January 27, 1977
78-72 MEMORANDUM OPINION FOR THE DEPUTY
COUNSEL TO THE PRESIDENT
The White House Office—Acceptance of
Voluntary Service (31 U.S.C. § 665(b))
This is in response to your oral request for our views regarding the propriety
of the acceptance of voluntary service in the White House. We understand that
your immediate concern is with the receipt of such assistance in the processing of
the many resumes and applications for employment now being received by the
White House. But we also understand that the White House has utilized
voluntary secretarial and clerical services in the past on an ongoing basis and
that there is interest in continuing this practice if it is lawful. It is our opinion
that the practice is lawful.
No officer or employee of the United States shall accept voluntary
service for the United States or employ personal service in excess of
that authorized by law, except in cases of emergency involving the
safety of human life or the protection of property.
On its face, this statute appears to prohibit the acceptance of the kind of
voluntary services you have described. However, a 1913 opinion of the
Attorney General construing this provision concluded:
[I]t seems plain that the words “ voluntary service” were not intended
to be synonymous with “ gratuitous service” and were not intended
to cover services rendered in an official capacity under regular
appointment to an office otherwise permitted by law to be nonsalaried.
In their ordinary and normal meaning these words refer to service
intruded by a private person as a “ volunteer” and not rendered
pursuant to any prior contract or obligation. 30 Op. A.G. 51, 52.
[Emphasis added.]
See also, J. Weinstein, A Part-Time Clerkship Program in Federal Courts
for Law Students,
68 F.R.D. 265, 269-73 (1975). Thus, 31 U.S.C. § 665(b)
does not prohibit a person from serving without compensation in a position that
is “ otherwise permitted by law to be nonsalaried.”
When Congress has established a minimum salary for a position, either
directly or by including it under the General Schedule or some comparable
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salary schedule, it is unlawful for the employing agency to pay less than the
established salary. See, e.g., Glavey v. United States,
182 U.S. 595 (1901);
MacMath v. United States,
248 U.S. 151 (1918); Saltzman v. United States,
161 Ct. Cl. 634, 639 (1963);
26 Comp. Gen. 956 (1947); Federal Personnel
Manual, Chapter 311, Subchapter l-4.d. Work of a secretarial or clerical
nature is generally covered by the Classification Act, which establishes the
rates of pay for civil service positions, and there is no express exception in that
Act for positions in the White House. See 5 U. S.C. § 5102. Also, under the Fair
Labor Standards Act, which was made applicable to the Federal Government in
1974, see 29 U.S.C. §§ 203(d) and (e)(2) (1975 Supp.), it is unlawful to pay
less than the minimum wage to an employee of the United States Government.
29 U.S.C. § 206.
However, we do not believe that these restrictions are applicable here. Of the
$16,530,000 appropriated to the White House Office under the Executive
Office Appropriations Act of 1977, 90 Stat. 966, not to exceed $3,850,000 is
appropriated
. . . for services as authorized by 5 U.S.C. 3109, at such per diem
rates for individuals as the President may specify and other personal
services without regard to the provisions of law regulating the
employment and compensation of persons in the Government
service. . . . [Emphasis added.]
We interpret the underscored language to be an express exception to the Fair
Labor Standards Act and to provide that the salary requirements of the
Classification Act are inapplicable to positions covered by this portion of the
appropriation to the White House Office.* Since Congress has mandated no
minimum salary for these positions, it is our view that positions covered by this
appropriation may carry a nominal compensation or no compensation at all.
To insure technical compliance with the law, we suggest that the White
House administratively allocate the positions for which voluntary services will
be accepted to the $3,850,000 portion of the appropriation for the White House
Office. Also, because of the emphasis in the above passage from the Attorney
General’s opinion quoted above on a prior agreement between the United States
and the employee that the employee will serve without compensation, see also
7 Comp. Gen. 810, 811 (1928), we suggest that papers relating to the
appointment or employment of persons whose services will be voluntary
expressly provide that they will serve without compensation.
L eon U lm a n
Deputy Assistant Attorney General
Office of Legal Counsel
*Even if (he Fair Labor Standards Act were thought to be applicable despite the language in the
appropriation for the White House Office quoted in the text, that Act has been construed not to
require a person to be paid where it is clear he has donated his services as a volunteer without any
expectation of compensation. See, Rogers v. Schenkel, 162 F. (2d) 596 (2d Cir. 1947); c f, Walling
v. Portland Terminal Co..
330 U.S. 148, 152 (1947).
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