Peralta-Basilio v. Hill , 203 Or. App. 449 ( 2005 )

126 P.3d 1 (2005) 203 Or. App. 449

Filipe PERALTA-BASILIO, Appellant,
v.
Jean HILL, Superintendent, Snake River Correctional Institution, Respondent.

03-08-3017M; A125997.

Court of Appeals of Oregon.

Submitted on Record and Briefs June 20, 2005. Decided December 28, 2005.

Hari Nam S. Khalsa, Salem, filed the brief for appellant.

Hardy Myers, Attorney General, Mary H. Williams, Solicitor General, and Jennifer S. Lloyd, Attorney-In-Charge, Collateral Remedies and Capital Appeals, filed the brief for respondent.

Before LANDAU, Presiding Judge, and BREWER, Chief Judge,^[*] and ORTEGA, Judge.

LANDAU, P.J.

Petitioner appeals a judgment dismissing his petition for post-conviction relief. We affirm.

The relevant facts are not in dispute. In 2002, petitioner was convicted of driving while under the influence of intoxicants, ORS 813.010; assault in the second degree, ORS 163.175; and assault in the third degree, ORS 163.165. Petitioner entered into a plea agreement that permitted him to plead no contest on several of the charges. At his sentencing on September 17, 2002, the court imposed a dispositional and durational upward departure sentence on the third-degree assault conviction, based on findings that the offenses involved multiple victims; that some of the victims sustained permanent injuries that were greater than those typical for the offense; that petitioner had engaged in evasive conduct; and that he had exhibited a lack of concern for the welfare of the victims. That departure sentence—36 months in prison with 24 months' supervision—was within the maximum allowable penalty of five years for a Class C felony set out in ORS 161.605.

Petitioner eventually filed a petition for post-conviction relief, alleging, among other things, that his criminal trial counsel was constitutionally inadequate because counsel failed to object to the departure sentence on the ground that the state did not allege the aggravating factors in the indictment or prove those factors beyond a reasonable doubt to the trier of fact, as required by Blakely v. Washington, 542 U.S. 296, 124 S. Ct. 2531, 159 L. Ed. 2d 403 (2004), and Apprendi v. New Jersey, 530 U.S. 466, 120 S. Ct. 2348, 147 L. Ed. 2d 435 (2000). The post-conviction court rejected all of petitioner's claims and dismissed the petition.

On appeal, petitioner advances two arguments. First, he argues that, because the departure sentence on the third-degree assault conviction was unconstitutional, the post-conviction court should have modified it. The state responds that, because petitioner did not assert that claim in his petition for post-conviction relief, it is waived.

The state is correct. Petitioner did not assert in his petition for post-conviction relief a claim that his sentence was unconstitutional. His sole claim was that his criminal trial counsel was constitutionally inadequate. See Pinnell v. Palmateer, 200 Or. App. 303, 334, 114 P.3d 515 (2005) (a claim not asserted in the post-conviction petition is deemed waived). In any event, the principles announced in Apprendi do not apply retroactively in collateral, post-conviction proceedings. Page v. Palmateer, 336 Or. 379, 84 P.3d 133, cert. den., 543 U.S. 866, 125 S. Ct. 205, 160 L. Ed. 2d 110 (2004); Makinson v. Lampert, 199 Or.App. 418, 112 P.3d 365, rev. den., 339 Or. 230, 119 P.3d 790 (2005). The same holds true with respect to the principles set out in Blakely. McClanahan v. Hill, 200 Or.App. 9, 10, 112 P.3d 456, rev. den., 339 Or. 450 (2005).

Second, petitioner argues that his criminal trial counsel's failure to object to the departure sentence on Apprendi and Blakely grounds amounted to constitutionally inadequate assistance. To prevail on such a claim under the Oregon Constitution, petitioner must show by a preponderance of the evidence that his counsel "failed to exercise reasonable professional skill and judgment, and that petitioner suffered prejudice as a result." Lichau v. Baldwin, 333 Or. 350, 359, 39 P.3d 851 (2002). Similarly, to prevail under the federal constitution, petitioner must show that his counsel's performance was deficient and that the deficient performance caused actual prejudice. Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 687, 104 S. Ct. 2052, 80 L. Ed. 2d 674 (1984).

Whether counsel exercised reasonable skill and judgment entails an examination of the state of the law at the time of the criminal trial. Wells v. Peterson, 315 Or. 233, 236, 844 P.2d 192 (1992) ("Failure of petitioner's criminal trial counsel [to raise an issue] was not inadequate assistance of counsel, because at the time of trial the meaning of the statute was not clearly settled."); Turner v. Maass, 103 Or.App. 109, 110 n. 3, 795 P.2d 617, rev. den., 310 Or. 547, 800 P.2d 789 (1990) (whether assistance of counsel was constitutionally adequate depends on the state of the law at the time counsel acted and not on whether the law has subsequently been overruled). That a particular issue is "unsettled" at the time, however, is not dispositive. As the Supreme Court explained in Burdge v. Palmateer, 338 Or. 490, 500, 112 P.3d 320 (2005), even if the state of the law is unsettled, the nature of the issue may be such that the benefits of raising it are so clear that any lawyer exercising reasonable professional skill and judgment would raise it.

In this case, petitioner was sentenced in September 2002. Eight months earlier, we had decided State v. Dilts, 179 Or.App. 238, 39 P.3d 276 (2002), aff'd, 336 Or. 158, 82 P.3d 593 (2003), vac'd and rem'd, 542 U.S. 934, 124 S. Ct. 2906, 159 L. Ed. 2d 809 (2004). In Dilts, the defendant had been convicted of third-degree assault, and the trial court had imposed an upward departure sentence of 36 months' imprisonment based on aggravating factors. On appeal, the defendant argued that, under Apprendi, imposition of a departure sentence based on facts neither admitted nor proved beyond a reasonable doubt effected a violation of his constitutional rights. This court rejected the defendant's argument and held that a departure from a presumptive sentence did not run afoul of Apprendi as long as the upward departure was authorized under the sentencing guidelines and did not exceed the statutory maximum set out in ORS 161.605.

Thus, had counsel objected to petitioner's sentence—as petitioner contends counsel should have done—it is clear that, under our opinion in Dilts, the objection would have failed. The facts of Dilts are materially indistinguishable from the facts of this case. See also State v. Gornick, 196 Or.App. 397, 410, 102 P.3d 734 (2004), rev. allowed, 338 Or. 583, 114 P.3d 504 (2005) ("Defendant's failure to present the [Apprendi/ Blakely challenge] to the trial court * * * is excusable under the circumstances. Had defendant raised the objection[] * * * the trial court properly would have rejected his challenge under Dilts.").^[1]

It is true that, although the Oregon Supreme Court initially affirmed our decision, State v. Dilts, 336 Or. 158, 82 P.3d 593 (2003), the United States Supreme Court later vacated the Oregon Supreme Court's decision and remanded the case for reconsideration in light of Blakely. Dilts v. Oregon,, 542 U.S. 934, 124 S. Ct. 2906, 159 L. Ed. 2d 809 (2004). And, following that, the Oregon Supreme Court vacated and remanded for resentencing in light of the United States Supreme Court's decision. State v. Dilts, 337 Or. 645, 103 P.3d 95 (2004). The ultimate fate of Dilts, however, is not dispositive, particularly given the fact that virtually no court in the nation anticipated Blakely. Before that decision, in fact, every single federal circuit court had come to the same conclusion, regarding schemes similar to Oregon's sentencing guidelines, as we did in Dilts. See United States v. Johnson, 335 F.3d 589, 591-92 (7th Cir.2003), cert. den., 540 U.S. 1011, 124 S. Ct. 550, 157 L. Ed. 2d 421 (2003); United States v. Piggie, 316 F.3d 789, 791 (8th Cir.2003), cert. den., 540 U.S. 857, 124 S. Ct. 157, 157 L. Ed. 2d 104 (2003); United States v. Toliver, 351 F.3d 423, 434 (9th Cir.2003), cert. den., 541 U.S. 1079, 124 S. Ct. 2429, 158 L. Ed. 2d 994 (2004); United States v. Mendez-Zamora, 296 F.3d 1013, 1020 (10th Cir.2002), cert. den., 537 U.S. 1063, 123 S. Ct. 613, 154 L. Ed. 2d 549 (2002); United States v. Bartholomew, 310 F.3d 912, 925-26 (6th Cir.2002), cert. den., 537 U.S. 1177, 123 S. Ct. 1005, 154 L. Ed. 2d 923 (2003); United States v. Marino, 277 F.3d 11, 38 (1st Cir. 2002), cert. den., 536 U.S. 948, 122 S. Ct. 2639, 153 L. Ed. 2d 819 (2002); United States v. Fields, 251 F.3d 1041, 1043-44 (D.C.Cir. 2001), cert. den., 540 U.S. 960, 124 S. Ct. 422, 157 L. Ed. 2d 301 (2003); United States v. Rivera, 282 F.3d 74, 76-77 (2d Cir.2000), cert. den., 537 U.S. 931, 123 S. Ct. 332, 154 L. Ed. 2d 228 (2002); United States v. Williams, 235 F.3d 858, 863 (3d Cir.2000), cert. den., 534 U.S. 818, 122 S. Ct. 49, 151 L. Ed. 2d 19 (2001); United States v. Kinter, 235 F.3d 192, 201 (4th Cir.2000), cert. den., 532 U.S. 937, 121 S. Ct. 1393, 149 L. Ed. 2d 316 (2001); United States v. Doggett, 230 F.3d 160, 166 (5th Cir.2000), cert. den., 531 U.S. 1177, 121 S. Ct. 1152, 148 L. Ed. 2d 1014 (2001); United States v. Nealy, 232 F.3d 825, 829 n. 3 (11th Cir.2000), cert. den., 534 U.S. 1023, 122 S. Ct. 552, 151 L. Ed. 2d 428 (2001); see also Kevin R. Reitz, The New Sentencing Conundrum: Policy and Constitutional Law at Cross-Purposes, 105 Colum. L. Rev. 1082, 1091-92 (2005) ("Here was the huge surprise in Blakely: that a guideline presumption nested within broader statutory parameters should itself be understood as a statutory maximum. Indeed, the Supreme Court, in a number of prior rulings concerning the federal sentencing guidelines, had consistently characterized presumptive guideline ranges as falling within the outer boundaries of statutory maximum penalties. Most observers did not foresee the new constitutional definition of "statutory maximum" the Blakely Court would pronounce * * *."); R. Craig Green, Apprendi's Limits, 39 U. Rich. L. Rev. 1155, 1162-63 (2005) ("After Apprendi, every court of appeals held that nonstatutory Guideline enhancements satisfy the Constitution because Guideline sentences are always less than the crime of conviction's statutory maximum. Although numerous defendants sought review of those decisions, the Supreme Court denied certiorari, suggesting that the dissenters might have overstated Apprendi's disruptive potential. Then came Blakely v. Washington.").

We conclude that, given the state of the law in the fall of 2002, when petitioner was sentenced, counsel did not fail to exercise reasonable skill and judgment in failing to object to defendant's departure sentence. It follows that the trial court did not err in dismissing petitioner's inadequate assistance of counsel claim. Affirmed.

NOTES

[*] Brewer, C.J., vice Richardson, S.J.

[1] Our decision in Walton v. Thompson, 196 Or. App. 335, 102 P.3d 687 (2004), is not to the contrary. In that case, we concluded that counsel reasonably could have sought review of an unfavorable decision of this court. That is a different question from whether it was unreasonable for counsel not to have objected in the face of an unfavorable decision of this court.