Marzan v. Univ. of Cincinnati , 2024 Ohio 4702 ( 2024 )

[Cite as Marzan v. Univ. of Cincinnati, 2024-Ohio-4702.]
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF OHIO
TENTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
Angel Marzan, :
Plaintiff-Appellant, : No. 24AP-203
(Ct. of Cl. No. 2023-00533JD)
v. :
(ACCELERATED CALENDAR)
University of Cincinnati et al., :
Defendants-Appellees. :
D E C I S I O N
Rendered on September 26, 2024
On brief: Stepleton Law LLC, and Richard P. Gabelman, for
appellant.
On brief: Dave Yost, Attorney General, Lauren D. Emery,
and Lindsey M. Grant, for appellees.
APPEAL from the Court of Claims of Ohio
LUPER SCHUSTER, J.
{¶ 1} Plaintiff-appellant, Angel Marzan, appeals from a judgment of the Court of
Claims of Ohio granting summary judgment in favor of defendant-appellee, University of
Cincinnati (“UC”). For the following reasons, we affirm.
I. Facts and Procedural History
{¶ 2} On September 18, 2019, Marzan tripped and fell on an allegedly hazardous
walkway as he walked to his on-campus job with UC. In August 2023, Marzan initiated this
action against UC, alleging his fall, and the resulting injury he sustained, were due to UC’s
negligence. In December 2023, UC filed a motion for summary judgment, which the Court
of Claims granted.
{¶ 3} Marzan timely appeals.
Nos. 24AP-203 2
II. Assignment of Error
{¶ 4} Marzan assigns the following sole assignment of error for our review:
The trial court erred in granting defendant’s Motion for
Summary Judgment.
III. Discussion
{¶ 5} In his sole assignment of error, Marzan contends the Court of Claims erred
in granting summary judgment in favor of UC on his negligence claim. This assignment of
error is not well-taken.
{¶ 6} “An appellate court reviews summary judgment under a de novo standard.”
Estate of Sample v. Xenos Christian Fellowship, Inc., 10th Dist. No. 20AP-563, 2021-Ohio-
3898, ¶ 9. Summary judgment is appropriate only when the moving party demonstrates:
(1) no genuine issue of material fact exists, (2) the moving party is entitled to judgment as
a matter of law, and (3) reasonable minds could come to but one conclusion and that
conclusion is adverse to the party against whom the motion for summary judgment is made,
that party being entitled to have the evidence most strongly construed in its favor. Civ.R.
56(C); State ex rel. Grady v. State Emp. Relations Bd., 78 Ohio St.3d 181, 183 (1997). The
court reviewing the motion only may consider “the pleadings, depositions, answers to
interrogatories, written admissions, affidavits, transcripts of evidence, and written
stipulations of fact, if any, timely filed in the action.” Civ.R. 56(C).
{¶ 7} Pursuant to Civ.R. 56(C), the moving party bears the initial burden of
informing the trial court of the basis for the motion and identifying those portions of the
record demonstrating the absence of a genuine issue of material fact. Dresher v. Burt, 75
Ohio St.3d 280, 293 (1996). However, the moving party cannot discharge its initial burden
under this rule with a conclusory assertion that the non-moving party has no evidence to
prove its case; the moving party must specifically point to evidence of the type listed in
Civ.R. 56(C) affirmatively demonstrating that the non-moving party has no evidence to
support the non-moving party’s claims. Id.; Vahila v. Hall, 77 Ohio St.3d 421, 429 (1997).
Once the moving party discharges its initial burden, summary judgment is appropriate if
the non-moving party does not respond, by affidavit or as otherwise provided in Civ.R. 56,
with specific facts showing that a genuine issue exists for trial. Dresher at 293; Vahila at
430; Civ.R. 56(E).
{¶ 8} Marzan sued UC for negligence because he tripped and fell on a walkway as
he approached a UC campus building where he worked as an hourly employee. The Court
Nos. 24AP-203 3
of Claims concluded Marzan’s negligence claim failed as a matter of law on two independent
bases: UC is immune from liability pursuant to R.C. 4123.74 because the fall occurred
within the “zone of employment,” and even if not immune pursuant to that statute, the open
and obvious doctrine bars Marzan’s claim. (Feb. 23, 2024 Entry Granting Def.’s Mot. for
Summ. Jgmt. at 4-5.) In this appeal, Marzan argues UC is not statutorily immune from
liability because he was not working when he tripped and fell, and the open and obvious
doctrine is inapplicable because there were attendant circumstances distracting him.
{¶ 9} We first address UC’s statutory immunity defense. Pursuant to R.C. 4123.74,
complying employers—employers who either pay their workers’ compensation premiums
or are self-insured—are not “liable to respond in damages at common law or by statute for
any injury * * * received or contracted by any employee in the course of or arising out of his
employment.” Marzan acknowledges UC was a complying employer at the time of his fall.
Thus, the dispute as to UC’s statutory immunity centers on whether Marzan’s alleged injury
occurred “in the course of or arising out of his employment.”1 (Appellee’s Brief at 9.)
{¶ 10} When he fell, Marzan was on his way to work as a fixed-situs UC employee.
“As a general rule, an employee with a fixed place of employment, who is injured while
traveling to or from his place of employment, is not entitled to participate in the Workers’
Compensation Fund because the requisite causal connection between the injury and the
employment does not exist.” MTD Prods., Inc. v. Robatin, 61 Ohio St.3d 66 (1991),
syllabus. This rule, often referred to as the “coming-and-going” rule, has the following
exceptions: “(1) the injury occurs within the ‘zone of employment;’ (2) the employment
creates a ‘special hazard;’ (3) there is a causal connection between the employee’s injury
and employment based on the ‘totality of the circumstances’ surrounding the accident; and
(4) the injury occurred while the employee was on a special mission, errand, service or task
for the employer.” Cunningham v. Bone Dry Waterproofing, Inc., 10th Dist. No. 15AP-
587, 2016-Ohio-3341 ¶ 16; Bralley v. Daugherty, 61 Ohio St.2d 302, 303 (1980). When the
essential facts are undisputed, the applicability of the exceptions to the coming-and-going
1 Although the case at bar involves the issue of an employer’s immunity pursuant to R.C. 4123.74, and not an
employee’s right to participate in the workers’ compensation fund, the right to participate cases are instructive
because they interpret the same issue presented in this case: whether the injury was received in the course of,
and arising out of, the injured employee’s employment. See Friebel v. Visiting Nurse Assn. of Mid-Ohio, 142
Ohio St.3d 425, 2014-Ohio-4531, ¶ 12.
Nos. 24AP-203 4
rule present questions of law. Mangan v. Texas Roadhouse Mgt. Corp., 10th Dist. No.
20AP-42, 2021-Ohio-2201, ¶ 18.
{¶ 11} The coming-and-going rule exception the Court of Claims found to apply in
this case—the “ ‘zone of employment’ ” exception—has been defined as “ ‘the place of
employment and the area thereabout, including the means of ingress thereto and egress
therefrom, under control of the employer.’ ” Cunningham at ¶ 17, quoting Merz v. Indus.
Comm. of Ohio, 134 Ohio St. 36, 39 (1938). This zone “is not a fixed area, rather, its relative
limits or expansion must be determined from the logical and close association of the
surrounding area to the premises of employment, together with the particular
circumstances and hazards existing in relation thereto.” (Quotations and citations
omitted.) Id.{¶ 12} “The zone of employment has been extended beyond the employer’s
immediate premises in a number of situations, most of which involve parking lots over
which the employer has some control, and it has also been extended to the public road
providing access to the employer’s premises.” Lemming v. Univ. of Cincinnati, 41 Ohio
App.3d 194, 195 (1st Dist.1987). For example, as to an injury occurring in a parking lot
adjacent to a work situs, the Supreme Court of Ohio has held: “An employee who, on his
way from the fixed situs of his duties after the close of his work day, is injured in a collision
of his automobile and that of a fellow employee occurring in a parking lot located adjacent
to such situs of duty and owned, maintained and controlled by his employer for the
exclusive use of its employees, receives such injury ‘in the course of, and arising out of’ his
employment, within the meaning of that phrase in the Work[ers’] Compensation Act,
Section 4123.01(C), Revised Code.” Marlow v. Goodyear Tire & Rubber Co., 10 Ohio St.2d
18 (1967), syllabus. Further, in Griffin v. Hydra-Matic Div., Gen. Motors Corp., 39 Ohio
St.3d 79 (1988), the employee “had completed her employment for the day” and “slipped
and fell on a wet or icy spot” while “traversing a driveway between the plant of appellant
and its parking lot.” Id. at 79. The court held that “an injury sustained by an employee
upon the premises of her employer is compensable pursuant to R.C. Chapter 4123
irrespective of the presence or absence of a special hazard thereon which is distinctive in
nature or quantitatively greater than hazards encountered by the public at large.” Id. at 82.
{¶ 13} In challenging UC’s immunity claim, Marzan reasons that, even though he
was within a few steps of entering the building where he worked when he tripped and fell,
Nos. 24AP-203 5
he was not within the “zone of employment” because he had not yet arrived at his
workstation to begin work. But application of the zone of employment exception is not
dependent on whether the employee is actively engaged in his employment duties, or
“clocked in,” at the time of injury. Hicks v. Safelite Group, Inc., 10th Dist. No. 20AP-136,
2021-Ohio-3044, ¶ 16, citing Ruckman v. Cubby Drilling, Inc., 81 Ohio St.3d 117, 120
(1998); see Taylor v. Meijer, Inc., 182 Ohio App.3d 23, 2009-Ohio-1966, ¶ 19 (2d Dist.).
Thus, the fact that Marzan was not clocked in and working when he tripped and fell is
ultimately inconsequential to the zone of employment analysis.
{¶ 14} The undisputed facts demonstrate Marzan was within the “zone of
employment” when he tripped and fell. Marzan tripped and fell on a UC owned and
controlled walkway near the entrance to the UC campus building where he worked. Marzan
testified that he was on the walkway “a few feet away” from the building’s front doors, and
“about to walk in,” when he tripped and fell. (Dep. at 33.) This area of ingress and egress
to the building, under UC’s control, reasonably only can be viewed as within the zone of
employment. See Cunningham and Merz. Therefore, there was no genuine factual dispute
that Marzan’s fall occurred in the course of, and arising out of, his employment with UC.
{¶ 15} Because reasonable minds could only conclude Marzan’s fall occurred in the
course of, and arising out of, his employment with UC, and because UC was a complying
employer in the Ohio Workers’ Compensation program, we find the Court of Claims
correctly concluded UC is immune from liability under R.C. 4123.74. Considering this
statutory immunity independently bars Marzan’s negligence claim, we decline to address
the Court of Claims’ application of the open and obvious doctrine as an alternative basis for
finding in favor of UC.
{¶ 16} For these reasons, we overrule Marzan’s sole assignment of error.
IV. Disposition
{¶ 17} Having overruled Marzan’s sole assignment of error, we affirm the judgment
of the Court of Claims of Ohio.
Judgment affirmed.
JAMISON and EDELSTEIN, JJ., concur.
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