Calac v. Calac , 2021 Ohio 2618 ( 2021 )

[Cite as Calac v. Calac, 2021-Ohio-2618.]
COURT OF APPEALS
STARK COUNTY, OHIO
FIFTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
KAREN RUSH fka CALAC JUDGES:
Hon. W. Scott Gwin, P.J.
Plaintiff-Appellant Hon. William B. Hoffman, J.
Hon. John W. Wise, J.
-vs-
Case No. 2020CA00167
PETER R. CALAC, et al.,
Defendants-Appellees OPINION
CHARACTER OF PROCEEDINGS: Appeal from the Stark County Court of
Common Pleas, Family Court Division,
Case No. 2019DR00300
JUDGMENT: Affirmed
DATE OF JUDGMENT ENTRY: July 28, 2021
APPEARANCES:
For Plaintiff-Appellant For Defendants-Appellees
PAUL HERVEY CHRISTOPHER COLERIDGE
4700 Dressler Avenue, N.W. Coleridge Law Office, LLC
Canton, Ohio 44718 122 Market Avenue, North
Canton, Ohio 44702
Stark County, Case No. 2020CA00167 2
Hoffman, J.
{¶1} Plaintiff-appellant Karen Rush, fka Calac (hereinafter “Mother”), appeals the
judgment entered by the Stark County Common Pleas Court, Family Court Division,
granting her a divorce from Defendant-appellee Peter Calac (hereinafter “Father”).
STATEMENT OF THE FACTS AND CASE
{¶2} Mother and Father were married in 2006, and had one child, born in 2008.
Father is a member of the Rincon Band of Luiseno Mission Indians of the Rincon
Reservation. Father receives three types of payments from the Rincon tribe generated
by revenues from a casino operated on tribal lands. The first is a “true-up distribution”
which he receives once a year. The true-up distribution is an equal division among all
tribe members of the money remaining each year in the tribe’s gaming account. In 2019,
he received around $13,000. The second payment is a monthly per capita payment of
$5,250, or $63,000 annually. The third payment is a “general welfare” payment of $3,250
a month, or $39,000 annually. The true-up distribution and per capita distribution are
taxable income under federal law, but the general welfare payment is not taxable income.
{¶3} In July of 2018, Father went to prison. Father gave his mother (hereinafter
“Grandmother”) financial power of attorney, and Grandmother began paying the bills for
both parties.
{¶4} Mother filed the instant divorce action on April 3, 2019. During the pendency
of the divorce, Grandmother paid all of Mother’s bills, while Mother received
approximately $45,000 in temporary spousal and child support.
{¶5} The case proceeded to trial before a magistrate. In a detailed decision, the
magistrate included Father’s true-up and per capita distributions as income for purposes
of spousal and child support, but excluded the general welfare payments. The magistrate
Stark County, Case No. 2020CA00167 3
considered Father’s receipt of general welfare payments in dividing the marital assets,
and thus awarded Mother $16,292 in assets and Father $7,831 in debt. The magistrate
recommended Father pay spousal support in the amount of $2,000 per month and child
support in the amount of $515 per month.
{¶6} Mother filed objections to the magistrate’s decision, but did not provide the
trial court with a copy of the transcript. The trial court considered the objections based
only on the decision of the magistrate, the attachments to the decision of the magistrate
(child support worksheet and parenting plan), and the arguments of counsel. The court
overruled Mother’s objections and entered judgment in accordance with the magistrate’s
decision.
{¶7} It is from the October 27, 2020 judgment of the trial court Mother prosecutes
her appeal, assigning as error:
I. THE TRIAL COURT ERRED IN EXCLUDING APPELLEE’S
GENERAL WELFARE PAYMENTS FROM COMPUTING HIS INCOME
FOR PURPOSES OF SPOUSAL SUPPORT.
II. THE TRIAL COURT ERRED IN EXCLUDING APPELLEE’S
GENERAL WELFARE PAYMENTS FROM COMPUTING HIS INCOME
FOR PURPOSES OF CHILD SUPPORT.
III. THE TRIAL COURT ERRED IN CALCULATING CHILD
SUPPORT BY USING AN INCORRECT DEDUCTION FOR APPELLEE’S
HEALTH INSURANCE EXPENSE.
Stark County, Case No. 2020CA00167 4
{¶8} At the outset, we note Father has filed a “Motion to Partially Strike
Appellant’s Reply Brief,” arguing the supplemental statement of the case and facts
includes facts not supported by the record, as Mother has not provided this Court with a
transcript of the proceedings in the trial court, and many of the facts set forth relate to the
proceedings on remand to resolve a pending Civ. R. 60(B) motion, which are not a part
of this appeal. Father’s motion is granted, and the “supplemental statement of the case
and facts” set forth on pages one and two of Mother’s reply brief is stricken.
I.
{¶9} In her first assignment of error, Mother argues the trial court erred in failing
to include the general welfare payment of $39,000 per year which Father receives from
the Rincon tribe in determining spousal support.
{¶10} A trial court's decision concerning spousal support may be altered only if it
constitutes an abuse of discretion. Kunkle v. Kunkle, 51 Ohio St.3d 64, 67, 554 N.E.2d
83 (1990). An abuse of discretion connotes more than an error of law or judgment; it
implies the court's attitude is unreasonable, arbitrary, or unconscionable. Blakemore v.
Blakemore, 5 Ohio St.3d 217, 450 N.E.2d 1140 (1983).
{¶11} R.C. 3105.18(C)(1) provides the factors a trial court is to review in
determining whether spousal support is appropriate and reasonable and in determining
the nature, amount, terms of payment, and duration of spousal support:
(C)(1) In determining whether spousal support is appropriate and
reasonable, and in determining the nature, amount, and terms of payment,
Stark County, Case No. 2020CA00167 5
and duration of spousal support, which is payable either in gross or in
installments, the court shall consider all of the following factors:
(a) The income of the parties, from all sources, including, but not
limited to, income derived from property divided, disbursed, or distributed
under section 3105.171 of the Revised Code;
(b) The relative earning abilities of the parties;
(c) The ages and the physical, mental, and emotional conditions of
the parties;
(d) The retirement benefits of the parties;
(e) The duration of the marriage;
(f) The extent to which it would be inappropriate for a party, because
that party will be custodian of a minor child of the marriage, to seek
employment outside the home;
(g) The standard of living of the parties established during the
marriage;
(h) The relative extent of education of the parties;
(i) The relative assets and liabilities of the parties, including but not
limited to any court-ordered payments by the parties;
(j) The contribution of each party to the education, training, or earning
ability of the other party, including, but not limited to, any party's contribution
to the acquisition of a professional degree of the other party;
(k) The time and expense necessary for the spouse who is seeking
spousal support to acquire education, training, or job experience so that the
Stark County, Case No. 2020CA00167 6
spouse will be qualified to obtain appropriate employment, provided the
education, training, or job experience, and employment is, in fact, sought;
(l) The tax consequences, for each party, of an award of spousal
support;
(m) The lost income production capacity of either party that resulted
from that party's marital responsibilities;
(n) Any other factor that the court expressly finds to be relevant and
equitable.
{¶12} The goal of spousal support is to reach an equitable result. Kaechele v.
Kaechele, 35 Ohio St.3d 93, 96, 518 N.E.2d 1197 (1988). Although there is no set
mathematical formula to reach this goal, the Ohio Supreme Court requires the trial court
to consider all fourteen factors of R.C. 3105.18(C) and “not base its determination upon
any one of those factors taken in isolation.” Id.{¶13} Ohio law does not provide a precise definition of “income” for purposes of
spousal support. In concluding the trial court did not err by excluding mother’s income
from bonuses for purposes of spousal support, but did err in excluding the same income
for purposes of child support, the Eighth District Court of Appeals held:
To the contrary, in determining the amount and duration of spousal
support, the trial court need only consider the “[t]he income of the parties,
from all sources,” as one of several factors. (Emphasis added.) R.C.
3105.18(C)(1)(a). Therefore, the determination of spousal support is not
Stark County, Case No. 2020CA00167 7
limited by the definition of gross income used for child support
determinations, and John's sole argument relying on such is misplaced. The
trial court need only consider all sources of income for spousal support
determinations, whereas the definition of gross income for the child support
determination requires the inclusion of bonuses in calculating the gross
income.
{¶14} MacDonald v. MacDonald, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 96099, 2011-Ohio-5389,
¶ 32.
{¶15} We find Mother has not demonstrated an abuse of discretion in the amount
of spousal support. Mother focuses strictly on Father’s income as determinative of the
amount of spousal support, yet income is only one factor to be considered in fashioning
an award of spousal support. The magistrate’s decision, which was adopted by the trial
court, includes a discussion of all of the factors set forth in the statute, none of which are
challenged by Mother except for the income of the parties, and a single factor is not to be
considered in isolation. Kaechle, supra. The trial court also considered evidence Mother
had received $32,000 in temporary spousal support and $12,513 in temporary child
support during the pendency of the divorce, yet by her own testimony had not paid any
bills in two years from support payments, as Father both directly and via Grandmother
continued to pay all marital bills. While the trial court erred in not considering Father’s
income from general welfare payments in fashioning its spousal support order, the trial
court considered such payments in its property division, awarding to mother assets in the
amount of $16,292 and assigning to Father debts in the amount of $7,831, noting Father
Stark County, Case No. 2020CA00167 8
had money available from his general welfare payments. Unlike child support, which
requires all income to be specifically and separately be listed on the child support
worksheet, income for setting spousal support does not. As such, income for child
support purposes directly affects the amount of child support awarded, while spousal
support is not similarly calculated using a formula, but income is merely a factor to be
considered. Considering all the factors, we find the trial court did not abuse its discretion
in its spousal support order.
{¶16} The first assignment of error is overruled.
II.
{¶17} In her second assignment of error, Mother argues the trial court erred in
failing to consider the general welfare payment of $39,000 which Father receives annually
as income when calculating child support.
{¶18} R.C. 3119.01(b)(12) defines gross income for purposes of computing child
support as follows:
(12) “Gross income” means, except as excluded in division (C)(12)
of this section, the total of all earned and unearned income from all sources
during a calendar year, whether or not the income is taxable, and includes
income from salaries, wages, overtime pay, and bonuses to the extent
described in division (D) of section 3119.05 of the Revised Code;
commissions; royalties; tips; rents; dividends; severance pay; pensions;
interest; trust income; annuities; social security benefits, including
retirement, disability, and survivor benefits that are not means-tested;
Stark County, Case No. 2020CA00167 9
workers' compensation benefits; unemployment insurance benefits;
disability insurance benefits; benefits that are not means-tested and that are
received by and in the possession of the veteran who is the beneficiary for
any service-connected disability under a program or law administered by
the United States department of veterans' affairs or veterans'
administration; spousal support actually received; and all other sources of
income. “Gross income” includes income of members of any branch of the
United States armed services or national guard, including, amounts
representing base pay, basic allowance for quarters, basic allowance for
subsistence, supplemental subsistence allowance, cost of living
adjustment, specialty pay, variable housing allowance, and pay for training
or other types of required drills; self-generated income; and potential cash
flow from any source.
“Gross income” does not include any of the following:
(a) Benefits received from means-tested government administered
programs, including Ohio works first; prevention, retention, and
contingency; means-tested veterans' benefits; supplemental security
income; supplemental nutrition assistance program; disability financial
assistance; or other assistance for which eligibility is determined on the
basis of income or assets[.]
{¶19} The trial court found as follows concerning the $39,000 Father receives
annually in general welfare payments from the Rincon tribe:
Stark County, Case No. 2020CA00167 10
The IRS (in Section 139E above) treats Native American Indian
general welfare payments in a similar way that TANF and SSI/other social
service benefits that are not considered taxable income.1 Likewise,
general welfare payments would fall under section (a) above under the
Ohio Revised Code and are considered a type of public assistance
which is not includable in gross income in Ohio for purposes of
computing child support.
{¶20} Decision of the Magistrate, August 25, 2020, page 28, adopted by the trial
court October 16, 2020, emphasis added.
{¶21} The trial court inferentially found the general welfare payments Father
receives are means-tested income and thus excluded from gross income for purposes of
child support under the Ohio Revised Code. Mother argues there is “no mention” of
means-testing or needs-based tests in federal and tribal statutes establishing the general
welfare payments. However, the Rincon Tribal Code attached to the brief of Mother is
not a part of the record before this Court on appeal, and does not appear to have been
considered by the trial court. Further, assuming arguendo the tribal code is properly
before this court, it does not affirmatively establish general welfare payments are not
means-tested. In the absence of a transcript demonstrating the general welfare payments
were not means-tested income as found by the trial court, we must presume the validity
1 We recognize R.C. 3119.01(b)(12) specifically states gross income for purposes of computing child
support includes unearned income, whether taxable or not. As such, we find the trial court’s reference to
the federal tax code irrelevant.
Stark County, Case No. 2020CA00167 11
of the proceedings below and affirm. Knapp v. Edwards Laboratories, 61 Ohio St.2d 197,
199, 400 N.E.2d 384, 385 (1980).
{¶22} The second assignment of error is overruled.
III.
{¶23} In her third assignment of error, Mother argues the trial court erred in giving
Father a deduction on the child support worksheet for out-of-pocket insurance costs for
himself and the child of $19,982. She argues this amount is based on his pre-divorce
costs when he covered himself, Mother, and the child, and now he only has to pay
insurance costs for the child because his premiums are paid by the Rincon Tribe.
{¶24} Mother bases her argument on Exhibit 28, which is a letter from the Rincon
Tribe dated December 15, 2017, detailing Father’s insurance costs for 2018. In the
absence of a transcript, we cannot determine if Father’s premiums continue to be paid by
the tribe, nor can we find the insurance costs as set forth by the trial court are not
supported by the record. We therefore must presume the validity of the proceedings
below and affirm. Knapp, supra.
{¶25} The third assignment of error is overruled.
Stark County, Case No. 2020CA00167 12
{¶26} The judgment of the Stark County Common Pleas Court, Family Court
Division is affirmed.
By: Hoffman, J.
Gwin, P.J. and
Wise, John, J. concur