Pagani v. Krichbaum ( 2024 )

[Cite as Pagani v. Krichbaum, 2024-Ohio-1810.]
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF OHIO
SEVENTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
MAHONING COUNTY
STATE EX REL. DAVID R. PAGANI,
Relator,
v.
THE HON. R. SCOTT KRICHBAUM, ET AL.,
Respondents.
OPINION AND JUDGMENT ENTRY
Case No. 24 MA 0031
Writ of Prohibition
BEFORE:
Katelyn Dickey, Cheryl L. Waite, Mark A. Hanni, Judges.
JUDGMENT:
Denied.
Atty. James A. Vitullo, for Relator and
Atty. Gina DeGenova, Mahoning County Prosecutor, and Atty. Jacqueline M. Johnston,
Assistant Prosecuting Attorney, for Respondents.
Dated: May 9, 2024
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PER CURIAM.
{¶1} Relator David R. Pagani (“Pagani”) has filed this original action for a writ of
prohibition against Respondent, The Honorable R. Scott Krichbaum (“Judge Krichbaum”),
and Respondent, The Honorable Timothy G. Welsh (“Magistrate Welsh”), to prevent their
continued exercise of jurisdiction in David R. Pagani v. Mercy Health et al., Mahoning
County Court of Common Pleas, case number 2021 CV 00146. Pagani seeks to prevent
Magistrate Welsh from presiding over the jury trial in that case based on his contention
that Judge Krichbaum failed to obtain the unanimous written consent from all parties
involved in the lawsuit as mandated by Civ.R. 53(C)(1)(c). Judge Krichbaum and
Magistrate Welsh have filed a motion to dismiss arguing that the alleged non-compliance
with Civ.R. 53 does not affect subject matter jurisdiction and that Pagani has an adequate
remedy in the ordinary course of law by direct appeal. Because they are correct, we grant
the motion and dismiss this action.
I. BACKGROUND
A. Facts
{¶2} Pagani, representing himself, lodged a wrongful death complaint on behalf
of his father in Mahoning County Common Pleas Court in 2021, which was assigned to
Judge Krichbaum. On June 2, 2021, Judge Krichbaum issued a Judgment Entry of
Reference, stating, “By unanimous consent of all parties, the jury trial in this matter and
all issues and motions attendant thereto are referred to Magistrate Timothy G. Welsh
pursuant to Rule 53 of the Ohio Rules of Procedure.”
{¶3} Nearly two years after Pagani filed the complaint, Attorney James A. Vitullo
filed a notice of appearance for Pagani followed by pro hac vice co-counsel Attorney
Jonathan Andres. Pagani then attempted to file an amended complaint, which Magistrate
Welsh overruled on February 15, 2023. Pagani filed an objection to that decision. On
March 8, 2023, Magistrate Welsh issued an order declaring the objection a legal nullity,
citing Judge Krichbaum’s June 2, 2021 judgment entry referring the “jury trial in this matter
and all issues and motions attendant thereto” to the Magistrate pursuant to
Civ.R. 53(C)(1)(c). Nevertheless, at a status hearing the following week, Magistrate
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Welsh granted Pagani leave to file a renewed motion for leave to amend the complaint.
Following briefing on the motion, Magistrate Welsh granted Pagani leave to file his first
amended complaint instanter.
{¶4} On February 1, 2024, Pagani moved for reconsideration of Judge
Krichbaum’s June 2, 2021 Judgment Entry of Reference. Pagani asserted the entry was
not entered upon unanimous written consent of all parties. In support, he referenced and
attached a Magistrate’s Status Hearing Order issued by Magistrate Welsh on the same
day as Judge Krichbaum’s Judgment Entry of Reference. In the order, Magistrate Welsh
states: “Counsel shall advise if the parties will consent to the Magistrate presiding over
the Jury Trial pursuant to Civ. R. 53(C)(1)(c) within fourteen (14) days of this Order by
email * * *.” Pagani filed separate motions for reconsideration directed to Magistrate
Welsh’s initial overruling of his motion for leave to file his first amended complaint and his
order declaring Pagani’s objection to that decision a legal nullity.
{¶5} On February 20, 2024, Judge Krichbaum issued a judgment entry overruling
Pagani’s motion:
Based upon the direct representations made by Plaintiff himself, and
Defendants’ counsel consenting to the jurisdiction of the Magistrate, this
Court in its Judgment Entry of Reference filed June 2, 2021 specifically
found that the parties had unanimously consented to the Magistrate
presiding over the jury trial in this matter pursuant to Civ.R. 53. Since that
time, the Magistrate has proceeded to issue numerous rulings in this case
without objection, whatsoever, by Plaintiff. Furthermore, since Plaintiff’s
counsel entered an appearance herein in December, 2022, no objection
has been made to the Magistrate’s jurisdiction or the Judgment Entry Order
of Reference.
Plaintiff does not contest that he consented to the Magistrate’s jurisdiction
in this matter. Plaintiff’s counsel’s argument is based upon the fact that his
client’s consent was not in writing. This is a mere technicality given the
parties’ direct and articulated representation to this Court of consent upon
which the Court and parties have acted and relied upon for nearly three
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years. Plaintiff’s efforts to renege upon or withdraw his consent at this time
is purely an exercise of form over substance and will not be considered by
the Court to utterly frustrate these proceedings after so long.
Now, nearly three years after the filing of the Judgment Entry Order of
Reference, Plaintiff’s counsel seeks this Court’s “reconsideration” or
vacation of that Order. Not only is Plaintiff’s Motion for Reconsideration a
legal nullity, his time to vacate that Order pursuant to Civ.R. 60 has long
passed and the Court deems Plaintiff’s Motion as nothing less than a
dilatory tactic to further delay a case which is and remains the only over-
age case on this Court’s docket. Furthermore, and finally, Plaintiff has
waived any objection to the Magistrate’s jurisdiction by his acquiescence in
all proceedings thus far.
Based upon the foregoing, Plaintiff’s Motion for Reconsideration of
Judgment Entry of Reference is overruled.
{¶6} Magistrate Welsh issued an order that same day overruling Pagani’s
motions for reconsideration directed to his previous orders as a legal nullity.
B. Procedural History
{¶7} Counsel for Pagani commenced this original action on March 8, 2024, with
the filing of the Complaint for a Writ of Prohibition. The complaint is signed by the same
counsel that represents Pagani in the wrongful death action — Attorney James A. Vitullo
and Attorney Jonathan Andres. Magistrate Welsh issued an order on March 15, 2024,
staying all proceedings in the wrongful death action pending disposition of this original
action. Statutory counsel for Judge Krichbaum and Magistrate Welsh is the Mahoning
County Prosecutor’s Office and through Assistant Prosecutor Attorney Jacqueline M.
Johnston, responded on April 10, 2024, with a motion to dismiss Pagani’s complaint for
a writ of prohibition. Pagani filed a memorandum in response to Judge Krichbaum and
Magistrate Welsh’s motion to dismiss on April 16, 2024. Judge Krichbaum and Magistrate
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Welsh filed a reply to Pagaini’s memorandum in response to the motion to dismiss on
April 23, 2024.
II. APPLICABLE LAW
{¶8} A writ of prohibition is an extraordinary judicial writ issuing out of a court of
superior jurisdiction and directed to an inferior tribunal commanding it to cease abusing
or usurping judicial functions. State ex rel. Tubbs Jones v. Suster, 84 Ohio St.3d 70, 73,
701 N.E.2d 1002 (1998). The purpose of a writ of prohibition is to restrain inferior courts
and tribunals from exceeding their jurisdiction. Id. As such, it is an extraordinary remedy
which is customarily granted with caution and restraint and is issued only in cases of
necessity arising from the inadequacy of other remedies. Id.{¶9} To be entitled to a writ of prohibition, a relator must establish by clear and
convincing evidence (1) the exercise of judicial power, (2) the lack of authority for the
exercise of that power, and (3) an injury that would result from denial of the writ for which
no adequate remedy exists in the ordinary course of the law. State ex rel. Reynolds v.
Kirby, 172 Ohio St.3d 273, 2023-Ohio-782, 223 N.E.3d 417, ¶ 9.
{¶10} The last two elements can be met by a showing that the trial court “patently
and unambiguously” lacked jurisdiction. Chesapeake Exploration, L.L.C. v. Oil & Gas
Comm., 135 Ohio St.3d 204, 2013-Ohio-224, 985 N.E.2d 480, ¶ 11. “Where an inferior
court patently and unambiguously lacks jurisdiction over the cause, prohibition will lie both
to prevent the future unauthorized exercise of jurisdiction and to correct the results of
previous jurisdictionally unauthorized actions.” State ex rel. Stern v. Mascio, 81 Ohio
St.3d 297, 298-299, 691 N.E.2d 253 (1998).
{¶11} Dismissal of the complaint is proper if it appears beyond doubt, after
presuming the truth of all material factual allegations in the petition and making all
reasonable inferences in his favor, that Pagani is not entitled to extraordinary relief in
prohibition. State ex rel. Hemsley v. Unruh, 128 Ohio St.3d 307, 2011-Ohio-226, 943
N.E.2d 1014, ¶ 8.
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III. ANALYSIS
{¶12} Pagani argues Magistrate Welsh lacks jurisdiction to preside over the jury
trial of the wrongful death action because the parties to that action did not give unanimous
written consent as mandated and required by Civ.R. 53(C)(1)(c). Pagani’s complaint,
however, does not provide a proper basis for relief in prohibition.
{¶13} The Ohio Supreme Court considered a similar argument related to Civ.R. 53
in State ex rel. Jones v. Paschke, 168 Ohio St.3d 93, 2022-Ohio-2427, 195 N.E.3d 1031.
There, the defendant in a divorce case argued the judge’s exercise of judicial power was
unauthorized by law because certain procedures the judge employed did not comply with
Civ.R. 53. Specifically, the relator contended the judge effectively dispensed with the
process outlined in Civ.R. 53 in favor of “rubber stamping” the magistrate’s decisions.
{¶14} The Court rejected the relator’s argument, noting “[p]rohibition will generally
lie only for an absence of subject-matter jurisdiction.” Id. at ¶ 8, quoting State ex rel.
Nyamusevya v. Hawkins, 165 Ohio St.3d 22, 2021-Ohio-1122, 175 N.E.3d 495, ¶ 16. It
ordinarily “will deny relief in prohibition when a respondent judge has general subject-
matter jurisdiction and will deem any error by the judge to be an error in the exercise of
jurisdiction.” Id., quoting State ex rel. Sponaugle v. Hein, 153 Ohio St.3d 560, 2018-Ohio-
3155, 108 N.E.3d 1089, ¶ 24.
{¶15} The Court observed the crux of the relator’s argument pertained to the
judge’s exercise of jurisdiction, not the absence of subject-matter jurisdiction. Even if the
judge’s procedure of “rubber stamping” the magistrate’s decisions was contrary to what
Civ.R. 53 requires, prohibition is not the proper remedy. Id., citing State ex rel. Enyart v.
O'Neill, 71 Ohio St.3d 655, 656, 646 N.E.2d 1110 (1995) (“the fact that [a judge] may
have exercised * * * jurisdiction erroneously does not give rise to extraordinary relief by
prohibition”). The Court concluded, holding that “[n]oncompliance with Civ.R. 53 is a
procedural irregularity that does not affect the trial court’s subject-matter jurisdiction to
hear the case.” Id., citing State ex rel. Lesher v. Kainrad, 65 Ohio St.2d 68, 71, 417 N.E.2d
1382 (1981) (trial court’s failure to comply with Civ.R. 53 “renders the resulting judgment
voidable, and not void” [emphasis sic]).
Case No. 24 MA 0031
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{¶16} Pagani alleges Judge Krichbaum has not complied with Civ.R. 53(C)(1)(c).
Following the lead of the federal courts, Ohio amended Civ.R. 53 in 2020 to authorize
magistrates to conduct civil jury trials with written consent of all parties:
(C) Authority
(1) Scope
To assist courts of record and pursuant to reference
under Civ.R. 53(D)(1), magistrates are authorized,
subject to the terms of the relevant reference, to do any
of the following:
***
(c) Upon unanimous written consent of the
parties, preside over the trial of any case that
will be tried to a jury[.]
{¶17} Pagani’s contention that Judge Krichbaum and Magistrate Welsh patently
and unambiguously lack jurisdiction because of Judge Krichbaum’s alleged failure to
obtain the parties’ unanimous written consent to have Magistrate Welsh preside over the
jury trial is without merit in light of the Ohio Supreme Court’s decision in Paschke.
Civ.R. 53 defines the scope of a magistrate’s authority, but makes absolutely no reference
to jurisdiction. Although Pagani couches his argument in terms of Judge Krichbaum and
Magistrate Welsh patently and unambiguously lacking jurisdiction, he is substantively
asserting error in their exercise of jurisdiction (noncompliance with Civ.R. 53(C)(1)(c)).
Consequently, as the Court in Paschke observed, prohibition is not the proper remedy.
Id. at ¶ 8, citing State ex rel. Enyart v. O’Neill, 71 Ohio St.3d 655, 656, 646 N.E.2d 1110(1995) (“the fact that [a judge] may have exercised * * * jurisdiction erroneously does not
give rise to extraordinary relief by prohibition”).
{¶18} In his memorandum in response to Judge Krichbaum and Magistrate
Welsh’s motion to dismiss, Pagani cites to State ex rel. O’Malley v. Collier-Williams, 153
Ohio St.3d 553, 2018-Ohio-3154, as support for his notion that Civ.R. 53(C)(1)(c) patently
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and unambiguously “divested” Judge Krichbaum of jurisdiction. O’Malley involved a
capital murder defendant who originally waived his right to a jury and was convicted and
sentenced to death by a three-judge panel in Cuyahoga County Common Pleas Court. A
federal appeals court vacated the death sentence and remanded the case to the trial court
for a new penalty-phase trial, presided over by Judge Cassandra Collier-Williams. On
remand, the state asked the trial court to find that the defendant’s jury waiver applied to
the new penalty-phase hearing and to schedule the resentencing hearing before a three-
judge panel. The defendant filed a motion requesting a jury for his penalty-phase hearing,
which the state opposed. Judge Collier-Williams denied the motion but then subsequently
granted the defendant’s renewed motion. In response, Cuyahoga County Prosecuting
Attorney Michael C. O’Malley filed a complaint for a writ of prohibition in the Ohio Supreme
Court to prevent Judge Collier-Williams from empaneling a jury for the capital-murder
resentencing hearing.
{¶19} The Supreme Court acknowledged the trial court’s basic subject-matter
jurisdiction over crimes under R.C. 2931.03, but also observed that the “the mere fact that
the Ohio court has basic statutory jurisdiction to determine” a case or class of cases “does
not preclude a more specific statute * * * from patently and unambiguously divesting the
court of such jurisdiction.” Id. at ¶ 17, quoting Rosen v. Celebrezze, 117 Ohio St.3d 241,
2008-Ohio-853, 883 N.E.2d 420, ¶ 46. And the Court cited to a specific statute that did
just that under this scenario: “If the offender was tried by a jury, the trial court shall impanel
a new jury for the hearing. If the offender was tried by a panel of three judges, that panel
or, if necessary, a new panel of three judges shall conduct the hearing.” (Emphasis sic.)
R.C. 2929.06(B). The Court granted O’Malley a writ of prohibition because Judge Collier-
Williams patently and unambiguously lacked jurisdiction to empanel a jury for the capital
resentencing hearing under R.C. 2929.06(B).
{¶20} Pagani’s attempt to align his case with O’Malley falls short.
Civ.R. 53(C)(1)(c) does not contain any language divesting a trial court of jurisdiction for
an alleged lack of the parties’ unanimous written consent to have a magistrate preside
over the jury trial. Additionally, as a general rule, the Ohio Rules of Civil Procedure govern
the procedures courts follow in civil cases and the scope, power, and organization of
courts is governed by Ohio Revised Code. This distinction is acknowledged by the rules
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themselves in Civ.R. 82 which provides: “These rules shall not be construed to extend or
limit the jurisdiction of the courts of this state.” Notably, in O’Malley, it was a Revised
Code section that expressly “divested” the trial court of jurisdiction, not a Rule of Civil
Procedure.
{¶21} Pagani also cites this Court’s decision Dixon v. O’Brien, 7th Dist. Mahoning
09 MA 123, 2011-Ohio-3399, as precedent supporting the conclusion that Judge
Krichbaum and Magistrate Welsh patently and unambiguously lack jurisdiction. Pagani
insists this Court cannot allow Judge Krichbaum and Magistrate Welsh to exercise judicial
power and resulting errors to stand because without unanimous written consent of the
parties (a) Judge Krichbaum patently and unambiguously lacks jurisdiction to refer the
jury trial and all issues and motions attendant thereto to Magistrate Welsh and (b)
Magistrate Welsh patently and unambiguously lacks jurisdiction to preside over the jury
trial of the wrongful death action and deny Pagani access to the trial court’s review of the
magistrate’s orders.
{¶22} In Dixon, decided before the 2020 amendments to Civ.R. 53 authorizing
magistrates to conduct civil jury trials, the parties consented to the magistrate presiding
over all matters, including a jury trial. Id. at ¶ 4. The parties stipulated that they would
waive any and all objections to any magistrate orders or decisions and accept such as
binding. Id. At trial, the jury found in favor of O’Brien and the judgment was signed by the
magistrate and the trial court judge. Id. at ¶ 5. Following the outcome of the trial, Dixon
filed a motion for a judgment notwithstanding the verdict/new trial and a motion to set
aside the magistrate's order, both of which were denied by the trial court and Dixon
appealed. Id. at ¶ 6-7.
{¶23} We held that parties to litigation cannot stipulate to legal matters strictly
within the purview of the court such as the mode of proceeding in a trial and the
application of the rules. Id. at ¶ 19. We found the stipulation by the parties to accept the
magistrate’s decision as binding and waive all objections to the magistrate’s decision
impermissibly expanded the scope of a magistrate’s authority under Civ.R. 53 and the
Ohio Constitution. Id. at ¶ 22, 25. We then proceeded to examine whether the trial court’s
failure to comply with Civ.R. 53 resulted in prejudice, focusing on two issues: (1) whether
the violation prevented the appellant the opportunity of filing objections to the magistrate’s
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decision; and (2) whether the trial court was able to conduct an independent analysis of
the magistrate’s decision. Id. at ¶ 32.
{¶24} Pagani’s reliance on Dixon is misplaced. As indicated, Dixon was decided
before the 2020 amendments to Civ.R. 53 allowing magistrates to conduct a civil jury trial.
The language found in the current Civ.R. 53(C)(1)(c) did not exist when we decided
Dixon. Additionally, Dixon was a direct appeal from a civil judgment, not an original action
for a writ of prohibition. We did not state that the trial court’s noncompliance with Civ.R. 53
had any effect on its jurisdiction. Rather, Dixon serves to illustrate that “appeal, not
mandamus or prohibition, is the remedy for the correction of errors.” State ex rel. Levin v.
Sheffield Lake, 70 Ohio St.3d 104, 109, 637 N.E.2d 319 (1994). Thus, “‘[e]xtraordinary
remedies, i.e., mandamus [and] prohibition[,] * * * may not be employed before trial on
the merits, as a substitute for an appeal for the purpose of reviewing mere errors, or
irregularities in the proceedings of a court having proper jurisdiction * * *.’” Id., quoting
State ex rel. Woodbury v. Spitler, 34 Ohio St.2d 134, 137, 296 N.E.2d 526 (1973).
IV. CONCLUSION
{¶25} It is beyond doubt, after presuming the truth of all material factual
allegations in Pagani’s complaint for a writ of prohibition and making all reasonable
inferences in his favor, that he is not entitled to extraordinary relief in prohibition. We
grant the motion to dismiss filed by Judge Krichbaum and Magistrate Welsh, and dismiss
Pagani’s complaint for a writ of prohibition.
{¶26} Both Pagani’s complaint for a writ of prohibition and memorandum in
response to the motion to dismiss are signed by the same counsel that represents Pagani
in the wrongful death action—Attorney James A. Vitullo and Attorney Jonathan Andres.
Attorney Andres is an out-of-state attorney identified as pro hac vice counsel. Attorney
Andres is not admitted to practice law in the state of Ohio and has not filed a motion for
permission to appear pro hac vice with this Court in this original action for a writ of
prohibition as required by Gov. Bar R. XII. Therefore, we order only Attorney Jonathan
Andres’ name stricken from those two pleadings.
{¶27} The clerk is directed to serve copies of this Opinion and Judgment Entry
upon Judge Krichbaum and Magistrate Welsh, and to serve on the remaining parties
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notice of this judgment and its date of entry upon the journal. Civ.R. 58(B). The costs of
this action are assessed to Pagani. Writ DENIED.
JUDGE KATELYN DICKEY
JUDGE CHERYL L. WAITE
JUDGE MARK A. HANNI
Case No. 24 MA 0031