State v. McCoy , 2024 Ohio 98 ( 2024 )

[Cite as State v. McCoy, 2024-Ohio-98.]
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF OHIO
SECOND APPELLATE DISTRICT
CHAMPAIGN COUNTY
STATE OF OHIO :
:
Appellee : C.A. No. 2023-CA-11
:
v. : Trial Court Case No. 2022 CR 161
:
MITCHELL EDWARD MCCOY : (Criminal Appeal from Common Pleas
: Court)
Appellant :
:
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OPINION
Rendered on January 12, 2024
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AMY E. BAILEY, Attorney for Appellant
JANE A. NAPIER, Attorney for Appellee
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WELBAUM, P.J.
{¶ 1} Appellant, Mitchell Edward McCoy, appeals from his conviction in the
Champaign County Court of Common Pleas after he pled guilty to one count of
aggravated possession of drugs. In support of his appeal, McCoy contends that the trial
court erred by denying his motion for a competency evaluation. McCoy also challenges
the indefinite six-to-nine-year prison term imposed by the trial court. For the reasons
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outlined below, the judgment of the trial court will be affirmed.
Facts and Course of Proceedings
{¶ 2} On August 1, 2022, a Champaign County grand jury returned an indictment
charging McCoy with one second-degree-felony count of aggravated possession of drugs
and one second-degree-felony count of aggravated trafficking in drugs. The charges
arose after an Urbana police officer observed McCoy passed out in the driver’s seat of
his vehicle while the vehicle was running and parked next to a gas pump at a local
Speedway. It was alleged that, after awaking McCoy, the officer conducted a pat-down
search and found multiple plastic baggies of methamphetamine in the pockets of McCoy’s
pants.
{¶ 3} As part of a negotiated plea agreement, McCoy pled guilty to the charge for
aggravated possession of drugs. McCoy also agreed to forfeit the baggies associated
with the offense and to pay court costs and court-appointed counsel fees. In exchange
for McCoy’s guilty plea, the State dismissed the charge for aggravated trafficking in drugs
and recommended that the trial court sentence McCoy to an indefinite term of five to
seven-and-a-half years in prison. The parties also jointly agreed to waive a presentence
investigation (“PSI”) for sentencing.
{¶ 4} On January 12, 2023, the trial court held a plea hearing and accepted
McCoy’s guilty plea to aggravated possession of drugs. Despite the parties’ joint
agreement to waive a PSI, the trial court decided that a PSI was warranted and ordered
one for sentencing. Two weeks later, the trial court received a hand-written letter from
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McCoy requesting to withdraw his guilty plea. In the letter, McCoy advised the trial court
that he intended to fire his public defender and hire new defense counsel.
{¶ 5} The trial court treated McCoy’s letter as a pro se motion to withdraw guilty
plea and scheduled a hearing on the motion. Shortly thereafter, McCoy’s newly retained
defense counsel filed a notice of substitution of counsel, a Crim.R. 32.1 motion to
withdraw guilty plea, and a motion for a competency evaluation. In the motion for a
competency evaluation, McCoy’s counsel claimed that testing was necessary to
determine whether McCoy was competent to stand trial.
{¶ 6} On February 9, 2023, the trial court held a hearing on the substitution of
counsel, the motion to withdraw guilty plea, and the motion for a competency hearing.
During the hearing, the trial court granted the substitution of counsel but required McCoy’s
public defender to remain present at the hearing. Thereafter, the trial court addressed
McCoy’s motion for a competency hearing, which it denied. The trial court did not issue
a ruling on McCoy’s motion to withdraw guilty plea because McCoy’s counsel orally
moved to withdraw the motion. McCoy’s new counsel also orally moved to withdraw his
representation of McCoy and to have McCoy’s public defender reappointed to the case.
The trial court granted both oral motions after it confirmed that McCoy and his public
defender agreed with what had been requested in the motions.
{¶ 7} After ruling on all the aforementioned motions, and after reappointing
McCoy’s public defender, the trial court held a sentencing hearing on February 15, 2023.
During the sentencing hearing, the trial court sentenced McCoy to serve a mandatory
indefinite prison sentence that consisted of a minimum term of six years in prison to a
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maximum term of nine years in prison. The trial court also imposed a $2,000 fine and
court costs. McCoy now appeals from his conviction, raising two assignments of error
for review.
First Assignment of Error
{¶ 8} Under his first assignment of error, McCoy contends that the trial court
abused its discretion by denying his motion for a competency evaluation. We disagree.
{¶ 9} “ ‘It has long been recognized that “a person [who] lacks the capacity to
understand the nature and object of the proceedings against him, to consult with counsel,
and to assist in preparing his defense may not be subjected to a trial.” ’ ” State v. Hough,
169 Ohio St.3d 769, 2022-Ohio-4436, 207 N.E.3d 788, ¶ 21, quoting State v. Smith, 89
Ohio St.3d 323, 329, 731 N.E.2d 645 (2000), quoting Drope v. Missouri, 420 U.S. 162,
171, 95 S.Ct. 896, 43 L.Ed.2d 103 (1975). “ ‘Fundamental principles of due process
require that a criminal defendant who is legally incompetent may not be tried.’ ” Id.,quoting State v. Thomas, 97 Ohio St.3d 309, 2002-Ohio-6624, 779 N.E.2d 1017, ¶ 36.
“Whether a defendant is competent depends on whether he ‘ “has sufficient present ability
to consult with his lawyer with a reasonable degree of rational understanding—and
whether he has a rational as well as factual understanding of the proceedings against
him.” ’ ” Id., quoting State v. Were, 118 Ohio St.3d 448, 2008-Ohio-2762, 890 N.E.2d
263, ¶ 45, quoting Dusky v. United States, 362 U.S. 402, 80 S.Ct. 788, 4 L.Ed.2d 824(1960).
{¶ 10} The trial court is required to hold a hearing on the issue of a defendant’s
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competence to stand trial if the issue is raised before the trial has commenced. Id. at
¶ 23-24; R.C. 2945.37(B). “If, after a hearing, the court finds by a preponderance of the
evidence that, because of the defendant’s present mental condition, the defendant is
incapable of understanding the nature and objective of the proceedings against the
defendant or of assisting in the defendant’s defense, the court shall find the defendant
incompetent to stand trial[.]” R.C. 2945.37(G). Otherwise, a defendant is presumed to
be competent to stand trial. Id.
{¶ 11} “If the issue of a defendant’s competence to stand trial is raised * * *, the
court may order one or more evaluations of the defendant’s present mental condition[.]”
(Emphasis added.) R.C. 2945.371(A). “ ‘No competency evaluation, therefore, is
required * * * every time that the issue of a defendant’s mental condition is raised.’ ” State
v. Stahl, 2d Dist. Greene No. 2004-CA-69, 2005-Ohio-2239, ¶ 19, quoting State v. Dye,
5th Dist. Licking No. 99-CA-2, 1999 WL 770619, *2 (Sept. 2, 1999). “ ‘Rather, “the
wording of [R.C. 2945.371(A)] implies that the ordering of an examination is a matter
within the discretion of the trial court.” ’ ” Id., quoting Dye at *2, quoting State v. Bailey,
90 Ohio App.3d 58, 67, 627 N.E.2d 1078 (11th Dist.1992). Accord State v. Curry, 2d
Dist. Greene No. 2012-CA-50, 2014-Ohio-3836, ¶ 40. “The prosecutor and defense
counsel may submit evidence on the issue of the defendant’s competence to stand trial.”
R.C. 2945.37(E). However, “ ‘[t]he burden is on the defendant to submit enough
evidence to put the question [of competency] at issue.’ ” Curry at ¶ 40, quoting State v.
Carson, 2d Dist. Greene No. 2002-CA-73, 2003-Ohio-5958, ¶ 30. (Other citation
omitted.)
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{¶ 12} “We review a trial court’s decision regarding competency evaluations for an
abuse of discretion.” State v. Farra, 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 28950, 2022-Ohio-1421,
¶ 25, citing Curry at ¶ 40. “A trial court abuses its discretion when it makes a decision
that is unreasonable, unconscionable, or arbitrary.” (Citation omitted.) State v.
Darmond, 135 Ohio St.3d 343, 2013-Ohio-966, 986 N.E.2d 971, ¶ 34. “ ‘A trial court’s
finding that a defendant is competent to stand trial will not be disturbed where there is
some reliable and credible evidence supporting that finding.’ ” Farra at ¶ 25, citing State
v. Neyland, 139 Ohio St.3d 353, 2014-Ohio-1914, 12 N.E.3d 1112, ¶ 33.
{¶ 13} In this case, the record establishes that the trial court held a hearing on
McCoy’s motion for a competency evaluation. McCoy, however, did not file a transcript
of the hearing with this court, as required by App.R. 9(B). Nor did McCoy file a statement
of the evidence or proceedings as permitted by App.R. 9(C) and (D). The only
information in the record regarding the hearing is contained in the trial court’s February
10, 2023 journal entry denying McCoy’s motion for a competency evaluation.
{¶ 14} The journal entry indicates that, during the hearing, McCoy’s counsel
advised the trial court that the motion for a competency evaluation was based on McCoy’s
initial reluctance to enter a negotiated guilty plea and the fact that McCoy had attempted
suicide and been hospitalized after entering his guilty plea. McCoy’s counsel argued that
these events raised the issue of whether McCoy understood what he was doing when he
entered his guilty plea and whether his present mental condition impacted his ability to
assist in his defense. The State, on the other hand, opposed McCoy’s request for a
mental competency evaluation and argued that McCoy’s actions during the case
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demonstrated his competence to stand trial.
{¶ 15} After hearing counsels’ arguments, the trial court recounted in great detail
its past experiences with McCoy while presiding over McCoy’s cases in Champaign
County, i.e., Case Nos. 2018 CR 196, 2020 CR 044, and 2022 CR 161. For example,
the trial court noted that McCoy had previously been involved in two separate pleas of
guilt, five separate admissions to community control violations, and six pro se motions for
judicial release. The trial court also noted that McCoy had filed six pro se motions that
involved a request for a payment plan, a request for paternity testing, a request for a bond
hearing, a request to withdraw a guilty plea, and a request to address his pending cases
in Champaign and Clark Counties due to his concern about sharing a defense counsel
with his co-defendant. The trial court further noted that it had received multiple letters
from McCoy’s mother, grandmother, and girlfriend, and multiple reports from treatment
agencies.
{¶ 16} In addition to that information, the trial court stated that it had considered
transcripts of recorded jail telephone calls between McCoy and his co-defendant that
were presented during McCoy’s bond review hearing on September 13, 2022. The trial
court found that the transcripts established that McCoy had made several statements on
the calls demonstrating his understanding of his culpability for the aggravated possession
of drugs offense as well as his understanding of certain legal concepts. For example,
while McCoy was discussing the methamphetamine that was discovered on his person,
the trial court found that McCoy had said: “I’ll take claim to some of that because some of
that was mine.” Journal Entry (Feb. 10, 2023), p. 5. The trial court also found that
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McCoy had asked his co-defendant: “Why hasn’t your attorney filed for a motion for
demand of discovery? You need to sit down and you need to spend your time in that.”
Id.{¶ 17} The trial court also stated that it had considered the fact that McCoy’s first
felony offense had involved a similar circumstance in which McCoy had attempted self-
harm after he tested positive for drugs while on municipal court probation. In addition,
the trial court stated that it had considered McCoy’s past failures at completing
rehabilitative programming for his mental health and substance abuse issues, his past
violent and anti-social behavior, and his noncompliance with court sanctions.
{¶ 18} In light of all the aforementioned considerations, the trial court concluded
that, despite McCoy’s current mental health issues, McCoy was “capable of
understanding the nature and objective of the proceedings against him and of assisting
in [his] defense and [was] therefore presently competent to stand trial.” Id., p. 6.
{¶ 19} Absent a transcript of the hearing, “we cannot speculate what the testimony
was at [the hearing], and we are constrained to presume the regularity of the proceedings
below unless the limited record for our review affirmatively demonstrates error.” Albritton
v. White, 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 24027, 2011-Ohio-3499, ¶ 15, citing Banks v. Regan,
2d Dist. Montgomery No. 21929, 2008-Ohio-188, ¶ 2. (Other citation omitted.) See also
Knapp v. Edwards Laboratories, 61 Ohio St.2d 197, 400 N.E.2d 384 (1980) (when
portions of the transcript necessary to resolve assigned errors are not part of the record
on appeal, we must presume the validity of the lower court’s proceedings and affirm).
{¶ 20} Based on the limited record that is available, we find that the trial court’s
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decision denying McCoy’s motion for a competency evaluation was not arbitrary,
unreasonable, or unconscionable. The record establishes that McCoy’s motion was
based on his mental health condition. “The [Supreme Court of Ohio] has made clear that
‘[i]ncompetency must not be equated with mere mental or emotional instability or even
with outright insanity.’ ” State v. Williams, 2d Dist. Greene No. 2022-CA-55, 2023-Ohio-
965, ¶ 23, quoting State v. Bock, 28 Ohio St.3d 108, 110, 502 N.E.2d 1016 (1986). This
is because “ ‘[a] defendant may be emotionally disturbed or even psychotic and still be
capable of understanding the charges against him and of assisting his counsel.’ ” Id.{¶ 21} Moreover, in its journal entry, the trial court recounted its prior interactions
with McCoy and provided extensive reasoning as to why it believed McCoy was
competent to stand trial. Given the lack of a hearing transcript and the lack of evidence
showing that McCoy was incapable of understanding the nature and objective of the
proceedings against him or that he was incapable of assisting in his defense, we presume
that the trial court’s reasoning was valid. Accordingly, we do not find that the trial court
abused its discretion when it denied McCoy’s motion for a competency evaluation.
{¶ 22} McCoy’s first assignment of error is overruled.
Second Assignment of Error
{¶ 23} Under his second assignment of error, McCoy contends that the indefinite
six-to-nine-year prison term imposed by the trial court was an abuse of discretion.
Specifically, McCoy claims that the trial court did not properly consider the principles and
purposes of felony sentencing outlined in R.C. 2929.11 or the seriousness and recidivism
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factors outlined in R.C. 2929.12. We again disagree.
{¶ 24} As a preliminary matter, we note that McCoy incorrectly asserts that an
abuse of discretion standard of review applies to the appellate review of felony sentences.
It is well established that when reviewing felony sentences, this court must apply the
standard of review set forth in R.C. 2953.08(G)(2). State v. Marcum, 146 Ohio St.3d
516, 2016-Ohio-1002, 59 N.E.3d 1231, ¶ 7. Under that statute, an appellate court may
increase, reduce, or modify a sentence, or it may vacate the sentence and remand for
resentencing, only if it clearly and convincingly finds either: (1) the record does not support
the sentencing court’s findings under certain enumerated statutes, or (2) the sentence is
otherwise contrary to law. Id. at ¶ 9, citing R.C. 2953.08(G)(2).
{¶ 25} In this case, the trial court was not required to make findings under the
statutes enumerated in R.C. 2953.08(G)(2); accordingly, we must simply consider
whether McCoy’s sentence is otherwise contrary to law. “ ‘[O]therwise contrary to law’
means “in violation of statute or legal regulations at a given time.” ’ ” State v. Bryant, 168
Ohio St.3d 250, 2022-Ohio-1878, 198 N.E.3d 68, ¶ 22, quoting State v. Jones, 163 Ohio
St.3d 242, 2020-Ohio-6729, 169 N.E.3d 649, ¶ 34, quoting Black’s Law Dictionary 328
(6th Ed.1990). This court has also defined “contrary to law” as “ ‘a sentencing decision
[that] manifestly ignores an issue or factor which a statute requires a court to consider.’ ”
State v. Morgan, 2d Dist. Miami No. 2023-CA-10, 2023-Ohio-3913, ¶ 7, quoting State v.
Lofton, 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 19852, 2004-Ohio-169, ¶ 11. For example, “ ‘[a]
sentence is contrary to law when it does not fall within the statutory range for the offense
or if the trial court fails to consider the purposes and principles of felony sentencing set
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forth in R.C. 2929.11 and the sentencing factors set forth in R.C. 2929.12.’ ” Id., quoting
State v. Brown, 2017-Ohio-8416, 99 N.E.3d 1135, ¶ 74 (2d Dist.). (Other citation omitted.)
{¶ 26} “The trial court has full discretion to impose any sentence within the
authorized statutory range, and the court is not required to make any findings or give its
reasons for imposing maximum or more than minimum sentences.” (Citation omitted.)
State v. King, 2013-Ohio-2021, 992 N.E.2d 491, ¶ 45 (2d Dist.). Although the trial court
must consider R.C. 2929.11 and 2929.12, neither statute requires a trial court to make
any specific factual findings on the record. Jones at ¶ 20, citing State v. Wilson, 129
Ohio St.3d 214, 2011-Ohio-2669, 951 N.E.2d 381, ¶ 31 and State v. Arnett, 88 Ohio St.3d
208, 215, 724 N.E.2d 793 (2000). “It is enough that the record demonstrates that the
trial court considered R.C. 2929.11 and R.C. 2929.12 prior to imposing its sentence.”
State v. Trent, 2d Dist. Clark No. 2020-CA-61, 2021-Ohio-3698, ¶ 15.
{¶ 27} In addition, the Supreme Court of Ohio has explained that R.C.
2953.08(G)(2)(b) “does not provide a basis for an appellate court to modify or vacate a
sentence based on its view that the sentence is not supported by the record under R.C.
2929.11 and 2929.12.” Jones at ¶ 39. This is because “[n]othing in R.C. 2953.08(G)(2)
permits an appellate court to independently weigh the evidence in the record and
substitute its judgment for that of the trial court concerning the sentence that best reflects
compliance with R.C. 2929.11 and 2929.12.” Id. at ¶ 42. Therefore, when reviewing
felony sentences that are imposed solely after considering the factors in R.C. 2929.11
and 2929.12, this court does not analyze whether those sentences are unsupported by
the record, but only whether they are contrary to law. State v. Dorsey, 2d Dist.
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Montgomery No. 28747, 2021-Ohio-76, ¶ 18.
{¶ 28} Here, the record of the sentencing hearing and the corresponding judgment
entry establish that the trial court considered the criteria in R.C. 2929.11 and R.C. 2929.12
when sentencing McCoy. See Sentencing Hearing Tr. (Feb. 15, 2023), p. 45 and
Judgment Entry (Feb. 15, 2023), p. 3-13. The record also establishes that the prison
term imposed by the trial court is within the authorized statutory range for second-degree
felonies as set forth in R.C. 2929.14(A)(2)(a). That statute permits the trial court to
impose an indefinite prison term with a stated minimum term of two, three, four, five, six,
seven or eight years, and a maximum term that is equal to the minimum term plus 50%
of the minimum term. See R.C. 2929.144(B)(1). Because McCoy’s indefinite six-to-
nine-year prison term falls within that range and is not otherwise contrary to law, there is
no basis on which to modify or vacate McCoy’s sentence.
{¶ 29} McCoy’s second assignment of error is overruled.
Conclusion
{¶ 30} Having overruled both of McCoy’s assignments of error, the judgment of the
trial court is affirmed.
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TUCKER, J. and HUFFMAN, J., concur.