State v. Marneros , 2021 Ohio 2844 ( 2021 )

[Cite as State v. Marneros, 2021-Ohio-2844.]
COURT OF APPEALS OF OHIO
EIGHTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
COUNTY OF CUYAHOGA
STATE OF OHIO, :
Plaintiff-Appellee, :
No. 109258
v. :
MICHAEL MARNEROS, :
Defendant-Appellant. :
JOURNAL ENTRY AND OPINION
JUDGMENT: AFFIRMED
RELEASED AND JOURNALIZED: August 19, 2021
Criminal Appeal from the Cuyahoga County Court of Common Pleas
Case No. CR-19-638811-B
Appearances:
Michael C. O’Malley, Cuyahoga County Prosecuting
Attorney, and Megan Helton, Assistant Prosecuting
Attorney, for appellee.
Joseph Pagano, for appellant.
MARY EILEEN KILBANE, J.:
Defendant-appellant Michael Marneros (“Marneros”) appeals his
convictions for firearm-related offenses. For the reasons that follow, we affirm.
PROCEDURAL AND FACTUAL BACKGROUND
On April 4, 2019, Marneros was driving with codefendant Wayman
Kent (“Kent”) in the front passenger seat to a gas station located at the intersection
of East 131st Street and Harvard Avenue in East Cleveland. The vehicle belonged to
his fiancée Terancita Jones-Green (“Green”), a retired Cleveland police officer.
Earlier that morning, Marneros had dropped her off at church.
The gas station had been reported for high drug activity to the
Cleveland Police Vice Unit. In response to the reports, several vice officers were
detailed to that area to conduct surveillance for drug activity. That day, Sergeant
Jarrod Durichko (“Durichko”) was conducting surveillance with Detective Daniel
Hourihan (“Hourihan”), Detective Robert Kowza (“Kowza”), and Detective Matthew
Pollack (“Pollack”). They are not a traffic enforcement unit and generally do not
stop vehicles for traffic violations. Durichko testified that the vice unit focuses
mostly on drug enforcement, but also handles cases dealing with prostitution as well
as liquor and gambling enforcement.
The unit was conducting surveillance at the intersection of East 131st
Street and Harvard Avenue, which included the gas station Marneros had pulled
into. According to Hourihan, they were there specifically looking for drug activity
and drug dealers. Durichko was undercover at the intersection, observing the gas
station and looking for drug activity. The other detectives were in a takedown
capacity, which means they were equipped to take action if Durichko viewed any
criminal activity. Hourihan was in an unmarked car facing west on East 136th Street
and Kowza and Pollack were in another vehicle together behind Hourihan.
During their surveillance, Durichko witnessed Marneros’s vehicle
pull into the gas station next to a gas pump, where three separate individuals each
came up to the car, briefly leaned into the driver’s side window, and then walked
away. Durichko testified that it was the three individuals approaching Marneros’s
vehicle and sticking their head in the window that were “red flags” for him that there
was likely a drug exchange occurring. However, no actual hand-to-hand exchange
of drugs or money was witnessed by the officers.
As Marneros was leaving the gas station parking lot, he turned left to
head east on Harvard Avenue without using his turn signal. Because Marneros did
not use a turn signal, Durichko radioed Hourihan, who was on East 136th Street, to
conduct a traffic stop of Marneros’s vehicle for a traffic violation. As Marneros
passed East 136th Street, Hourihan pulled Marneros over. Upon stopping the car,
Hourihan spoke with Marneros and learned his driver’s license was under
suspension. Hourihan removed Marneros from the vehicle and conducted a pat-
down, finding a small bag of marijuana. At this time, Hourihan radioed Pollack and
Kowza to assist him with the stop. They arrived and Pollack began speaking with
Kent.
While detained in handcuffs, Marneros called Green to inform her
about the traffic stop of her vehicle. After speaking with her, Marneros informed the
officers that there was a firearm in the vehicle. Green claimed she had placed her
firearm in between the driver’s seat and the center front console, which Marneros
conveyed to the officers. Upon learning this, the officers searched the vehicle and
found the firearm and a box of ammunition under the driver’s seat. The firearm’s
serial number was scratched off. In the meantime, Kent was detained and patted
down by Pollack, who found contraband in Kent’s underwear. Both men were
arrested and taken to jail. Marneros was issued a citation for violating CCO 431.14,
signals before changing course, turning or stopping, a minor misdemeanor, and
CCO 435.07(A), driving under a suspended/revoked license, a first-degree
misdemeanor.
On April 26, 2019, a Cuyahoga County Grand Jury indicted Marneros
and Kent on charges that arose out of the April 4, 2019 traffic stop. Marneros was
charged with: Count 1, having weapons while under disability in violation of R.C.
2923.13(A)(2), a third-degree felony; Count 2 improperly handling firearms in a
motor vehicle in violation of R.C. 2923.16(B), a fourth-degree felony; Count 3
carrying a concealed weapon in violation of R.C. 2923.12(A)(2), a fourth-degree
felony; and Count 4 possessing a defaced firearm in violation of R.C.
2923.201(A)(2), a misdemeanor of the first degree. Kent was charged with drug
offenses for the drugs found on his person.
Thereafter, various pretrial hearings occurred. Kent’s counsel filed a
motion to suppress, and the court held a hearing on the motion on August 6, 2019.
Durichko, Hourihan, and Pollack testified at the suppression hearing. The court
denied Kent’s motion to suppress. Marneros’s counsel never filed a motion to
suppress on his behalf. A plea agreement was offered by the state, which required
both Marneros and Kent to jointly accept the plea agreement, otherwise they would
go to trial. The state offered to amend Count 1, to add the attempt statute to make
the charge attempted having weapons while under disability, a fourth-degree felony
and nolle Counts 2 and 3, leaving Count 4 as indicted. The deal would have reduced
Marneros’s potential maximum prison sentence from 36 months to 19 months on
the having weapons while under disability charge. Marneros declined this offer and
chose to take the case to trial.
On August 7, 2019, a joint jury trial commenced for both Marneros
and Kent. The state called Mallory Foran, an employee of the Cuyahoga County
Regional Forensic Science Laboratory in the firearm and toolmark section. She
testified regarding the operability of the firearm found in Green’s vehicle, which she
found to be operable as designed. The state also called Leslie Lemmberbrock, who
testified as a forensic drug chemist for the Cuyahoga County Medical Examiner’s
office regarding the drugs found during the traffic stop. Through testing, she was
able to identify the substance in Marneros’s bag as marijuana and the substances in
Kent’s bags as oxycodone, acetaminophen, heroin, fentanyl, cocaine, and tramadol.
Finally, the state called Durichko, Pollack, and Hourihan. The defense only called
Green, who testified regarding the firearm in her vehicle, and John Rogers, Kent’s
previous employer.
On August 12, 2019, the jury returned a verdict of guilty on all counts.
A sentencing hearing was set for September 19, 2019. Marneros failed to attend this
hearing and a capias was issued the same day. On October 18, 2019, Marneros was
apprehended. On October 22, 2019, the court proceeded with a sentencing hearing
where it imposed an aggregate 36-month sentence, the maximum sentences on all
counts, and ordered them to run concurrently: 36 months for the weapons while
under a disability charge, 18 months for the improperly handling firearms in a motor
vehicle charge, 18 months for carrying a concealed weapon charge, and 6 months for
possessing a defaced firearm. The court also advised Marneros of the possibility of
a three-year discretionary period of postrelease control.
This appeal follows. Marneros asserts five assignments of error:
I. Appellant’s Sixth Amendment rights were violated because counsel
did not file a motion to suppress and did not object to the testimony of
Mallory Foran.
II. Appellant’s convictions were not supported by sufficient evidence
and the trial court erred by denying his motions for acquittal.
III. The convictions were against the manifest weight of the evidence.
IV. The trial court erred by giving the proposed jury instruction on
constructive possession over appellant’s objection.
V. Appellant’s sentence is contrary to law because the record does not
support the imposition of maximum sentences on each count.
LAW AND ANALYSIS
Marneros’s first assignment of error alleges his Sixth Amendment
rights were violated when he received ineffective assistance of counsel in two distinct
instances in his case. Marneros alleges the first instance occurred when his trial
counsel failed to file a motion to suppress the firearm found during the initial traffic
stop, the basis for all four charges and convictions. Marneros alleges the officers did
not have probable cause to justify the traffic stop, which would mean that the firearm
should have been suppressed and the state would not have had evidence to support
any of his four charges. The second instance of ineffective assistance occurred when
trial counsel failed to object to Mallory Foran’s (“Foran”) testimony regarding
operability of the firearm found in his vehicle.
Article I, Section 10 of the Ohio Constitution and the Sixth
Amendment of the United States Constitution grant a defendant the right in all
criminal prosecutions to have counsel’s assistance for one’s defense. The Supreme
Court of the United States has reasoned that the right to counsel for one’s defense
entails having the right to effective assistance of counsel. McMann v. Richardson,
397 U.S. 759, 771 n. 14, 90 S.Ct. 1441, 25 L.Ed.2d 763 (1970). To that effect, the
United States Supreme Court has established the elements required to prevail on an
ineffective assistance of counsel claim, which the Ohio Supreme Court has adopted.
See Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 687-688, 694, 104 S.Ct. 2052, 80
L.Ed.2d 674 (1984); State v. Bradley, 42 Ohio St.3d 136, 538 N.E.2d 373 (1989).
One must show two things to succeed on such a claim: (1) counsel
substantially violated an essential duty to the client, which requires showing that
counsel’s representation fell below an objective standard of reasonableness, and (2)
the violation prejudiced the defense, which requires showing that there is a
reasonable probability that, but for counsel’s unprofessional errors, the result of the
proceedings would have been different. Bradley at 141-142, citing Strickland.
Further, “trial counsel is entitled to a strong presumption that all
decisions fell within the wide range of reasonable, professional assistance.” State v.
Sallie, 81 Ohio St.3d 673, 675, 693 N.E.2d 267 (1998). Because of this presumption
that a properly licensed attorney is competent, the burden of proof for these claims
is high. State v. Hamblin, 37 Ohio St.3d 153, 524 N.E.2d 476 (1988). “Judicial
scrutiny of counsel’s performance is to be highly deferential, and reviewing courts
must refrain from second-guessing the strategic decisions of trial counsel.” State v.
Carter, 72 Ohio St.3d 545, 558, 651 N.E.2d 965 (1995).
This court has held that to establish ineffective assistance of counsel
for failure to file a motion to suppress, one must prove that: (1) there was a basis to
suppress the evidence in question and (2) that failure to file the motion to suppress
caused prejudice. State v. Garcia, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 94386, 2010-Ohio-5780,
¶ 8, citing State v. Adams, 103 Ohio St.3d 508, 2004-Ohio-5845, 817 N.E.2d; State
v. Robinson, 108 Ohio App.3d 428, 433, 670 N.E.2d 1077 (3d Dist.1996). Failure to
file a motion to suppress is not per se ineffective assistance of counsel. Garcia at ¶
8 (citations omitted). Put simply, failure to file a motion to suppress constitutes
ineffective assistance of counsel only if the motion would have been granted. State
v. Willis, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 89044, 2008-Ohio-444, ¶ 48, quoting State v.
Kuhn, 9th District Lorain No. 05CA008859, 2006-Ohio-4416, ¶ 11, citing Robinson.
Therefore, we must begin the analysis of this assignment of error by
analyzing whether Marneros would have been successful on a motion to suppress
the evidence found as a result of the traffic stop. If the motion would have been
successful, we will examine whether the failure to file this motion prejudiced
Marneros such that his Sixth Amendment rights were violated. Motions to suppress
the evidence found during a traffic stop are granted when the stop violates one’s
Fourth Amendment rights against unreasonable searches and seizures. State v.
Fears, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 94997, 2011-Ohio-930, ¶ 13.
Article I, Section 14, of the Ohio Constitution and the Fourth
Amendment to the United States Constitution protect against unreasonable
governmental searches and seizures. Terry v. Ohio, 392 U.S. 1, 88 S.Ct. 1868, 20
L.Ed.2d 889 (1968). A traffic stop constitutes a seizure within the meaning of
the Fourth Amendment. State v. Taylor, 2020-Ohio-5079, 161 N.E.3d 844, ¶ 38
(8th Dist.), citing Delaware v. Prouse, 440 U.S. 648, 653, 99 S.Ct. 1391, 59 L.Ed.2d
660 (1979).
A permissible traffic stop occurs when a police officer has probable
cause to reasonably believe a traffic violation has occurred or was occurring. State
v. Uyi Okundaye, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 94796, 2010-Ohio-6363, ¶ 15, citing
Whren v. United States, 517 U.S. 806, 116 S.Ct. 1769, 135 L.Ed.2d 89 (1996). The
Ohio Supreme Court has held that “as long as the officer has probable cause to
believe that a traffic violation has occurred or was occurring, the resulting stop is not
unlawful and does not violate the Fourth Amendment.” Dayton v. Erickson, 76
Ohio St.3d 3, 1996-Ohio-431, 665 N.E.2d 1091, ¶ 9.
A reviewing court must determine whether a law enforcement officer
possessed probable cause to stop a vehicle by examining the “totality of the
circumstances.” State v. McDonald, 4th Dist. Washington No. 04CA7, 2004-Ohio-
5395, ¶ 19. This requires the court to make “an objective assessment of a police
officer’s actions in light of the facts and circumstances.” Cleveland v. Jones, 8th
Dist. Cuyahoga No. 107257, 2019-Ohio-1525, ¶ 14, quoting Bowling Green v.
Godwin, 110 Ohio St.3d 58, 2006-Ohio-3563, 850 N.E.2d 698, ¶ 14. However, the
Ohio Supreme Court has held that an officer who has “probable cause necessarily
has a reasonable and articulable suspicion * * * to justify a stop.” State v. Mays, 119
Ohio St.3d 406, 2008-Ohio-4539, 894 N.E.2d 1204, ¶ 23.
Marneros argues that the officers in this case had neither probable
cause that a traffic violation occurred nor reasonable articulable suspicion that
criminal activity was afoot at the time they stopped him. Examining the totality of
the circumstances, we disagree.
The First District’s recent decision in State v. Brown, 1st Dist.
Hamilton No. C-190755, 2021-Ohio-2193, exemplifies the types of stops that are not
permissible and easily distinguishes the facts of this case. There, Officer Sullivan
observed Brown in a UR Mart parking lot sitting in his vehicle talking. He observed
the driver of a red pickup truck parked in front of Brown engage in a hand-to-hand
exchange for drugs at his truck before leaving the parking lot. Id. at ¶ 5-6. Brown
pulled out with the pickup truck and drove behind it. Id. Sullivan radioed two
officers in their cruiser to pull over the pickup truck while Brown was behind it. Id.
at ¶ 7. Brown then “slow rolled” past the officers and the stopped pickup truck before
driving into a casino parking garage. Id. Sullivan then followed Brown into the
parking garage and without seeing any traffic violations or Brown breaking any
other laws, he ordered an officer to stop Brown’s vehicle for a drug investigation. Id.
at ¶ 9. It took eighteen minutes for the requested drug dogs to arrive and search
Brown’s vehicle where they found a digital scale with drug residue on it. Id. The
trial court granted the defense’s motion to suppress this evidence alleging the stop
was impermissible. Id. at ¶ 12.
The First District affirmed the trial court’s grant of the motion to
suppress holding that Sullivan’s “hunch” of criminal activity was insufficient to
establish a reasonable suspicion to believe that Brown was committing a crime to
justify the stop. Id. at ¶ 25. This “hunch” was not based on any observed criminal
activity like hand-to-hand exchanges, nor did he witness Brown at any point talk to
anyone selling drugs in the parking lot. Id. at ¶ 24. Because Sullivan did not witness
Brown violate any laws and Sullivan was unable to articulate specific facts indicating
Brown was engaged in drug trafficking the stop was impermissible. Id. at ¶ 25.
Unlike the officers in Brown, here the officer did in fact witness
Marneros commit a traffic offense. Once Durichko witnessed Marneros pull out of
the gas station without using his turn signal, a traffic violation of CCO 431.14, the
officers had probable cause to effectuate a valid traffic stop of Marneros’s vehicle.
Erickson, 76 Ohio St.3d 3, 1996-Ohio-431, 665 N.E.2d 1091; State v. Newsome, 8th
Dist. Cuyahoga No. 93328, 2010-Ohio-2891, ¶ 24; State v. Reedy, 5th Dist. Perry
No. 12-CA-1, 2012-Ohio- 4899, ¶ 20. And as the Ohio Supreme Court has also held,
an officer who has “probable cause necessarily has a reasonable and articulable
suspicion * * * to justify a stop.” State v. Mays, 119 Ohio St.3d 406, 2008-Ohio-
4539, 894 N.E.2d 1204, ¶ 23.
As such, because the stop was valid, there was no basis for the
evidence to be suppressed, which means any motion to suppress filed by Marneros’s
trial counsel would have been denied. With no basis for the motion to suppress, we
find that counsel did not violate any duty to Marneros. Bradley, 42 Ohio St.3d 136,
538 N.E.2d 373 (1989). Therefore, Marneros’s trial counsel’s decision not to file a
motion to suppress was not ineffective assistance of counsel. Garcia, 8th Dist.
Cuyahoga No. 94386, 2010-Ohio-5780, ¶ 8, citing Adams, 103 Ohio St.3d 508,
2004-Ohio-5845, 817 N.E.2d 29.
FORAN TESTIMONY
Marneros also argues in his first assignment of error that his trial
counsel was ineffective for not objecting to Foran’s testimony. Marneros claims
Foran’s testimony regarding the operability of the firearm found in his vehicle
during the stop should have been inadmissible because she did not qualify as an
expert.
“The admission or exclusion of expert testimony rests within the
sound discretion of the trial court.” State v. Williams, 4 Ohio St.3d 53, 57-58, 446
N.E.2d 444 (1983), citing State v. McDowell, 10th Dist. Franklin No. 10AP-509,
2011-Ohio-6815, ¶ 15. In regard to the ineffective assistance of counsel “[s]trategic
decisions by defense counsel, including the decision not to object to certain
testimony, fall within the realm of trial tactics and do not establish ineffective
assistance of counsel.” State v. Owens, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 98165, 2012-Ohio-
5887, ¶ 19.
The state had the burden of proving that the “firearm” found in
Marneros’s vehicle, as used in R.C. 2923.13, was operable or readily capable of being
rendered operable. State v. Mays, 6th Dist. Lucas No. L-12-1173, 2013-Ohio-3553,
¶ 16. The state can prove that a firearm was operable or readily rendered operable
in a variety of ways. State v. Hayes, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 93785, 2010-Ohio-
5234, ¶ 18. When determining the operability of a firearm, “the trier of fact may rely
upon circumstantial evidence, including, but not limited to, the representations and
actions of the individual exercising control over the firearm.” R.C. 2923.11(B)(2);
State v. Hayes, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 93785, 2010-Ohio-5234, ¶ 17. The Ohio
Supreme Court has held that “the state can rely upon all of the surrounding facts
and circumstances” in order to demonstrate that a certain object at issue constitutes
a firearm and that “proof of the existence of a firearm may be based on lay testimony,
and is not dependent on an empirical analysis of the gun.” In re C.B., 8th Dist.
Cuyahoga No. 95256, 2010-Ohio-5620, ¶ 13, quoting State v. Murphy 49 Ohio St.3d
206, 207-209, 551 N.E.2d 932 (1990).
In In re C.B., this court examined a similar situation where a
defendant failed to object to testimony regarding the operability of the firearm found
in his vehicle. In re C.B., 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 95256, 2010-Ohio-5620, ¶ 12. The
testimony came from an officer who testified as to his examination of the firearm,
professional experience, training, and previous use of the same type of firearm. Id.
at ¶ 14-15. The testimony was subject to cross-examination and even though not
officially qualified as an expert, his testimony was sufficient to establish the
operability of the firearm beyond a reasonable doubt. Id. at ¶ 16.
In the instant case, while Marneros’s trial counsel did not object to
Foran’s testimony, Foran was clearly qualified to testify as an expert witness
regarding the firearm. She testified that her education included a Bachelor of
Science in forensic science along with an in-house training period of about one year
under a court-qualified firearms examiner, which included training of safe handling
of firearms and test firing them under supervision. She was also certified by the
Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives National Firearms Examiner
Academy in a yearlong program, which involved instruction from firearm examiners
across the country. She also testified to her knowledge and experience with firearms
generally as a scientist at the Cuyahoga County Regional Forensic Science
Laboratory. She testified that she has worked in the Firearm and Toolmark section
of the laboratory for over two years and one of her main duties includes test firing
firearms to see if they work as designed. She testified that she has tested over 400
firearms to date.
Foran also testified in detail as to how she normally tests the firearms
by firing bullets into a water tank and how results are documented in lab reports.
Last, she testified how she tested the operability of the firearm found in Marneros’s
vehicle and the results of the test indicated the firearm was operable. Defense
counsel did not object to her testimony regarding the firearm’s operability. Foran’s
testimony was subject to cross-examination by defense counsel who questioned her
vigorously regarding this as her first time testifying in court and her lack of
knowledge about the second location for the firearm’s serial number, which she
testified she did not know.
In State v. Doumbas, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 100777, 2015-Ohio-
3026, ¶ 67, this court held that counsel’s decision to rely on cross-examination of an
expert, rather than objecting or trying to have it kept out with a motion in limine, is
a strategic decision to weaken the influence of his testimony on the jury. “This type
of strategic decision falls within the realm of professionally competent assistance
and does not constitute deficient performance by appellant’s counsel. Id., see also
Owens, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 98165, 2012-Ohio-5887, at ¶ 19 (“Strategic decisions
by defense counsel, including the decision not to object to certain testimony, fall
within the realm of trial tactics and do not establish ineffective assistance of
counsel.”).
Similarly, in this case, Marneros’s trial counsel likely did not object to
Foran’s testimony because the objection would have been properly overruled
because Foran was clearly qualified to testify regarding the operability of the
firearm. Regardless, the decision to call an expert falls within the realm of trial
tactics strategic decisions and does not establish an ineffective assistance of counsel
claim. Id.; Owens at ¶ 19. As such, Marneros is unable to satisfy the first element of
an ineffective assistance claim. Bradley at 141-142.
Even if counsel had objected to her testimony, Marneros points to no
evidence that suggests the trial court would have stricken her testimony for any
reason or that the outcome of the trial would have been different. Furthermore, the
testimony from Marneros’s fiancée, Green, regarding the firearms operability could
have been utilized in Foran’s place, thereby establishing operability even had
Foran’s testimony been striken. Therefore, Marneros’s counsel did not violate any
essential duty to him and was not ineffective for not objecting to Foran’s testimony.
Id. We overrule his first assignment of error.
Insufficient Evidence
Marneros’s second assignment of error alleges his convictions were
not supported by sufficient evidence such that the trial court erred by denying his
motions for acquittal. “An appellate court’s function in reviewing the sufficiency of
the evidence to support a criminal conviction is to examine the evidence admitted at
trial to determine whether such evidence, if believed, would convince the average
mind of the defendant’s guilt beyond a reasonable doubt.” State v. Rogers, 178 Ohio
App.3d 332, 2008-Ohio-4867, 897 N.E.2d 1171, ¶ 41 (8th Dist.), citing State v. Jenks,
61 Ohio St.3d 259, 574 N.E.2d 492 (1991), paragraph two of the syllabus. “In
essence, sufficiency is a test of adequacy. Whether the evidence is legally sufficient
to sustain a verdict, is a question of law.” Id., quoting State v. Thompkins, 78 Ohio
St.3d 380, 386, 678 N.E.2d 541 (1997). “The relevant inquiry is whether, after
viewing the evidence in a light most favorable to the prosecution, any rational trier
of fact could have found the essential elements of the crime proven beyond a
reasonable doubt.” State v. Bowden, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 92266, 2009-Ohio-
3598, ¶ 12, citing Jenks at paragraph two of the syllabus.
Specifically, Marneros argues the state failed to prove the mens rea
element of the convicted offenses as well as the possession element. Each of the four
offenses Marneros was convicted of required the state to put forth evidence that at
some point, Marneros knowingly possessed the firearm found in his vehicle. “A
person acts knowingly, regardless of his purpose, when he is aware that his conduct
will probably cause a certain result or will probably be of a certain nature.” State v.
Body, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 109388, 2021-Ohio-703, ¶ 30 quoting R.C.
2901.22(B).
As for possession, a defendant can either actually or constructively
possess a firearm. “Actual possession entails ownership or physical control, whereas
constructive possession is defined as knowingly exercising dominion and control
over an object, even though that object may not be within one’s immediate physical
possession.” State v. Chandler, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga Nos. 93664 and 93665, 2011-
Ohio-590, ¶ 55, citing State v. Hankerson, 70 Ohio St.2d 87, 91, 434 N.E.2d 1362(1982).
A review of the state’s evidence makes it clear that the state provided
sufficient evidence for any rational trier of fact to conclude beyond a reasonable
doubt that Marneros knowingly possessed this firearm. Officer Pollack testified that
Marneros informed Officer Pollack about the firearms location in between the
driver’s seat, where Marneros sat, and the center console. The firearm being found
in his vehicle next to the driver’s seat, along with the likely visibility of the gun due
to its location, is sufficient evidence for a jury to find that Marneros knew of the
firearm and at the very least constructively possessed it by having the firearm in his
vehicle which he was exercising control over while operating it. However, the jury
could also find that he actually possessed that firearm. Contrary to Marneros’s
arguments, fingerprint or DNA testing is not required to prove a defendant’s
possession of a firearm. Therefore, we find the trial court did not err by denying
Marneros’s motions for acquittal because there was sufficient evidence to support
the convictions. We overrule Marneros’s second assignment of error.
Manifest Weight
Marneros’s third assignment of error alleges his convictions were
against the manifest weight of the evidence.
In assessing whether a conviction is against the manifest weight of the
evidence, we examine the entire record, weigh the evidence and all reasonable
inferences, and consider the witnesses’ credibility. Gerston v. Parma VTA, L.L.C.,
8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 105572, 2018-Ohio-2185, ¶ 58. There is a presumption that
the factfinder’s determinations are correct unless we find that the factfinder “clearly
lost its way and created such a manifest miscarriage of justice that the verdict must
be overturned and a new trial ordered.” Illum. Co. v. Bosemann, 2020-Ohio-3663,
154 N.E.3d 1205, ¶ 28 (8th Dist.), quoting Gerston at ¶ 58-59. This is presumed
because the trier of fact had the opportunity “to view the witnesses and observe their
demeanor, gestures and voice inflections, and use these observations in weighing
the credibility of the proffered testimony.” Gerston at ¶ 59, quoting Seasons Coal v.
Cleveland, 10 Ohio St.3d 77, 80, 461 N.E.2d 1273 (1984).
“A verdict supported by some competent, credible evidence going to
all the essential elements of the case must not be reversed as being against the
manifest weight of the evidence.” Gerston at ¶ 57, citing Domaradzki v. Sliwinski,
8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 94975, 2011-Ohio-2259, ¶ 6; C.E. Morris Co. v. Foley
Constr. Co., 54 Ohio St.2d 279, 376 N.E.2d 578 (1978), syllabus. A conviction should
be reversed only in the most “exceptional case in which the evidence weighs heavily
against the conviction.” State v. Philpott, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga Nos. 109173, 109174,
and 109175, 2020-Ohio-5267, ¶ 77, quoting Thompkins, 78 Ohio St.3d 380, 388,
678 N.E.2d 541 (1997).
Marneros points to no evidence in the record to argue his convictions
were against the weight of the evidence. Our review of the entire record does not
convince us that this is an exceptional case where the evidence weighs heavily
against the conviction. The only testimony weighing against his conviction is the
testimony of Green, Marneros’s fiancée. Green testified that she had placed the
firearm in the vehicle that morning and that Marneros did not know about it.
However, it is within the jury’s authority to weigh witness credibility, and jurors do
not have to accept all or any testimony as true. This evidence does not weigh so
heavily as to convince us that the jury clearly lost its way or that a manifest
miscarriage of justice occurred. Gerston at ¶ 58-59. Therefore, Marneros’s third
assignment of error is overruled.
Jury Instruction
Marneros’s fourth assignment of error alleges that the trial court
erred by providing the state’s proposed jury instruction on constructive possession
because it is an incorrect statement of the law. We disagree.
“Whether jury instructions correctly state the law is a legal issue that
an appellate court reviews de novo.” State v. Echevarria, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No.
105815, 2018-Ohio-1193, ¶ 27. However, an incorrectly stated instruction is not
sufficient for a reversal. “To show reversible error, the defendant must also
demonstrate that he or she was prejudiced by the trial court’s refusal to give a
requested jury instruction.” Echevarria at ¶ 29. “A reviewing court may not reverse
a conviction in a criminal case due to jury instructions unless it is clear that the jury
instructions constituted prejudicial error.” State v. Shepherd, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga
No. 102951, 2016-Ohio-931, ¶ 25, quoting State v. McKibbon, 1st Dist. Hamilton No.
C-010145, 2002-Ohio-2041, ¶ 27. To determine whether an erroneous jury
instruction was prejudicial, a reviewing court must examine the jury instructions as
a whole. State v. Jackson, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 100125, 2014-Ohio-3583, ¶ 49.
If the instruction was not prejudicial then, “[a]ny error, defect, irregularity, or
variance which does not affect substantial rights shall be disregarded.” Shepherd at
¶ 25, quoting Crim.R. 52(A).
Marneros alleges the trial court improperly instructed the jury that it
was permissible to infer that Marneros constructively possessed the firearm just
because it was found in close proximity to him. Marneros points to the following
transcript portion where the trial court read this jury instruction to support his
position:
Constructive possession exists when an individual knowingly exercises
dominion and control over an object, even though that object may not
be within the individual’s immediate physical possession. A person has
constructive possession where, conscious of its presence, he exercises
dominion and control over something, even though it is not within his
immediate physical possession.
If the evidence demonstrates that the defendant was in close proximity
to the contraband, such that the defendant was able to exercise
dominion or control over the contraband, this constitutes
circumstantial evidence that the defendant was in constructive
possession of the items.
Although mere presence in an area where a substance or object is
located does not conclusively establish constructive possession, this
presence, coupled with another factor probative of the dominion or
control over the contraband, may establish constructive possession.
Marneros emphasizes the second paragraph as being an example of the trial court’s
improper instructions to the jury to infer that Marneros’s proximity to the firearm
was sufficient to establish constructive possession.
However, upon closer review of the entire instruction, it is clear that
the trial court made sure to instruct the jury that proximity to the firearm was not
enough to establish possession. First, in the third paragraph cited by Marneros, the
judge instructs the jury that mere presence in an area does not conclusively establish
constructive possession, i.e. that it is not permissible to infer possession just because
of proximity without another probative fact established by evidence. The court goes
on shortly thereafter to instruct the jury that:
Possess or possession means having control over a thing or substance
but may not be inferred solely from mere access to the thing or
substance through ownership or occupation of the premise upon which
the thing or substance is found.
Again, the trial court specifically instructs the jury that mere proximity is not
sufficient to establish possession. We find upon full review of the instructions in
their entirety that the trial court’s jury instructions were proper. Even if the
instruction was given in error, Marneros fails to point to any prejudice as a result of
this instruction, such an error would be harmless. Therefore, we overrule his fourth
assignment of error.
Maximum Sentences
Marneros’s fifth assignment of error alleges the trial court’s
imposition of the maximum sentences for each count is not supported by the record
and contrary to law. Appellate review of felony sentences is governed by R.C.
2953.08(G)(2), which states that “an appellate court may vacate or modify a felony
sentence on appeal only if it determines by clear and convincing evidence that the
record does not support the trial court’s findings under relevant statutes or that the
sentence is otherwise contrary to law.” State v. Evans, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No.
109619, 2021-Ohio-1411, ¶ 12, quoting State v. Marcum, 146 Ohio St.3d 516, 2016-
Ohio-1002, 59 N.E.3d 1231, ¶ 1.
A trial court’s sentence is not clearly and convincingly contrary to law
“where the trial court considers the purposes and principles of sentencing under
R.C. 2929.11 as well as the seriousness and recidivism factors listed in R.C. 2929.12,
properly applies post-release control, and sentences a defendant within the
permissible statutory range.” State v. Thompson, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 105785,
2018-Ohio-1393, ¶ 7, quoting State v. A.H., 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 98622, 2013-
Ohio-2525, ¶ 10. “The record must indicate that the trial court considered all
relevant factors required by R.C. 2929.11 and 2929.12, but the trial court has no
obligation to state reasons to support its findings.” Evans at ¶ 12, quoting State v.
Bonnell, 140 Ohio St.3d 209, 2014-Ohio-3177, 16 N.E.3d 659, syllabus.
Trial courts are not required to make factual findings on the record
under R.C. 2929.11 or 2929.12 before imposing a maximum sentence. State v.
Gohagan, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 107948, 2019-Ohio-4070, ¶ 21, citing State v.
Kronenberg, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 101403, 2015-Ohio-1020, ¶ 27. “Consideration
of the factors is presumed unless the defendant affirmatively shows otherwise.”
State v. Seith, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 104510, 2016-Ohio-8302, ¶ 12, citing State v.
Keith, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga Nos. 103413 and 103414, 2016-Ohio-5234 ¶ 11. “Further,
a trial court’s statement in its sentencing journal entry that it considered the
required statutory factors alone is enough to fulfill its obligations under R.C. 2929.11
and 2929.12.” Id., citing Keith at ¶ 11.
In Seith, this court upheld the trial court’s imposition of the
maximum felony sentences against the defendant because each sentence was within
the statutory range, even if the highest maximum sentence. Seith at ¶ 13. Further,
this court found that the trial court’s journal entry that stated it “considered all
required factors of law” was enough to find that the court considered R.C. 2929.11
and 2929.12 factors. Id. at ¶ 14.
In the instant case, the jury found Marneros guilty of Count 1, having
weapons while under disability in violation of R.C. 2923.13(A)(2), a felony of the
third degree, Count 2, improperly handling firearms in a motor vehicle in violation
of R.C. 2923.16(B), a felony of the fourth degree, Count 3, carrying a concealed
weapon in violation of R.C. 2923.12(A)(2), a felony of the fourth degree, and Count
4, possessing a defaced firearm in violation of R.C. 2923.201(A)(2), a misdemeanor
of the first degree. R.C. 2929.14(A)(1),(3), and (4) state that sentencing for felonies
of the third degree shall be subject to a range of 9 to 36 months and felonies of the
fourth degree are subject to a range of 6 to 18 months. R.C. 2929.24(A)(1) states
that sentencing for a misdemeanor of the first degree shall be “not more than one
hundred eighty days.”
Here, the trial court sentenced Marneros to 36 months on Count 1, a
felony of the third degree. On Counts 2 and 3, felonies of the fourth degree, he was
sentenced to 18 months. Last, on Count 4, a misdemeanor of the first degree, he was
sentenced to 6 months. Each sentence was the maximum sentence permitted and
all were within the statutory range. The record reflects the trial court also
considered Marneros’s extensive criminal history as well as his failure to appear for
his first sentencing date. Just as in Seith, the trial court’s sentencing journal entry
specifically states that it “considered all required factors of law.” Seith, 8th Dist.
Cuyahoga No. 104510, 2016-Ohio-8302, ¶ 14. Therefore, we find the trial court’s
imposition of the maximum sentencing terms for Counts 1-4 are not contrary to law.
Marneros’s fifth assignment of error is overruled.
Accordingly, the judgment of the trial court is affirmed.
It is ordered that appellee recover from appellant costs herein taxed.
The court finds there were reasonable grounds for this appeal.
It is ordered that a special mandate issue out of this court directing the
common pleas court to carry this judgment into execution.
A certified copy of this entry shall constitute the mandate pursuant to Rule 27
of the Rules of Appellate Procedure.
____________________________
MARY EILEEN KILBANE, JUDGE
MICHELLE J. SHEEHAN, P.J., and
EILEEN T. GALLAGHER, J., CONCUR