McDonald v. Belleque , 206 Or. App. 655 ( 2006 )

138 P.3d 895 (2006) 206 Or. App. 655

Keith Alan McDONALD, Appellant,
v.
Brian BELLEQUE, Superintendent, Oregon State Penitentiary, Respondent.

05C-15755; A129982.

Court of Appeals of Oregon.

Submitted on record and briefs May 15, 2006. Decided July 5, 2006.

James N. Varner, Dundee, filed the brief for appellant.

Hardy Myers, Attorney General, Mary H. Williams, Solicitor General, and Jennifer S. Lloyd, Attorney-In-Charge, Collateral Remedies and Capital Appeals, filed the brief for respondent.

Before HASELTON, Presiding Judge, and LINDER and ROSENBLUM, Judges.

HASELTON, P.J.

Petitioner appeals from a judgment dismissing his petition for post-conviction relief that alleged claims predicated on Blakely v. Washington, 542 U.S. 296, 124 S. Ct. 2531, 159 L. Ed. 2d 403 (2004), and Crawford v. Washington, 541 U.S. 36, 124 S. Ct. 1354, 158 L. Ed. 2d 177 (2004). We affirm without further discussion the dismissal of petitioner's Blakely-based claims. See Lutz v. Hill, 205 Or.App. 252, 134 P.3d 1003 (2006). For the reasons that follow, we also affirm the dismissal of petitioner's Crawford-based claims.

This appeal arises from the allowance of a motion to dismiss; accordingly, we assume the truth of the petition's allegations. L.H. Morris Electric v. Hyundai Semiconductor, 187 Or.App. 32, 35, 66 P.3d 509 (2003) (when reviewing an ORCP 21 motion to dismiss for failure to state a claim, "[w]e assume the truth of all allegations in the pleading"); see Palmer v. State of Oregon, 121 Or.App. 377, 381, 854 P.2d 955 (1993), aff'd, 318 Or. 352, 867 P.2d 1368 (1994) (applying same standard in post-conviction setting). In May 1997, petitioner was convicted of 10 crimes, all involving assault or criminal mistreatment. The trial court then imposed an upward departure sentence with respect to at least one of those convictions. In imposing sentence, the trial court considered hearsay statements in the presentence investigative report (PSI). On October 9, 1998, the appellate judgment on petitioner's unsuccessful direct appeal issued.

On March 8, 2004, the United States Supreme Court decided Crawford. On June 9, 2005, petitioner filed his petition for post-conviction relief.^[1] Relying on Crawford, petitioner alleged that the criminal trial court had unconstitutionally imposed sentence because

"[t]he sentencing judge considered out-of-court statements by witnesses, embodied within the State's [PSI] without finding that the witnesses were unavailable and without affording petitioner an opportunity to cross-examine those witnesses."

Petitioner further, and alternatively, alleged that criminal trial counsel had been unconstitutionally inadequate because

"[t]rial counsel failed to object to the trial court's consideration of out-of-court statements by witnesses, embodied within the State's [PSI] without finding that the witnesses were unavailable and without affording petitioner an opportunity to cross-examine those witnesses."

Defendant moved to dismiss, arguing, in part, that the petition was time barred because the "savings clause" of ORS 138.510(3) was not applicable^[2] and Crawford did not announce a "watershed rule of criminal procedure" to be accorded retroactive application. Defendant further argued that, in all events, Crawford is inapposite to "judicial factfinding at the time of sentencing, after defendant is convicted and is no longer an accused." The trial court granted the motion to dismiss.

On appeal, petitioner reiterates his arguments that the trial court unconstitutionally imposed sentence because the court's consideration of hearsay statements in the PSI "violated [petitioner's] rights under the Confrontation Clause, as explained in Crawford" and that "Crawford should be applied retroactively" because it announced a "watershed rule of criminal procedure." Petitioner further argues that counsel was unconstitutionally inadequate for failing to raise an objection under the Confrontation Clause to the court's consideration of the hearsay statements and that that claim is cognizable under the "savings clause" of ORS 138.510(3).

We begin with petitioner's "unconstitutional sentencing" claim. Even assuming, without deciding, that Crawford announced a "watershed rule of criminal procedure,"^[3]Crawford's requirements do not apply to sentencing proceedings.

In Crawford, the court held that the Confrontation Clause of the Sixth Amendment^[4] bars the admissibility in criminal trials of "testimonial" out-of-court statements by declarants who are not available to testify at trial unless the defendant has had a prior opportunity to cross-examine the declarant. 541 U.S. at 50-52, 124 S. Ct. 1354. Crawford, by its terms, applied to the admission of hearsay in criminal trials. Nothing in Crawford suggests that it should be extended to sentencing proceedings.

That is consistent with Supreme Court precedent holding that there is no Sixth Amendment right to confrontation at sentencing. See Williams v. Oklahoma, 358 U.S. 576, 584, 79 S. Ct. 421, 3 L. Ed. 2d 516 (1959) ("[O]nce the guilt of the accused has been properly established, the sentencing judge, in determining the kind and extent of punishment to be imposed, is not restricted to evidence derived from the examination and cross-examination of witnesses in open court * * *."). Indeed, every federal court of appeals that has addressed the question in a published opinion has held that Crawford's requirements do not apply to sentencing proceedings. United States v. Martinez, 413 F.3d 239, 242-43 (2d Cir.2005), cert. den., ___ U.S. ___, 126 S. Ct. 1086, 163 L. Ed. 2d 902 (2006), is exemplary:

"Both the Supreme Court and this Court * * * have consistently held that the right of confrontation does not apply to the sentencing context and does not prohibit the consideration of hearsay testimony in sentencing proceedings. * * * [The defendant] argues that we must reconsider our case law regarding the right of confrontation in the sentencing context to the extent that it conflicts with [Crawford]. [Nothing in Crawford] addressed the applicability of the right of confrontation to the sentencing context or the admissibility of hearsay testimony at sentencing proceedings. [Crawford] therefore provide[s] no basis to question prior Supreme Court decisions that expressly approved the consideration of out-of-court statements at sentencing."

(Citations and omitted.) See also United States v. Luciano, 414 F.3d 174, 178-80 (1st Cir.2005) ("Prior to Crawford, this court held that the Sixth Amendment right to confront witnesses does not apply at sentencing. * * * Crawford concerned ``testimonial hearsay' that was introduced at trial. * * * Nothing in Crawford requires us to alter our previous conclusion that there is no Sixth Amendment Confrontation Clause right at sentencing." (Citations omitted.)); United States v. Littlesun, 444 F.3d 1196, 1200 (9th Cir.2006) ("[T]he law on hearsay at sentencing is still what it was before Crawford: hearsay is admissible at sentencing, so long as it is accompanied by some minimal indicia of reliability." (omitted; internal quotation marks omitted.)); United States v. Baker, 432 F.3d 1189, 1254 n. 68 (11th Cir.2005), cert. den., ___ U.S. ___, 126 S. Ct. 1809, 164 L. Ed. 2d 544 (2006) ("Crawford does not address the use of hearsay, testimonial or otherwise, at sentencing, and we will not extend its holding to the sentencing context to overrule [a pre-Crawford case] without further guidance." (Citations omitted.)); see also United States v. Stone, 432 F.3d 651, 654 (6th Cir.2005); United States v. Roche, 415 F.3d 614, 618 (7th Cir.2005), cert. den., ___ U.S. ___, 126 S. Ct. 671, 163 L. Ed. 2d 541 (2005).

We adopt the reasoning of those courts as persuasive. Accordingly, petitioner's "unconstitutional sentencing" claim fails.

We turn, finally, to petitioner's claim that his criminal trial counsel in 1997 was unconstitutionally inadequate for failing to raise a Crawford-like objection to the trial court's consideration of the hearsay statements in the PSI. That claim fails for any of three reasons. First, that claim is time barred under ORS 138.510(3). As we explained in a directly analogous case, involving a Blakely-based claim of inadequate assistance of counsel:

"[T]he factual premise of petitioner's invocation of the ``escape clauses' in ORS 138.510(3) and ORS 138.550(3), viz., that his present claim ``could not reasonably have been raised' before Blakely, is irreconcilable with the factual premise of his claim of inadequate assistance of counsel, viz., that, as of 1998, reasonable criminal defense counsel would have anticipated Blakely and raised a Blakely-like challenge to the imposition of the departure sentence and the consecutive sentences. Although it may be abstractly possible, in some case, that an otherwise time-barred claim of inadequate assistance of counsel could be cognizable under the ``escape clauses,' this is not such a case. Bluntly, post-conviction petitioners in this petitioner's position are statutorily ``whipsawed.'"

Lutz, 205 Or.App. at 256, 134 P.3d 1003 (emphasis in original).

Second, counsel's failure in 1997 to anticipate Crawford did not constitute unconstitutionally inadequate assistance of counsel. Cf. Miller v. Lampert, 340 Or. 1, 13-17, 125 P.3d 1260 (2006) (where the petitioner's enhanced dangerous offender sentence had been imposed in August 1998, criminal defense counsel was not unconstitutionally inadequate in failing to anticipate Apprendi v. New Jersey, 530 U.S. 466, 120 S. Ct. 2348, 147 L. Ed. 2d 435 (2000), based on the then-existing state of the law, including Almendarez-Torres v. United States, 523 U.S. 224, 118 S. Ct. 1219, 140 L. Ed. 2d 350 (1998), and McMillan v. Pennsylvania, 477 U.S. 79, 106 S. Ct. 2411, 91 L. Ed. 2d 67 (1986)). Finally, as noted, Crawford does not apply to sentencing proceedings.

Affirmed.

NOTES

[1] Petitioner had not filed any prior petition for post-conviction relief.

[2] ORS 138.510(3) provides:

"A petition pursuant to ORS 138.510 to 138.680 must be filed within two years of the following, unless the court on hearing a subsequent petition finds grounds for relief asserted which could not reasonably have been raised in the original or amended petition:

"(a) If no appeal is taken, the date the judgment or order on the conviction was entered in the register.

"(b) If an appeal is taken, the date the appeal is final in the Oregon appellate courts."

As noted, the appellate judgment in petitioner's direct appeal was entered on October 9, 1998.

[3] That proposition is dubious. Although the Ninth Circuit has so characterized Crawford, see Bockting v. Bayer, 399 F.3d 1010, amended on denial of reh'g, 408 F.3d 1127 (9th Cir.2005), cert. granted, ___ U.S. ___, 126 S. Ct. 2017, ___ L.Ed.2d ___ (2006), at least six other federal courts of appeals have held to the contrary. See Mungo v. Duncan, 393 F.3d 327, 336 (2d Cir. 2004), cert. den., 544 U.S. 1002, 125 S. Ct. 1936, 161 L. Ed. 2d 778 (2005); Lave v. Dretke, 444 F.3d 333, 336 (5th Cir.2006); Dorchy v. Jones, 398 F.3d 783, 788 (6th Cir.2005); Murillo v. Frank, 402 F.3d 786, 790 (7th Cir.2005); Brown v. Uphoff, 381 F.3d 1219, 1226-27 (10th Cir.2004), cert. den., 543 U.S. 1079, 125 S. Ct. 940, 160 L. Ed. 2d 822 (2005); Espy v. Massac, 443 F.3d 1362, 1367 (11th Cir.2006).

[4] The Sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution provides, in part:

"In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right * * * to be confronted with the witnesses against him * * *."