the hearing in October 2013. Additionally, there is no evidence that the alleged father
    has ever communicated with the child, visited the child, or established paternity.
    {¶51} In turning to the second prong of the permanent custody analysis, we find
    that there was clear and convincing evidence to support the trial court’s determination
    that awarding permanent custody to CCDCFS was in the best interest of the child.
    {¶52} Initially, we note that the record shows that Mother has demonstrated a
    complete lack of commitment to her child. And in addition to the child’s abandonment
    as outlined above, the record shows that other relevant factors apply to the court’s best
    interest analysis. Mother is unwilling or unable to provide food, clothing, shelter, and
    other basic necessities for the child or herself, and she has no source of income. The
    record shows that she suffers from substance abuse and mental health issues. She has
    not sought treatment through her case plan. Mother’s behavior in not seeking treatment
    demonstrates that she has failed continuously and repeatedly to substantially remedy the
    conditions that caused the child to be removed from her care. The record also shows that
    she was homeless at the time her child was born. She likely remains homeless.
    {¶53} Additionally, the record shows that Mother reported that she had her
    parental rights involuntarily terminated with respect to two other children while she was
    living in New York. Mother also reported that those children have been adopted.
    {¶54} The social worker testified that in her opinion, the circumstances in this case
    had not changed and the concerns of substance abuse, mental health, and the need for the
    basic needs were still present. The child had been placed in an adoptive home, which is
    the only home the child has known. The guardian ad litem opined that permanent custody
    was in the best interest of the child.
    {¶55} In light of the foregoing, we find that the trial court considered the relevant
    statutory factors. We further find that the trial court’s determination that the child was
    abandoned and permanent custody with CCDCFS was in the best interest of the child was
    supported by clear and convincing evidence.
    {¶56} M.G.’s first assignment of error is overruled.
    {¶57} Judgment affirmed.
    It is ordered that appellee recover of appellant costs herein taxed.
    The court finds there were reasonable grounds for this appeal.
    It is ordered that a special mandate issue out of this court directing the common
    pleas court, juvenile division, to carry this judgment into execution.
    A certified copy of this entry shall constitute the mandate pursuant to Rule 27 of
    the Rules of Appellate Procedure.
    __________________________________________
    TIM McCORMACK, JUDGE
    EILEEN A. GALLAGHER, P.J., and
    MARY EILEEN KILBANE, J., CONCUR