Certification of Peace Corps Response Volunteers
for Noncompetitive Eligibility for Federal
Employment Under Executive Order 11103
Under Executive Order 11103, which describes a “full term of service” as “approximately
two years” for purposes of noncompetitive eligibility for federal employment, the Di-
rector of the Peace Corps may not issue certificates of satisfactory service to volun-
teers in the Peace Corps Response program (“PCRVs”) who serve between three and
twelve months.
The Director may not issue certificates of satisfactory service to PCRVs under the
exception in Executive Order 11103 for those who do not complete a full term “due to
circumstances beyond their control.”
January 9, 2013
MEMORANDUM OPINION FOR THE GENERAL COUNSEL
PEACE CORPS
In Executive Order 11103, the President authorized the Director of the
Peace Corps (“Director”) to issue certificates of satisfactory service to
returning Peace Corps volunteers. These certificates provide volunteers
with one year of noncompetitive eligibility for civil service appointments
in the Executive Branch. See Exec. Order No. 11103, 3 C.F.R. 173 (1963
Supp.) (“Order”); 5 U.S.C. § 3301 (2006) (“The President may . . . pre-
scribe . . . regulations for the admission of individuals into the civil ser-
vice[.]”); id. § 3302 (“The President may prescribe rules governing the
competitive service.”). The Order provides that only those volunteers
“who have completed a full term of service (approximately two years)”
are eligible for these certificates, but also allows the Director to issue
certificates to volunteers who complete “a lesser period of satisfactory
service if, in the judgment of the Director . . . their service was of suffi-
cient duration to demonstrate their capability to complete satisfactorily a
full term, and . . . their failure to complete a full term was due to circum-
stances beyond their control.” Order § 3.
You asked whether the Director may issue certificates of satisfactory
service not only to traditional Peace Corps volunteers, who serve terms of
approximately 27 months, but also to volunteers in the Peace Corps Re-
sponse program, a program in which volunteers complete shorter terms,
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37 Op. O.L.C. 1 (2013)
typically between three and twelve months. 1 Specifically, you asked
whether Peace Corps Response Volunteers (“PCRVs”) complete the
required “full term of service” under the Order by fulfilling a three-to-
twelve-month service obligation, notwithstanding the parenthetical in the
Order describing a “full term of service” as “approximately two years.”
Id. If not, you requested that we also consider whether the Director could
issue certificates to PCRVs based on the Order’s exception for those who
do not complete a full term “due to circumstances beyond their control.”
Id. We conclude that, under the terms of the Executive Order, the Director
may not issue certificates to PCRVs under either the full term of service
requirement or the circumstances beyond their control exception.
I.
The Peace Corps Response program began in 1996 as a short-term vol-
unteer program for those who had previously served as traditional Peace
Corps volunteers. Peace Corps Letter at 2. The Peace Corps has since
opened the program to qualified individuals with no prior Peace Corps
experience, but the other features of the program have remained the same.
Id. PCRVs complete assignments that are more specialized than those
given to traditional volunteers. Their assignments “can be as short as three
months and generally do not exceed 12 months.”
Id. at 2. Aside from
the shorter length of service and specialized work assignments, however,
both the terms of PCRVs’ service and the benefits they receive are com-
parable to those of traditional volunteers. The only benefit that traditional
volunteers currently receive that PCRVs do not is the certificate of satis-
factory service for noncompetitive eligibility issued by the Director under
Executive Order 11103.
Executive Order 11103 states that “the head of any agency in the Exec-
utive Branch may appoint in the competitive service” (and, if the agency
1 See Memorandum for Virginia Seitz, Assistant Attorney General, Office of Legal
Counsel, from Bill Rubin, General Counsel, Peace Corps (June 19, 2012) (“Peace Corps
Letter”). We also received the views of the Office of Personnel Management (“OPM”)
regarding the issues addressed in this opinion. See Memorandum for John E. Bies, Deputy
Assistant Attorney General, Office of Legal Counsel, from Elaine Kaplan, General
Counsel, Office of Personnel Management (Oct. 16, 2012) (“OPM Letter”).
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Certification of Peace Corps Response Volunteers for Noncompetitive Eligibility
has “an established merit system in the excepted service,” may appoint in
the excepted service) “any person who is certified by the Director of the
Peace Corps as having served satisfactorily as a Volunteer or Volunteer
Leader under the Peace Corps Act” and who passes whatever examination
is prescribed. Order §§ 1, 2. For “a period of one year after” certified
volunteers complete their service (subject to extension under certain
conditions), id. § 4, they are eligible to attain employment in the Execu-
tive Branch “outside of the competitive examining process,” OPM Letter
at 3. This certification provides recipient volunteers a “significant” ad-
vantage in the federal hiring process. Id.
Section 3 of the Order defines persons whom the Director may certify
for a noncompetitive appointment:
Certificates of satisfactory service for the purposes of this Order
shall be issued only to persons who have completed a full term of
service (approximately two years) under the Peace Corps Act: Pro-
vided, That such certificates may be issued to persons who have
completed a lesser period of satisfactory service if, in the judgment
of the Director of the Peace Corps, (1) their service was of sufficient
duration to demonstrate their capability to complete satisfactorily a
full term, and (2) their failure to complete a full term was due to cir-
cumstances beyond their control.
Order § 3.
II.
The first issue is whether PCRVs qualify for a certificate of satisfactory
service under the Order because they have completed “full term[s] of
service under the Peace Corps Act” by virtue of completing their three-to-
twelve-month assignments as PCRVs, even though PCRVs’ terms are
considerably shorter than the approximately 27-month terms served by
traditional Peace Corps volunteers. 2 Based on both the text and the con-
2 OPM concluded that PCRVs cannot receive certificates of satisfactory service based
in part on its view that PCRVs are not “volunteers” as the term is used in the Order. OPM
Letter at 2. You responded that the Peace Corps considers PCRVs “volunteers” under the
Peace Corps Act and noted that “the Executive Order . . . [does not] distinguish[] between
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37 Op. O.L.C. 1 (2013)
text of Executive Order 11103, we conclude that the Peace Corps Re-
sponse program’s three-to-twelve-month term does not qualify as a “full
term of service” as the Order uses that phrase.
To begin with, the text of the Order indicates that the President ex-
pected that volunteers receiving noncompetitive eligibility would have
completed terms of service more substantial than the three-to-twelve-
month assignments PCRVs typically receive. The parenthetical immedi-
ately following the full term of service requirement states that a full term
runs “approximately two years.” Order § 3. We recognize, as you sug-
gest, that this language could be read as either prescriptive (requiring that
a full term of service be approximately two years) or descriptive (noting
that the average term of service for a volunteer at the time of the Order
was approximately two years). See Peace Corps Letter at 2. But we do
not think characterizing the parenthetical as descriptive changes the
analysis. Even if the parenthetical simply describes President Kennedy’s
understanding of the length of a full term of service when he signed the
Order, it nonetheless indicates that the President intended to confer
noncompetitive eligibility on those Peace Corps volunteers who serve
approximately two years (or who otherwise qualify through the circum-
stances beyond their control exception). In light of this parenthetical, it is
unclear that the President would have extended noncompetitive eligibility
to PCRVs had that short-term program existed in 1963. We believe that a
“full term of service” under the Order is best read to mean approximately
two years of service.
The context of the issuance of the Order provides considerable support
for this interpretation. When President Kennedy signed the Order, he
would have understood a full term of service to run approximately two
years. Before the Peace Corps was established, a report prepared for the
President described the proposed volunteer program as having a “usual
length of service . . . [of ] at least one year, preferably two, and perhaps
in some cases three or more years.” Sargent Shriver, Report to the Presi-
categories of Volunteers.” E-mail for John E. Bies, Deputy Assistant Attorney General,
Office of Legal Counsel, from Jan Miller, Peace Corps, Re: Response to OPM opinion
(Nov. 26, 2012). Because our analysis does not turn on whether PCRVs are volunteers
within the meaning of the Order, we need not resolve this definitional issue and assume
for purposes of this opinion that PCRVs are “volunteers.”
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Certification of Peace Corps Response Volunteers for Noncompetitive Eligibility
dent on the Peace Corps at 10 (Feb. 22, 1961), http://www.jfklibrary.org
(folder title “Peace Corps: Shriver report and recommendations, February
1961”; digital identifier JFKPOF-085-014-p0037). By the time the Peace
Corps issued its first annual report in July 1962, the idea that volunteers
would serve a two-year term had become reality. The report explains that
when the Peace Corps was first established, “it was decided” that “[v]ol-
unteers would serve for two years, without salary or draft exemption.”
See Peace Corps: 1st Annual Report to Congress for the Fiscal Year
Ended June 30, 1962 at 8 (July 1962), http://www.jfklibrary.org (folder
title “Peace Corps: First annual report, July 1962”; digital identifier
JFKPOF-086-003-p0009). Thus, a two-year term was standard by the
time President Kennedy signed the Order in April 1963.
Background documentation about the Order itself also supports our
conclusion that the President contemplated that a full term of service
under the Order would be approximately two years. When the Director of
the Bureau of the Budget 3 transmitted the proposed Order to the Attor-
ney General for review in March 1963, he described the Order as “per-
mit[ting] the Peace Corps to issue certificates of satisfactory service only
to persons who had completed a full term of 24 months of service,” unless
the exception for circumstances beyond the volunteer’s control applied.
Letter for Robert F. Kennedy, Attorney General, from Arthur B. Focke,
General Counsel, Bureau of the Budget at 2 (Mar. 12, 1963) (emphasis
added). This reflects an understanding within the Kennedy Administration
that noncompetitive eligibility depended on two years of service. We
believe the Order is best interpreted in a manner consistent with its text
and these indications of President Kennedy’s understanding of the Order
at the time he signed it, particularly in light of the President’s authority to
revise this executive order at any time. See Memorandum for Kenneth A.
Lazarus, Associate Counsel to the President, from Antonin Scalia, Assis-
tant Attorney General, Office of Legal Counsel, Re: Applicability of
3 C.F.R. Part 100 to the President and Vice President (Dec. 19, 1974)
(interpreting an executive order in a manner consistent with public state-
3 The Bureau of the Budget was the predecessor agency of the Office of Manage-
ment and Budget. See Reorg. Plan No. 2 of 1970,
35 Fed. Reg. 7959, reprinted in
5 U.S.C. app. 640 (2006).
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37 Op. O.L.C. 1 (2013)
ments President Johnson made at the time of the Order); cf. John R. Sand
& Gravel Co. v. United States,
552 U.S. 130, 139 (2008) (“stare decisis in
respect to statutory interpretation has special force, for Congress remains
free to alter what we have done” (internal quotation marks omitted)).
Finally, we note that this interpretation of the Order would make its
service commitment similar to that required in other Executive Branch
programs that confer noncompetitive eligibility (typically at least a year,
if not more). See, e.g., 5 C.F.R. § 315.607 (2012) (providing that Peace
Corps personnel (not volunteers) may be eligible for a noncompetitive
appointment if they complete “no less than 36 months of continuous
service”); id. § 315.610 (2012) (providing that certain National Guard
technicians may be eligible if they have served “at least 3 years as a
technician”); Exec. Order No. 11219, § 1(c), 3 C.F.R. 127, 127 (1965
Supp.) (providing that present or former career officers or employees of
the Foreign Service may be eligible upon completing “at least one year of
continuous service”); 5 C.F.R. § 315.606 (2012) (same); id. § 315.609(b)
(2012) (providing that career employees of the Panama Canal Commis-
sion may be eligible if they “served continuously for at least 1 year”); id.
§ 315.608 (2012) (providing that certain family members of federal em-
ployees officially assigned to an overseas area may be eligible after their
sponsoring federal employees complete “52 weeks of creditable overseas
service” (except in extraordinary circumstances)).
To be sure, the President has delegated to the Director broad authority
to prescribe the “terms and conditions of the service of volunteers,” see
22 U.S.C. § 2504(a) (2006); see also Exec. Order No. 12137, 3 C.F.R.
389 (1979 Comp.), and nothing in the Peace Corps Act or the Order
would prevent the Director from changing the length of service for both
traditional volunteers and PCRVs. Peace Corps Letter at 1. We do not
think, however, that the Director’s general authority to change the length
of volunteers’ service also includes the authority to modify a presidential
understanding, conveyed by the Order, of the length of service that is
necessary to earn noncompetitive eligibility.
For these reasons, we conclude that that the Order is best read to permit
the Director to confer noncompetitive eligibility only on those volunteers
who complete approximately two years of service or who satisfy the terms
of the circumstances beyond their control exception.
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Certification of Peace Corps Response Volunteers for Noncompetitive Eligibility
III.
You also asked us to consider whether the Director may certify PCRVs
for noncompetitive eligibility based on the exception for volunteers who
complete “a lesser period of satisfactory service,” but who, “in the judg-
ment of the Director of the Peace Corps,” (1) have provided “service . . .
of sufficient duration to demonstrate their capability to complete satisfac-
torily a full term,” and (2) have failed to complete a full term “due to
circumstances beyond their control.” Order § 3.
In our view, this exception should not be read as a general rule that
PCRVs who complete their entire assignments receive noncompetitive
eligibility. The text of the language authorizes the Director to make ex-
ceptions in “circumstances beyond [the] control” of the volunteer, indicat-
ing that this authority is to be used on an individualized basis when unan-
ticipated events require volunteers to truncate service otherwise expected
to last “full terms” of approximately two years. That text does not fit the
circumstances presented here. By agency design, a PCRV’s service lasts
between three and twelve months; and a PCRV’s service does not termi-
nate prematurely based on circumstances beyond his or her control.
Moreover, certifying the entire class of PCRVs for noncompetitive eligi-
bility under this exception would be inconsistent with agency practice.
You have informed us that the Peace Corps has long implemented this
exception on a case-by-case basis, for example, where a changed political
climate makes a volunteer’s assigned country unsafe, where a volunteer
has been a victim of sexual assault, or where some similarly grave, un-
foreseen circumstance arises. This consistent practice comports with the
best reading of this exception. 4 For these reasons, we conclude that the
4 Under the Peace Corps’ established practice, PCRVs also would not satisfy the ex-
ception’s first requirement—that volunteers complete service of “sufficient duration to
demonstrate their capability to complete . . . a full term” as the Order uses that phrase
(i.e., approximately two years). Order § 3. Although nothing in the Order limits the
Director’s discretion to determine what constitutes service of “sufficient duration,” you
have informed us that the Peace Corps has long used one year of service—the upper limit
of a Peace Corps Response term—as a benchmark to qualify for the exception. We
understand that, until two years ago, the Peace Corps required volunteers to serve at least
twelve months before they could be considered for a certificate under the exception. You
explained that the Peace Corps will now consider volunteers with less than a year of
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37 Op. O.L.C. 1 (2013)
exception does not provide a basis for the Director to confer noncompeti-
tive eligibility on PCRVs.
VIRGINIA A. SEITZ
Assistant Attorney General
Office of Legal Counsel
service in certain extraordinary circumstances, but that, as your guidelines note, “normal-
ly at least twelve consecutive months, including training,” will be required to qualify.
See MS 285 Volunteer Description of Service and Certificate of Group Health Coverage
§ 5.3 (Aug. 26, 2011), http://files.peacecorps.gov/manuals/manual/200_Volunteers/280-
289_Volunteer_Transfers_Completions_of_Service_Termination/MS_285/Volunteer_
Description_of_Service_and_Certificate_of_Group_Health_Coverage.pdf (last visited
Sept. 11, 2014).
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