State v. George ( 2024 )

[Cite as State v. George, 2024-Ohio-471.]
COURT OF APPEALS OF OHIO
EIGHTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
COUNTY OF CUYAHOGA
STATE OF OHIO, :
Plaintiff- Appellee, :
No. 112380
v. :
MILTON GEORGE, IV, :
Defendant-Appellant. :
_______________________________________
JOURNAL ENTRY AND OPINION
JUDGMENT: REVERSED AND REMANDED
RELEASED AND JOURNALIZED: February 8, 2024
Criminal Appeal from the Cuyahoga County Court of Common Pleas
Case No. CR-22-667743-A
Appearances:
Michael C. O’Malley, Cuyahoga County Prosecuting
Attorney, and Jonathan Block, Assistant Prosecuting
Attorney, for appellee.
Cullen Sweeney, Cuyahoga County Public Defender, and
Rick Ferrara, Assistant Public Defender, for appellant.
MICHELLE J. SHEEHAN, J.:
Defendant-appellant, Milton George, IV, was convicted after a jury
trial of several sex offenses, including forcible rape under R.C. 2907.02(A)(2) and
gross sexual imposition (“GSI”) under R.C. 2907.05(A)(1), for engaging in sexual
conduct and sexual contact, respectively, with 18-year-old M.B., his ex-wife’s
daughter, who considered George her stepfather. Both offenses require the state to
produce evidence that the defendant purposely compelled the other person to
submit “by force or threat of force.”
At trial, it was undisputed that George engaged in sexual activities with
M.B. while she stayed at his residence. The issue at trial was whether the state
proved the element of force to sustain convictions for rape and gross sexual
imposition. While M.B.’s testimony may have indicated some degree of physical
force was used by George, the trial court instructed the jury that the element of force
could also be proven by evidence that the victim’s will was overcome by fear or
duress alone.
As we explain, the jury instruction was given in error under the
circumstances of this case. The state claims the alternative definition of force
applies because George is the victim’s stepfather, but the alternative definition is not
applicable to an adult child pursuant to precedent from the Supreme Court of Ohio.
In this case, the victim had reached the age of majority at the time the activity
underlying the indictments occurred. The erroneous jury instruction was
prejudicial and deprived of the defendant a fair trial because it allowed the jury to
convict George with less evidence for force, an essential element of rape, especially
where the victim’s testimony was equivocal on the issue. Guided by the precedent
from the Supreme Court of Ohio, we are compelled to reverse George’s conviction of
rape and GSI and remand the case for a new trial.
George was also convicted of sexual battery under R.C. 2907.03(A)(5),
Ohio’s incest statute. Because the stepfather-stepchild relationship had dissolved
due to George’s divorce from M.B.’s mother prior to the acts at issue, we are also
constrained to reverse the sexual battery conviction as the state presented legally
insufficient evidence to satisfy the elements of that offense.
M.B.’s and George’s Testimony Regarding Their Relationship
The central issue in this case concerns force. As we explain in the
following, a parent, stepparent, or a person in loco parentis can be convicted of rape
of a child without evidence of explicit threat or display of force. We therefore begin
our analysis with a review of M.B.’s testimony regarding her relationship with
George. M.B., who was 18 at the time of the incident (and 19 at the time of the trial),
testified that George, age 37, was her stepfather. George and her mother met when
she was six months old. They had two children, whom M.B. referred to as her
siblings. George and her mother divorced when M.B. was seven years old. After the
divorce, M.B. lived with her mother and siblings. George moved to Texas and was
not involved in her life for six years. When he returned to Cleveland, she would see
him only when he came to her mother’s house to pick up her siblings for visitation.
Despite a lack of frequent contact, she still called him “dad.” She testified that “[w]e
didn’t really have a relationship because he wasn’t my dad,” but she also testified
that “I always see him as a stepfather.”
M.B. testified that George “treated me like he aways treated me as a kid.
He never treated me differently.” She also testified that George was a father figure
to her, although she acknowledged he was not active in her life and did not do
anything for her after George and her mother parted ways. M.B. consistently
referred to George as her stepfather, even when interviewed by the SANE nurse and
the police after the incident.
M.B. further testified that after her mother passed away in 2021, she
lived with her own father while her siblings lived with George. However, her father
did not approve of her sexual orientation and, in February 2022, she was mostly
staying with her siblings’ grandmother (George’s mother). Around that time,
George had just moved to a new house down the street from his mother’s house.
Her sister (George’s daughter) asked her to come over to see the new house. At that
time, M.B. was staying at her girlfriend S.M.’s home and had an argument with S.M.,
so she left S.M.’s home and went to stay at George’s house, where her siblings were
staying at the time. M.B. stayed at George’s house for two or three days and slept on
an air mattress at night in George’s dining room before the incident occurred.
George also testified at trial. Regarding his relationship with M.B., he
testified that he was 19 when he started a relationship with M.B.’s mother. They
were married for 10 years and divorced in 2011. He moved to Texas in 2014 and
lived there for six years. He had no contact with M.B. when he was in Texas. After
he returned to Cleveland at the end of 2019, he saw M.B. only in passing when he
picked up or dropped off his children with M.B.’s mother; since 2011, he saw her on
less than ten occasions.
Testimony Regarding the Incident
Regarding the incident, M.B. testified that on that night of the incident,
George had been to a karaoke bar and drinking. When he came home around 5 a.m.,
she was lying on the air mattress in the dining room and watching a movie on Netflix.
He sat down next to her, talking about her mother and also asking her questions
about her girlfriend and her sexual orientation. He asked her if she ever had a
relationship with a man. She answered no. He responded that just because she liked
something did not mean it was the right thing to do. He then suddenly touched her
breasts over her pajamas, and she was “in shock.”
M.B. testified that “I could have pushed him off me, but I didn’t.
That’s my fault. But I kind of scooted over just a little bit.” George then asked her
to sit on his lap. She was hesitant, but he grabbed her arm, stood her up, and sat her
on his lap. She “went into panic mode” and got so scared that she urinated on
herself. The urine ran down her leg and under her pajamas. As a result, she asked
to take a shower. George told her to use the bathroom in the basement so as not to
wake up her siblings. She testified as follows regarding what occurred in the shower
in the basement:
I didn’t know how to work the shower fully. So I turned it on, but it
wasn’t the right temperature, so I just stood there with my clothes on.
And he brought me a towel downstairs. * * * He asked me why my
clothes were still on. * * * [I said] [b]ecause I didn’t see any soap. * * *
He gets me the soap and the rag, and he fixed the shower for me. At
this point he doesn’t have his clothes on. * * * I was in shock that
someone that I call my dad wanted to have sexual intercourse with
me. * * * He fixed the water temperature. * * * I took my clothes off,
and I got into the shower, and then he proceeded to get in the shower
with me. * * * He took the rag and put the soap on it and washed me
up. * * *
M.B. further testified that, while George was washing her, he touched
her breasts with his mouth and touched her vagina with both his hands and his
mouth. Because she was scared, she did not say anything or tell him to stop. She
testified she was sniffling the entire time. George asked her several times if she was
crying. She answered “no” because she was scared.
M.B. testified that after George washed her, he “bent her over” the
toilet, which was adjacent to the shower, while her feet were still in the shower. He
proceeded to have vaginal intercourse with her. She did not say no but continued to
sniffle. He asked her several times if she was crying, and although she kept
answering no, he eventually realized she was crying and stopped.
M.B. then put her clothes on and went upstairs. She quickly got in
touch with her girlfriend, S.M., by Facetime and, for fear of being heard by George,
typed out what happened on the phone screen. She let both S.M. and S.M.’s mother
know what occurred and asked to be picked up. She then packed her belongings,
quietly opened the door, and ran down the driveway.
M.B. also called her stepmother about the incident. Her stepmother
told her to tell her father, who told her to call the police and go to a hospital. S.M.
and her brother then picked her up at a nearby gas station. M.B. called the police
on the way to the hospital — her 911 called was played for the jury. She received a
rape kit at the hospital and was examined by a SANE nurse.
On cross-examination, M.B. acknowledged that she never once
voiced her fear or said no during the incident, she did not try to get out of the shower
when he got in, and he did not hold her down. She also acknowledged he did not
force her to do anything throughout the incident or threaten her in any way. She
specifically testified that “[t]here was no force” in the following exchanges:
[DEFENSE COUNSEL]: * * * But at no point * * * he ever forced you
to do anything. He didn’t * * * lead you down to the stairs to the
shower? He didn’t force you down the stairs and say, I am taking you
downstairs to the shower and I am going to have sex with you?
[M.B.]: That’s correct.
[DEFENSE COUNSEL]: He never did that?
[M.B.]: No.
[DEFENSE COUNSEL]: Did he ever threaten you in any way? Did he
say, you better get down there right now?
[M.B.]: No.
***
[DEFENSE COUNSEL]: Again, you said in the shower he was back
towards the [shower] handles. He never pulled you in and made you
stay in the shower. He never forced you into the shower at any point.
[M.B.]: No. There was no force.
[DEFENSE COUNSEL]: Okay. Thank you. Nothing further, Your
Honor.
(Tr. 460).
On redirect, M.B. testified that she did not initiate any sexual acts
with George but she felt like she could not say no “[b]ecause [she] was scared.”
George testified that he thought the sexual activity was consensual.
M.B. had come to stay at his house for a few days because she had an argument with
her friend. On the night of the incident, he went out around midnight to go to a
karaoke bar and had a few drinks. When he came home, M.B. was still up and
watching T.V. He denied they talked about her sexual orientation. Rather, they
talked for a few minutes about the show she was watching and, because the show
was about sex, their conversation turned into a sexual nature and “before I knew, we
[were] kissing.” He also touched her breasts. After a few minutes, M.B. indicated
she wanted to take a shower in the basement and they both went to the basement.
M.B. asked for a towel and soap, and he got them for her and returned to the
basement.
George testified that “[b]y that time, she was undressed, and then I
got undressed myself and then * * * turned the shower on, and we started kissing
again * * *.” He testified that they were “kissing * * *, touching, [and] rubbing * * *.”
He then took the towel and soap and washed her body and his own body, and they
started to engage in sex. He answered affirmatively when asked if M.B. wanted him
to go into the shower with her, if she wanted to have sex with him, and if she initiated
some of the sexual conduct. He testified that she never told him to stop or pushed
him off.
George testified that the vaginal intercourse occurred in the shower
and denied bending her over the toilet. He also denied touching her vagina with his
mouth or fingers. After the sexual activity, they got dressed and went upstairs and
he went to sleep. His daughter woke him up and informed him that M.B. accused
him of raping her. The police arrived shortly thereafter at his house.
M.B.’s girlfriend S.M., S.M.’s brother, and S.M.’s mother also
testified. S.M. testified M.B. was staying both at her house and at M.B.’s
grandmother’s house in February 2022. On February 9, 2022, she found out about
the incident when she woke up. She and her brother picked up M.B. from a gas
station and then she and her mother took M.B. to the emergency room. S.M.’s
brother testified that S.M. woke him up that morning, frantic and screaming. At the
time, S.M. was on a Facetime video call with M.B. and he saw that M.B. was in tears
and looked distraught. When he approached the gas station, he saw M.B. running
toward the gas station and crying uncontrollably. M.B. called 911 while in his
vehicle. S.M.’s mother testified that she was awoken by her daughter, who was
screaming about what happened to M.B. She spoke to M.B. on the phone and told
her to leave the house quickly. She took M.B. to the emergency room and waited
there until M.B.’s father and stepmother arrived at the emergency room.
Sean Riley, Earl Pierson, and Michael Mathis of the city of Cleveland
Heights police department testified about their involvement and investigation of the
case. George was very cooperative and invited the officers in when the officers went
to his house that morning, and he consented to a search of the house. The SANE
nurse testified about her examination of M.B. and read a narrative provided by M.B.
during the examination; the narrative is largely consistent with her testimony at
trial. A DNA analyst testified that George’s DNA was found on M.B.’s breasts and
buttocks.
Jury Instruction
The trial court gave the following instruction pursuant to State v.
Eskridge, 38 Ohio St.3d 56, 58-59, 526 N.E.2d 304 (1988), regarding the element
of force:
Force. Force means any violence, compulsion or constraint
physically exerted by any means upon or against a person or thing.
Threat includes direct or indirect threat.
Another definition [for force]: Force of a parent or other
authority figure. When the defendant, Milton George, is the parent,
stepparent or person in loco parentis or other authority figure to
[M.B.], the element of force need not be openly displayed or physically
brutal. It can be subtle, slight, and psychological or emotionally
powerful. Evidence of expressed threat or harm or evidence of
significant physical restraint is not required.[1]
If you find beyond a reasonable doubt that under the
circumstances of this case the victim’s will was overcome by fear or
duress or intimidation, the element of force has been proved.
In loco parentis means standing in the place of a parent and
assuming parental duties or responsibilities.
At the closing argument, the state emphasized that “there’s two ways
that we’re arguing force in this situation. * * * Our second way is a force of a parent
1 We note that the instruction on force applicable to an offender who is a parent or other
authority figure is taken from the Ohio Jury Instruction on the element of force for the
rape offense. However, a comment on the alternative definition states that “this
instruction does not apply to an adult victim, even in a parent-child relationship,” citing
State v. Schaim, 65 Ohio St.3d 51, 54-56, 600 N.E.2d 661 (1992), which we discuss in the
following analysis.
or other authority figure.” The state then read the Eskridge instruction verbatim.
During rebuttal closing argument, the state again stressed that “[a]nother way of
force is the force of a parent or authority figure” and “[s]he was scared. That’s
enough when you have that parent authority figure.”
Judgment and Appeal
The jury found George guilty of one count of rape in violation of
R.C. 2907.02(A)(2), a first-degree felony (Count 3); one count of sexual battery in
violation of R.C. 2907.03(A)(5), a third-degree felony (Count 4); and two counts of
GSI in violation of R.C. 2907.05(A)(1), a fourth-degree felony (Counts 7 and 8).
Counts 3, 4, and 8 relate to the sexual conduct in the basement shower, and Count 7
relates to the sexual contact in the dining room.
The trial court merged Count 4 into Count 3 for sentencing and
imposed on Count 3 an indefinite prison term of six to nine years pursuant to the
Reagan Tokes Law. The court also imposed 18 months each on Counts 7 and 8 and
ordered them served concurrently.
On appeal, George raises the following assignments of error:
I. The trial court abused its discretion in giving jury instructions
that lowered the state’s burden of proof.
II. The trial court committed plain error in issuing an Eskridge
instruction and faulty sexual battery instruction.
III. Defendant received ineffective assistance of counsel for
counsel’s failure to demand correct jury instructions.
IV. The state of Ohio presented insufficient evidence of rape, gross
sexual imposition, and sexual battery.
V. The manifest weight of the evidence did not support a
conviction for rape, gross sexual imposition, or sexual battery.
VI. The trial court erred in imposing an indefinite sentence as SB
201 is unconstitutional.
We first discuss George’s claims of insufficient evidence and
erroneous jury instructions concerning his convictions of rape and GSI. We review
them jointly because they both concern the central issue of this case: whether the
element of force in these offenses was proven. We begin our analysis with the
standard of review for claims of insufficient evidence and erroneous jury instruction.
Standard of Review for Sufficiency of Evidence
George argues that the evidence presented at trial is insufficient for
his convictions. When reviewing a challenge to the sufficiency of the evidence, we
review the evidence admitted at trial and determine whether such evidence, if
believed, would convince the average mind of the defendant’s guilt beyond a
reasonable doubt. State v. Jenks, 61 Ohio St.3d 259, 574 N.E.2d 492 (1991),
paragraph two of the syllabus. “The relevant inquiry is whether, after viewing the
evidence in a light most favorable to the prosecution, any rational trier of fact could
have found the essential elements of the crime proven beyond a reasonable doubt.”
Id. A reviewing court is not to assess “whether the state’s evidence is to be believed,
but whether, if believed, the evidence against a defendant would support a
conviction.” State v. Thompkins, 78 Ohio St.3d 380, 390, 678 N.E.2d 541 (1997).
Standard of Review for Claim Challenging Jury Instructions
George agues the trial court’s Eskridge instruction regarding force is
erroneous and prejudiced him. A trial court has broad discretion to determine
whether the evidence presented at trial is sufficient to warrant a jury instruction.
State v. Torres, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 99596, 2013-Ohio-5030, ¶ 51, citing State
v. Mitts, 81 Ohio St.3d 223, 228, 690 N.E.2d 522 (1998). However, “[w]hether jury
instructions provide a correct statement of the law is a legal issue that an appellate
court reviews de novo.” State v. Echevarria, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 105815, 2018-
Ohio-1193, ¶ 27, citing State v. Dean, 146 Ohio St.3d 106, 2015-Ohio-4347, 54
N.E.3d 80, ¶ 135.
Moreover, “‘[a] reviewing court may not reverse a conviction in a
criminal case due to jury instructions unless it is clear that the jury instructions
constituted prejudicial error.’” State v. Shepherd, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 102951,
2016-Ohio-931, ¶ 25, quoting State v. McKibbon, 1st Dist. Hamilton No. C-010145,
2002-Ohio-2041, ¶ 27, citing State v. Adams, 62 Ohio St.2d 151, 154, 404 N.E.2d
144 (1980). An erroneous jury instruction constitutes prejudicial error where it
results in a manifest miscarriage of justice. State v. Dunn, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga
No. 101648, 2015-Ohio-3138, ¶ 55; State v. Hancock, 12th Dist. Warren
No. CA2007-03-042, 2008-Ohio-5419, ¶ 13; and McKibbon at 4. When the trial
court has given a prejudicial jury instruction, the appropriate remedy for the error
is a new trial. State v. Hurt, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 110732, 2022-Ohio-2039, ¶ 44,
citing State v. Triplett, 7th Dist. Mahoning No. 17 MA 0128, 2018-Ohio-5405, ¶ 17,
citing State v. Williford, 49 Ohio St.3d 247, 253, 551 N.E.2d 1279 (1990).
Force As Essential Element of Rape and GSI
George was convicted of rape as indicted in Count 3 for engaging in
vaginal penetration with M.B. in violation of R.C. 2907.02(A)(2), which states “[n]o
one shall engage in sexual conduct with another when the offender purposely
compels the other person to submit by force or threat of force.” He was convicted of
two counts of GSI as indicted in Counts 7 and 8 in violation of R.C. 2907.05(A)(1),
which prohibits sexual contact when the offender “purposely compels the other
person * * * to submit by force or threat of force.” Count 7 relates to George’s sexual
contact with M.B. while in the dining room, and it charged George with GSI, “to wit:
touched breasts”; Count 8 relates to his sexual contact with her while in the
basement shower, and it charged him with GSI, “to wit: touched/kissed vagina.”2
Both the rape offense and the GSI offense required the state to
produce evidence demonstrating force or threat of force. George admitted to having
sexual contact with M.B. in the dining room and having both sexual contact and
2“Sexual conduct” is defined in R.C. 2907.01(A) as “vaginal intercourse between a male
and female; anal intercourse, fellatio, and cunnilingus between persons regardless of sex;
and, without privilege to do so, the insertion, however slight, of any part of the body
* * *into the vaginal or anal opening of another. Penetration, however slight, is sufficient
to complete vaginal or anal intercourse.” “Sexual contact” is defined in R.C. 2907.01(B)
as “any touching of an erogenous zone of another, including without limitation the thigh,
genitals, buttock, pubic region, or, if the person is a female, a breast, for the purpose of
sexually arousing or gratifying either person.”
sexual conduct with M.B. in the basement shower. The central issue in this case is
whether there was sufficient evidence of force to sustain George’s convictions under
Counts 3, 7, and 8.
Definition of Force: Eskridge and Its Progeny
R.C. 2901.01(A)(1) defines “force” as any “violence, compulsion, or
constraint physically exerted by any means upon or against a person or thing.”
However, in cases involving sexual contact or conduct between a minor child and a
parent or parental authority figure, the Supreme Court of Ohio has held that force
can be subtle and psychological and thus be proven without a showing of physical
force.
In Eskridge, 38 Ohio St.3d 56, N.E.2d 304, the defendant was
charged with raping his four-year-old daughter. The issue before the court in
Eskridge was whether there was evidence presented at trial to prove whether the
defendant used force or the threat of force in the commission of the crime. The court
held that
[t]he force and violence necessary to commit the crime of rape
depends upon the age, size and strength of the parties and their
relation to each other. With the filial obligation of obedience to a
parent, the same degree of force and violence may not be required
upon a person of tender years, as would be required were the parties
more nearly equal in age, size and strength.
Id. at paragraph one of the syllabus. The court recognized “the coercion inherent in
parental authority when a father sexually abuses his child.” Id. at 59. In this context,
“[f]orce need not be overt and physically brutal, but can be subtle and psychological”
and the forcible element of rape can be established “[a]s long as it can be shown that
the rape victim’s will was overcome by fear or duress[.]” Id. at 58-59. The court
concluded that the defendant father “held a position of authority over [the child]
which did not require any explicit threats or displays of force.” Id. at 59.
In State v. Dye, 82 Ohio St.3d 323, 695 N.E.2d 763 (1998), the
Supreme Court of Ohio applied Eskridge to a domestic situation where the offender
was not the victim’s parent but held a position of authority over a child due to his
relationship with the child’s mother. In that case, the defendant was not the 9-year-
old child victim’s parent but a close friend of the victim’s mother who had placed the
child in the defendant’s care on numerous occasions. The court in Dye held that a
person in a position of authority over a child under 13 may be convicted of rape of
the child with force without evidence of express threat of harm or evidence of
significant physical restraint. Id. at 329. See also e.g., State v. Riffle, 110 Ohio
App.3d 554, 561, 674 N.E. 2d 1214 (9th Dist.1996) (applied Eskridge to a defendant
who was not the natural parent of the child victim but held a position of authority
over the young child by way of his live-in relationship with the child’s mother). Id.
at 561.
However, the Supreme Court of Ohio declined to extend Eskridge’s
holding to an adult victim who was a child of the offender. In Schaim, 65 Ohio St.3d
51, 600 N.E.2d 661, the 20-year-old victim admitted the defendant did not use
physical force or the threat of physical force, nor did the state present any evidence
of physical force. Therefore, the court affirmed the appellate court’s reversal of the
conviction of rape. In doing so, the Ohio Supreme Court distinguished Eskridge
based on the age of the victim. It reasoned that
State v. Eskridge is based solely on the recognition of the amount of
control that parents have over their children, particularly young
children. Every detail of a child’s life is controlled by a parent, and a
four-year-old child knows that disobedience will be punished,
whether by corporal punishment or an alternative form of discipline.
Because of the child’s dependence on his or her parents, a child of
tender years has no real power to resist his or her parent’s command,
and every command contains an implicit threat of punishment for
failure to obey. Under these circumstances, a minimal degree of force
will satisfy the elements of forcible rape. Id., paragraph one of the
syllabus.
The same rationale does not apply to an adult. No matter how
reprehensible the defendant’s alleged conduct, a woman over the age
of majority is not compelled to submit to her father in the same
manner as is a four-year-old girl. She is no longer completely
dependent on her parents, and is more nearly their equal in size,
strength, and mental resources. * * *
A defendant purposely compels another to submit to sexual conduct
by force or threat of force if the defendant uses physical force against
that person, or creates the belief that physical force will be used if the
victim does not submit. A threat of force can be inferred from the
circumstances surrounding sexual conduct * * * the element of force
[cannot be proven] where the state introduces no evidence that an
adult victim believed that the defendant might use physical force
against her.
(Emphasis added.) Schaim at 55.
The court in Dye, which was decided after Schaim, specifically
distinguished Schaim on the ground that Schaim involved the defendant’s 20-year-
old adult daughter “who was no longer completely dependent on her parents and
was more nearly her father’s equal in size, strength, and mental resources.” Dye at
328.
We note that, while Eskridge, 38 Ohio St.3d 56, N.E.2d 304, involved
a child victim of tender years, its holding has been extended to minor victims as old
as 17. See State v. Dippel, 10th Dist. Franklin No. 03AP-448, 2004-Ohio-4649(defendant was 14-year-old victim’s father); State v. Kudla, 9th Dist. Summit
No. 27652, 2016-Ohio-5215 (victim raped by her father when she was between 14
and 17 years of age); and State v. Clay, 9th Dist. Medina No. 04CA0033-M,
2005-Ohio-6, ¶ 16 (defendant was 16-year-old victim’s stepfather). However, the
appellate courts have consistently adhered to Schaim and limited the application of
Eskridge. In State v. Johnson, 7th Dist. Mahoning No. 08-MA-144,
2009-Ohio-6760, where the victim was raped by her stepfather on multiple
occasions, the Seventh District explained that “[w]e must examine appellant’s rape
convictions under two separate standards. Because two counts of rape occurred
when [the victim] was still a minor, we will examine them based on the
Eskridge/Dye definition of force. However, because the third count of rape
occurred when [the victim] was 22, we will examine it based on the Schaim
definition of force.” Id. at 44. Accordingly, the Eskridge’s alternative definition of
force is inapplicable in this case, where the victim was no longer a minor at the time
of the offense.3
3 We note that, while Eskridge applies to a person standing in loco parentis, the
application is also limited to a minor child. See e.g., State v. Schroeder, 2019-Ohio-4136,
147 N.E.3d 1, ¶ 75 (4th Dist.) (“To prove the element of force in a rape case involving a
minor child when the offender stands in loco parentis, the force need not be physical or
We are aware Eskridge has also been applied to cases of rape or gross
sexual imposition in situations involving closely analogous relationships of
disparate power between the defendant and victim. State v. Heiney, 2018-Ohio-
3408, 117 N.E.3d 1034, ¶ 107 (6th Dist.). For example, in State v. Oddi, 5th Dist.
Delaware No. 02CAA01005, 2002-Ohio-5926, the appellate court applied Eskridge
to a driving instructor charged with GSI because the defendant, as the driving
instructor of several 15-year-old victims, “was certainly in a position of authority,
and held a certain amount of power” over the victims; in State v. Roy, 2014-Ohio-
5186, 22 N.E.3d 1112, ¶ 37 (9th Dist.), the appellate court applied Eskridge to a 15-
year-old victim fondled by her treating physician, reasoning that the defendant
“used his position as a doctor to exert control over” the victim. Whether the offender
is the victim’s parent or holds a similar position of authority, the Supreme Court of
Ohio has limited the application of Eskridge’s alternative definition of force to a
child victim. State v. Torres, 2023-Ohio-1406, 213 N.E.3d 287, ¶ 58 (4th Dist.). We
recognize that in State v. Fortson, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 92337, 2010-Ohio-2337,
this court applied Eskridge to adult victims who were prisoners sexually abused by
a corrections officer. Fortson is an outlier, however; while applying Eskridge, this
court specifically acknowledged that “the Eskridge rule commonly applies to parent-
child or other domestic situations, [but] we extend it to the unique facts of the case
brutal”); State v. Shadoan, 4th Dist. Adams No. 03CA764, 2004-Ohio-1756, ¶ 19; and
State v. Goff, 154 Ohio App.3d 59, 69, 2003-Ohio-4524, 796 N.E.2d 50 (9th Dist.2003).
at hand [because] [i]t is undisputed that defendant, who was a corrections officer,
was in a position of authority over his victims[.]”4
The dissent concludes that Eskridge’s definition of force applies to
an adult child such as M.B. because George “holds a position of authority” over her,
similar to the offender in Fortson over the adult victims. We note, however, that the
state never alleged at trial that George is a “person of authority,” only that he was
M.B.’s stepfather. More importantly, there is no testimony by M.B. reflecting that
George “held a certain amount of power or exerted control” over her. M.B.’s own
testimony indicates that her relationship with George was superficial and minimal:
she testified that George and her mother divorced when she was seven; after the
divorce she lived with her mother; George moved to Texas after the divorce and was
not involved in her life; when George returned to Cleveland, she would see George
only when he came to her mother’s house to pick up her siblings for visitation; and
George “didn’t really do anything for [her]” when she was between age 7 and 18.
While Fortson applies Eskridge to adult victims, the facts of this case only reflect a
4 We note the dissent also cites State v. Pordash, 9th Dist. Lorain No. 04CA008480,
2004-Ohio-6081, as a case analogous to Fortson. However, while citing Eskridge, the
court in Pordash also cited facts unique to that case: the victims, who were digitally raped
while being treated by defendant chiropractor, knew of defendant’s extensive background
in martial arts and each testified that they feared any resistance would lead to serious
bodily harm. Id. at ¶ 12.
stepparent-child relationship and, for such cases, there are no precedents for an
application of Eskridge’s alternative definition of force.5
Sufficient Evidence of Force Was Presented at Trial but the Eskridge
Instruction Was Erroneous and Prejudicial
While there is no testimony by M.B. that she was in fear because
George directly or indirectly threatened her with the use of force, she testified that
George grabbed her arm, stood her up, and sat her on his lap, causing her to urinate
on herself during the breast-touching incident in the dining room. She also testified
that George “bent” her over the toilet before engaging in vaginal intercourse with
her. This evidence if believed, would be sufficient to satisfy the element of force
required to sustain convictions for rape and gross sexual imposition under
5 We also note that the state appears to argue in its brief on appeal that there was
testimony to show that George was in loco parentis and therefore the jury could consider
the alternative definition of force. The term “in loco parentis” is not statutorily defined.
The Supreme Court of Ohio in State v. Noggle, 67 Ohio St.3d 31, 615 N.E.2d 1040 (1993)
defined it as someone “who has assumed the dominant parental role and is relied upon
by the child for support.” This court has also observed that “merely having the legal status
as a stepparent does not automatically cause the stepparent to stand in loco parentis to
the stepchild.” State v. Primous, 2020-Ohio-912, 152 N.E.3d 1002, ¶ 39 (8th Dist.), citing
State v. Erwin, 1st Dist. Hamilton No. C-920293, 1993 Ohio App. LEXIS 1127 (Feb. 24,
1992) (“stepfather does not automatically stand in loco parentis to the child of his wife,
but if the stepfather takes the child into his home, supports, educates, and assumes the
duties of a parent, he consents to stand in loco parentis to a stepchild”). The state points
to a comment made by the trial court that M.B.’s testimony indicated George was in loco
parentis because he provided shelter after her mother died. Our review of M.B.’s
testimony reflects otherwise. M.B. was staying with her father, her grandmother, and her
girlfriend’s family at different times after her mother died, and she was staying at George’s
house in the evening in question because George’s children wanted her to see their new
house and she had an argument with her girlfriend at that time. Regardless, as we point
out in footnote 3, while Eskridge applies to a person standing in loco parentis, the
application is also limited to a minor child.
R.C. 2907.02(A)(2) and 2907.05(A)(1). On cross-examination, M.B. testified that
“there was no force” when asked if George forced her to go down to the basement or
forced her into the shower. It is unclear whether her statement that “there was no
force” also referred to George’s conduct after both of them were in the shower.
Because M.B.’s testimony reflects the use of some physical force or constraint by
George, his claim that the state presented insufficient evidence to prove the offenses
of rape and GSI alleged in Counts 3, 7, and 8 is without merit.
Having found that sufficient evidence was presented as to the element
of force, our inquiry does not end. In this case, the trial court provided the Eskridge
instruction that force can be alternatively proven by evidence of subtle and
psychological force when the defendant is the parent, stepparent, or person in loco
parentis or other authority figure. Pursuant to Schaim, Eskridge’s rationale “does
not apply to an adult child. No matter how reprehensible the defendant’s alleged
conduct, a woman over the age of majority is not compelled to submit to her father
in the same manner” as is a child of tender years. Schaim, 65 Ohio St.3d at 55, 600
N.E.2d 661.
While M.B.’s testimony that she urinated on herself after the sexual
contact in the dining room and was scared and crying during the sexual conduct in
the basement shower may be sufficient to demonstrate that she was overcome by
fear or duress and therefore satisfied the element of force pursuant to Eskridge, 38
Ohio St.3d 56, N.E.2d 304, Eskridge is limited by Schaim, and the alternate
instruction of the definition of force given to the jury was not applicable because
M.B. was an adult at the time of the offenses. Because of this, the trial court’s
Eskridge instruction was erroneous.6
The state concedes that Eskridge only applies to a minor victim;
however, it argues on appeal that while M.B. was 18 at the time of the incident,
Eskridge and Dye, 82 Ohio St.3d 323, 695 N.E.2d 763, should be applied because
M.B. “acted in the same fearful way that a minor child would act.” There is, however,
no precedent extending Eskridge’s holding to a victim who has reached the age of
majority in cases involving a parental authority figure or domestic situation.
In the instant case, there was no testimony that George used physical
violence, but a showing of the use of violence is not required to sustain a conviction
for rape or gross sexual imposition. Force is statutorily defined in the disjunctive as
being the use of “violence, compulsion or constraint physically exerted.” Although
M.B. testified to physical acts that could be found to be constraint that would be
sufficient to sustain the rape and gross sexual imposition convictions, the Eskridge
instruction given to the jury allowed the jury to find the element of force proven
solely by M.B.’s testimony that she was scared of her stepfather without any finding
of “violence, compulsion or constraint physically extended.” Because of the
6 Pursuant to Crim.R. 30(A), a party may not assign an error on appeal regarding the
giving of a jury instruction unless the party objects and “states specifically the matter
objected to and the grounds of the objection.” Our review of the transcript indicates that
while arguing Crim.R. 29 motions and the propriety of jury instructions, defense counsel
objected to the application of the law governing a minor child in sexual offenses to the
instant case because M.B. was an adult. We find counsel had placed his objection on the
record, albeit imperfectly, in satisfaction of the requirement of Crim.R. 30(A).
Eskridge instruction, the jury did not need to determine whether or not George used
force as statutorily defined and the proof required of the state regarding an essential
element of the offense was reduced improperly. State v Adams, 103 Ohio St.3d 508,
2004-Ohio-5845, 817 N.E.2d 29, ¶ 97 (“Due process requires the state to prove
beyond a reasonable doubt every element of the charged offense” and “[j]ury
instructions that effectively relieve the state of its burden of persuasion violate a
defendant’s due process rights.”).
The record reflects that when the defense moved for a Crim.R. 29
acquittal based on the victim’s testimony that there was no force, the state argued
that force can be psychological and alluded to the OJI instruction regarding the
alternative definition of force. The trial court accordingly provided the alternative
definition for force even though the OJI’s instruction on R.C. 2901.01(A)(1)
specifically stated “this [Eskridge] instruction does not apply to an adult victim,
even in a parent-child relationship” citing Schaim, 65 Ohio St.3d 51, 600 N.E.2d 66.
The state, after contributing to the error regarding the erroneous jury instruction,
further compounded the problem by heavily relying on the alternative definition of
force in its closing argument: the state twice emphasized to the jury that force could
be proven solely by M.B.’s testimony that she was scared of her stepfather, including
reading verbatim the Eskridge instruction. Under these circumstances, the
erroneous jury instruction was highly prejudicial and deprived the defendant of a
constitutionally guaranteed fair trial. While we find George’s conduct as testified to
by the victim reprehensible, we are bound by the Supreme Court of Ohio’s precedent
to reverse George’s convictions of forcible rape (Count 3) and GSI (Counts 7 and 8).
Insufficient Evidence for Sexual Battery Under R.C. 2907.03(5)
George was also convicted of Count 4 under Ohio’s incest statute,
R.C. 2907.03(A)(5). R.C. 2907.03(A)(5) prohibits sexual conduct when “[t]he
offender is the other person’s natural or adoptive parent, or a stepparent, or
guardian, custodian, or person in loco parentis of the other person.” Force is not an
element of the incest statute. Rather, the state was required to prove that George
stood in a certain relationship to M.B. (“natural or adoptive parent, or a stepparent,
or guardian, custodian, or person in loco parentis of the other person”). Count 4 of
the indictment charged as, “being the Stepfather of [M.B.],” who engaged in sexual
conduct with her.
It is undisputed George and M.B.’s mother divorced in 2011. Citing
State v. Lowe, 112 Ohio St.3d 507, 2007-Ohio-606, 861 N.E.2d 512, George
contends that once a divorce occurs, the stepparent-stepchild relationship is
dissolved and therefore his conduct did not constitute criminal incest as set forth in
in R.C. 2907.03(A)(5). We find merit to his claim.
In Lowe, the defendant was convicted of sexual battery in violation of
R.C. 2907.03(A)(5) as a result of consensual sex with his 22-year-old stepdaughter.
The defendant argued the statute is unconstitutional when applied to “consensual
sexual conduct between adults related only by affinity.” Id. at ¶ 4. The Supreme
Court found the statute constitutional and held that the plain language of the statute
“clearly prohibits sexual conduct with one’s stepchild while the stepparent-stepchild
relationship exists. It makes no exception for consent of the stepchild or the
stepchild’s age.” Id. at ¶ 15.
Notably, the court added that if the defendant divorced his wife and
no longer was a stepparent to his wife’s daughter, the stepparent-stepchild
relationship would be dissolved and the statute would no longer apply to him. Id. at
¶ 26. See also Noble v. State, 22 Ohio St. 541, 541 (1872) (“The relation of stepfather
and stepdaughter, within the meaning of the statute against incest, does not exist
after the termination of the marriage relation between the stepfather and the
stepdaughter’s mother”), and State v. Brown, 47 Ohio St. 102, 23 N.E. 747 (1890)
(“[t]he supposed hardship of the law is much mitigated by the circumstance that
kinship by affinity of the husband and wife, respectively, with the family of the other
terminates with the dissolution of the marriage”). Pursuant to the binding
precedent from Supreme Court of Ohio, George’s conviction of sexual battery under
R.C. 2907.03(A)(5) must be also reversed due to insufficient evidence. Accord State
v. Blair, 11th Dist. Portage No. 2012-P-0145, 2013-Ohio-3477 (defendant could not
be convicted of sexual battery under R.C. 2907.03(A)(5) against a stepchild after
defendant’s marriage with his wife was dissolved by his wife’s death).7
7 Regarding the sexual battery count, the state argues on appeal that the plain language
of R.C. 2907.03(A)(5) prohibits sexual conduct with the victim when the offender is in
loco parentis of the victim and also that there is evidence for Geroge’s standing in loco
parentis. The state therefore claims the jury was properly instructed on in loco parentis
Conclusion
Based on the foregoing analysis, we sustain the first and fourth
assignments of error. We further sustain the fifth assignment of error in part as to
Count 4 only. Our disposition of these assignments of error render moot the second,
third, sixth, and seventh assignments of error. George’s convictions of rape and GSI
on Counts 3, 7, and 8 are reversed because of the errant and prejudicial jury
instruction regarding the element of force. We remand these three counts to the
trial court for a new trial. George’s conviction of sexual battery under R.C.
2907.03(A)(5) on Count 4 is reversed because of insufficient evidence and the trial
court is to vacate his conviction of sexual battery upon remand.
Judgment reversed, and case remanded for further proceedings
consistent with this opinion.
It is ordered that appellant recover of appellee costs herein taxed.
The court finds there were reasonable grounds for this appeal.
It is ordered that a special mandate issue out of this court directing the
common pleas court to carry this judgment into execution.
regarding sexual battery and his conviction of that offense is supported by sufficient
evidence. The state’s claim lacks merit because the indictment charges George with
engaging in sexual conduct with the victim while “being the stepfather” of the victim and
the trial court instructed the jury accordingly. Therefore, regardless of whether M.B.’s
testimony indicates George was standing in loco parentis, the jury did not consider (or
should not have considered) that alleged relationship in finding George guilty of sexual
battery.
A certified copy of this entry shall constitute the mandate pursuant to Rule 27
of the Rules of Appellate Procedure.
____________________________
MICHELLE J. SHEEHAN, JUDGE
ANITA LASTER MAYS, P.J., CONCURS:
LISA B. FORBES, J., CONCURS IN PART AND DISSENTS IN PART (WITH
SEPARATE OPINION)
LISA B. FORBES, J., CONCURRING IN PART AND DISSENTING IN PART:
I respectfully concur in part and dissent in part with the majority
opinion. I agree that George’s conviction of sexual battery pursuant to R.C.
2907.03(A)(5) must be reversed. I agree that there was sufficient evidence of force
produced at trial to support George’s convictions for forcible rape and GSI.
However, I disagree and write separately because I do not believe that the jury
instruction regarding the alternate definition of force was given in error.
The court instructed the jury that the definitions of force are as
follows:
Force. Force means any violence, compulsion or constraint
physically exerted by any means upon or against a person or thing.
Threat includes direct or indirect threat.
Force of a parent or other authority figure. When * * * George
is the parent, stepparent or person in loco parentis or other authority
figure to [M.B.], the element of force need not be openly displayed or
physically brutal. It can be subtle, slight, and psychological, or
emotionally powerful. Evidence of express threat or harm or evidence
of significant physical restraint is not required.
I disagree with the majority because I would find that the instruction
presents an accurate statement of the law applicable to the case at hand. “Force” is
defined by R.C. 2901.01(A)(1) as “any violence, compulsion, or constraint physically
exerted by any means upon or against a person or thing.” This definition applies to
charges of rape and GSI that are based on “force or threat of force.”
R.C. 2907.02(A)(2); 2909.05(A)(1).
The Ohio Supreme Court held that “[t]he force and violence necessary
to commit the crime of rape depends upon the age, size and strength of the parties
and the relation to each other.” Eskridge, 38 Ohio St.3d 56, 526 N.E.2d 304, at
paragraph one of the syllabus. The court explained that “[f]orce need not be overt
and physically brutal, but can be subtle and psychological. As long as it can be shown
that the rape victim’s will was overcome by fear or duress, the forcible element of
rape can be established.” Id. at 58-59, citing State v. Martin, 77 Ohio App. 553, 68
N.E.2d 807 (9th Dist.1946); State v. Wolfenberger, 106 Ohio App. 322, 154 N.E.2d
774 (12th Dist.1958). In Eskridge, a father was convicted of raping his four-year-old
child while he was watching the child. The court noted that the father “held a
position of authority over [the victim] which did not require any explicit threats or
displays of force.” Id. at 59.
The law regarding what evidence of force is required was further
developed in Schaim, 65 Ohio St.3d at 54, 600 N.E.2d 661, where a father was
accused of raping his 20-year-old daughter. The Ohio Supreme Court held that
[a] defendant purposely compels another to submit to sexual conduct
by force or threat of force if the defendant uses physical force against
that person, or creates the belief that physical force will be used if the
victim does not submit. A threat of force can be inferred from the
circumstances surrounding sexual conduct, but a pattern of incest will
not substitute for the element of force where the state introduces no
evidence that an adult victim believed that the defendant might use
physical force against her.
Id. at paragraph one of the syllabus.
Where a defendant holds a position of authority over an alleged rape
victim, various Ohio courts have recognized that this dynamic is relevant to
assessing the element of force. See, e.g., Fortson, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 92337,
2010-Ohio-2337 (applying Eskridge in upholding GSI convictions where a
corrections officer held a position of authority over his adult female victims who
were prisoners); State v. Pordash, 9th Dist. Lorain No. 04CA008480, 2004-Ohio-
6081 (applying Eskridge in upholding forcible rape convictions where a
chiropractor’s relationship with his victims, who were his patients, was relevant to
the analysis of whether there was sufficient evidence of force).
In reviewing the trial court’s decision to give the jury instructions at
issue here, I am guided by the following principle: “it is well established that the trial
court will not instruct the jury where there is no evidence to support an issue.” Musil
v. Truesdell, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 93407, 2010-Ohio-1579, ¶ 10, citing Riley v.
Cincinnati, 46 Ohio St. 2d 287, 348 N.E.2d 135 (1976). See also State v. Williams,
8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 95748, 2011-Ohio-5385, ¶ 32, citing Feterle v. Huettner, 28
Ohio St.2d 54, 275 N.E.2d 340 (1971), at syllabus (“In reviewing a record to ascertain
the presence of sufficient evidence to support the giving of an * * * instruction, an
appellate court should determine whether the record contains evidence from which
reasonable minds might reach the conclusion sought by the instruction.”).
I would find that the trial court properly instructed the jury. As
recognized by the majority, M.B. testified that George lifted her onto his lap in the
dining room and later bent her over the toilet before having sex with her. She further
testified that she considered George to be an authority figure. Notwithstanding the
fact that George was M.B.’s former stepfather, M.B. still regarded him as a father
figure. M.B. testified that she regarded George “as a stepfather” and she called him
dad. The state introduced evidence that M.B., who was an adult at the time of the
incident, believed that George might use physical force against her. M.B. testified
that she was so scared during her encounter with George in the dining room when
he touched her breasts and pulled her to sit on his lap that she urinated on herself.
When George gave her his phone and went to get a towel she said that she did not
call the police because she felt “like anything could have happened before the police
got there, and he would have seen the calls on his phone.” M.B. further testified that
she could not say no “[b]ecause [she] was scared.” She described herself as going
“into panic mode” and as being “in shock that someone that I call my dad wanted to
have sexual intercourse with me.” This evidence meets the force element required
for rape and GSI.
In my opinion, under the totality of the circumstances, the trial court
correctly instructed the jury on the element of force. The instruction correctly states
the applicable law, and the record contains evidence supporting the use of the
alternative definition of force. See State v. Dew, 7th Dist. Mahoning No. 08 MA 62,
2009-Ohio-6537, ¶ 113 (finding that a trial court did not abuse its discretion in giving
a jury instruction when “the court properly stated the law * * * that where the
defendant holds some position of authority over the victim, the force may be more
subtle or psychological in nature. Further, the court properly instructed the jury that
to find force, it must find that the victim’s will was overcome by fear or duress.”).
Accordingly, I respectfully concur in part and dissent in part.