State v. Craigen , 300 Or. App. 451 ( 2019 )

451
Submitted February 21, 2018, affirmed November 6, 2019
STATE OF OREGON,
Plaintiff-Respondent,
v.
GEORGE WEST CRAIGEN,
Defendant-Appellant.
Umatilla County Circuit Court
CF130538; A161522
454 P3d 7
Defendant, who was an inmate at the Umatilla County Jail, appeals from a
judgment of conviction for supplying contraband, ORS 162.185(1)(b), assigning
error to the trial court’s denial of his motion for a judgment of acquittal. During
a random search of defendant’s cell and person, a prison guard found a piece of
metal, resembling a nail. Because the nail, or shank, was sharpened on one end
to a point, the state charged defendant with possessing a “dangerous weapon”
as contraband, elevating the crime of supplying contraband from a category four
crime, to a category six crime under OAR 213-018-0070. Defendant argues that
the state failed to prove the sentence enhancement because there was no evi-
dence that he used or threatened to use the nail as a weapon. Held: The trial
court did not err. The definition of “dangerous weapon” as used in OAR 213-018-
0070 does not require evidence of use or threatened use.
Affirmed.
Russell B. West, Judge.
Ernest G. Lannet, Chief Defender, Criminal Appellate
Section, and David O. Ferry, Deputy Public Defender, Office
of Public Defense Services, filed the brief for appellant.
Ellen F. Rosenblum, Attorney General, Benjamin Gutman,
Solicitor General, and Adam Holbrook, Assistant Attorney
General, filed the brief for respondent.
Before Ortega, Presiding Judge, and Egan, Chief Judge,
and Powers, Judge.
POWERS, J.
Affirmed.
452 State v. Craigen
POWERS, J.
In this criminal case, defendant appeals from a judg-
ment of conviction for supplying contraband, ORS 162.185
(1)(b), assigning error to the trial court’s denial of his motion
for a judgment of acquittal. The issue in this case is whether
a “dangerous weapon,” as used in OAR 213-018-0070 for
purposes of a sentencing enhancement, requires evidence
that defendant used or threatened to use the weapon. The
trial court concluded that evidence of use or threatened use
of the weapon was not necessary and denied defendant’s
motion. As explained below, we affirm.
In reviewing a denial of a motion for a judgment
of acquittal, we must determine whether, after viewing the
facts in the light most favorable to the state, there was suf-
ficient evidence from which a rational factfinder “could have
found that the state proved all the essential elements of
the offense, including * * * sentencing enhancement factors,
beyond a reasonable doubt.” State v. Villagomez, 281 Or App
29, 32, 380 P3d 1130 (2016), aff’d, 362 Or 390, 412 P3d 183
(2018) (internal quotation marks omitted).
The relevant facts are few and undisputed. Defen-
dant was an inmate at the Umatilla County Jail. During a
search of his cell and person, Deputy Hamby found a piece of
metal that resembled a nail or shank tucked into the waist-
band of defendant’s pants. The nail was approximately three
and three-quarter inches long and sharpened on one end to
a point. Hamby explained that the pointed end of the nail
had been “sharpened enough to penetrate human flesh.”
Defendant was charged with supplying contra-
band in a correctional facility under ORS 162.185(1)(b).1
Specifically, the state charged defendant with possessing
a “dangerous weapon,” which elevated the offense from a
1
ORS 162.185 provides, in part:
“(1) A person commits the crime of supplying contraband if:
“(a) The person knowingly introduces any contraband into a correctional
facility, youth correction facility or state hospital; or
“(b) Being confined in a correctional facility, youth correction facility
or state hospital, the person knowingly makes, obtains or possesses any
contraband.”
Cite as 300 Or App 451 (2019) 453
“Crime Category 4” to a “Crime Category 6” under OAR
213-018-0070.
Under ORS 162.185(1)(b), “[a] person commits the
crime of supplying contraband if * * * [b]eing confined in
a correctional facility * * * the person knowingly makes,
obtains or possesses any contraband.” ORS 162.135(1)(a)(D),
in turn, defines “contraband,” in part, as “[a]ny article or
thing which a person confined in a correctional facility * * *
is prohibited by statute, rule or order from obtaining or pos-
sessing, and whose use would endanger the safety or secu-
rity of such institution or any person therein.”
The Criminal Justice Commission (CJC), which
promulgated the applicable administrative rule, divided the
offense of supplying contraband into different subcategories,
where “each sub-category includes a unique set of offense-
specific characteristics that represents a different degree of
crime seriousness for sentencing purposes.” OAR 213-018-
0000(1). OAR 213-018-0070 provides:
“(1) CRIME CATEGORY 7: Supplying Contraband
shall be ranked at Crime Category 7 if the offender sup-
plied a firearm or firearms as contraband.
“(2) CRIME CATEGORY 6: Supplying Contraband
shall be ranked at Crime Category 6 if it cannot be ranked
at Crime Category 7 and the offender supplied one or more
dangerous weapons (not including firearms) as contraband.
“(3) CRIME CATEGORY 5: Supplying Contraband
shall be ranked at Crime Category 5 if it cannot be ranked
at either Crime Category 6 or 7 and the offender supplied a
controlled substance or substances as contraband.
“(4) CRIME CATEGORY 4: Supplying Contraband
shall be ranked at Crime Category 4 if it cannot be ranked
at Crime Category 5, 6 or 7.”
(Boldface in original.)
At trial, defendant waived his right to a jury and
proceeded with a bench trial. During closing arguments,
defendant moved for a judgment of acquittal, arguing that
the state failed to present sufficient evidence to establish
(1) the nail as contraband and (2) the nail as a “dangerous
weapon” for purposes of the sentencing enhancement. On
454 State v. Craigen
the latter issue, defendant asserted that there was insuf-
ficient evidence that he possessed a “dangerous weapon”
because there was no evidence that he used or threatened to
use the nail as a weapon, which would be required if “dan-
gerous weapon” as used in OAR 213-018-0070 mirrored the
definition of “dangerous weapon” in ORS 161.015(1).2 The
trial court denied the motion concluding that, in this con-
text, evidence of use or threatened use was not necessary
for defendant to be convicted of possessing a “dangerous
weapon.”
On appeal, defendant renews his argument regard-
ing the definition of a “dangerous weapon,” but does not
otherwise challenge his conviction. That is, defendant does
not dispute that the nail constituted “contraband” for pur-
poses of ORS 162.185. He instead contends that the trial
court erred in denying his motion for judgment of acquittal
on the subcategory factor because it did not employ the proper
definition of “dangerous weapon.” Defendant argues that the
statutory definition set forth in ORS 161.015(1) should apply
because (1) the administrative rules do not define “danger-
ous weapon” and (2) “dangerous weapon” is a “well-known
term of art in Oregon criminal law” that requires evidence
of actual or threatened use. The state remonstrates that
the trial court ruled correctly, because the term “dangerous
weapon” as used in OAR 213-018-0070 does not require evi-
dence of actual or attempted use. The state contends that,
because the CJC did not explicitly reference the definition in
ORS 161.015 in its rule, the court should interpret “danger-
ous weapon” based on its plain meaning. We agree with the
state’s argument.
In the absence of an interpretation by the promul-
gating agency that would be entitled to deference under Don’t
Waste Oregon Committee v. Energy Facility Siting Council,
320 Or 132, 881 P2d 119 (1994), we construe an administra-
tive rule by utilizing “the same analytical framework that
applies to the construction of statutes.” State v. Hogevoll, 348
2
ORS 161.015(1) defines “dangerous weapon” as “any weapon, device, instru-
ment, material or substance which under the circumstances in which it is used,
attempted to be used or threatened to be used, is readily capable of causing death
or serious physical injury.”
Cite as 300 Or App 451 (2019) 455
Or 104, 109, 228 P3d 569 (2010); see also State v. McFerrin,
289 Or App 96, 99 n 3, 408 P3d 263 (2017) (applying the
familiar principles of statutory construction when interpret-
ing CJC’s sentencing guideline rules). Thus, to ascertain the
meaning of “dangerous weapon” in OAR 213-018-0070(2),
we look to its text, the context of the rule and any related
rules, and any legislative history of the rule. See State v.
Gaines, 346 Or 160, 171-72, 206 P3d 1042 (2009) (setting out
statutory interpretation framework). Ordinarily, when the
legislature or agency does not define a term, we presume
that the legislature or agency intended the term to have its
plain and ordinary meaning. See Comcast Corp. v. Dept. of
Rev., 356 Or 282, 296, 337 P3d 768 (2014) (noting that, “if
the legislature did not give the term a specialized definition,
the dictionary definition reflects the meaning that the legis-
lature would naturally have intended”). If, however, a term
has a well-defined legal meaning, or is a term of art, we will
generally apply that definition. Id.; see also C.R. v. Gannon,
281 Or App 1, 6, 381 P3d 869 (2016) (“If a particular term or
phrase is a ‘term of art’ in a specific discipline, we will give
the term its specialized meaning within that discipline.”).
Here, the CJC did not define the term “dangerous
weapon” for purposes of OAR 213-018-0070(2). Because the
rule does not define the term “dangerous weapon,” we first
look to the ordinary meaning “as a key first step” in deter-
mining what a particular term means. Comcast Corp., 356
Or at 295 (citing PGE v. Bureau of Labor and Industries,
317 Or 606, 611, 859 P2d 1143 (1993) (first step in statutory
analysis is to consider “plain, natural, and ordinary mean-
ing” of text)).
“Dangerous” and “weapon” have several dictionary
meanings. The relevant definition of “dangerous” is “2 : able
or likely to inflict injury : causing or threatening harm.”
Webster’s Third New Int’l Dictionary 573 (unabridged ed
2002). “Weapon” is defined as “1 : an instrument of offensive
or defensive combat : something to fight with : something (as
a club, sword, gun, or grenade) used in destroying, defeating,
or physically injuring an enemy.” Id. at 2589. Those defini-
tions, however, do little to resolve whether the term “danger-
ous weapon” as used in OAR 213-018-0070(2) requires use
456 State v. Craigen
or threatened use. It is true that one dictionary definition
of “weapon” does encompass “use[ ],” which would appear to
support defendant’s argument that “dangerous weapon” has
a well-defined legal meaning that requires use; however,
the text and context in which the term arises suggests a
different conclusion. See State v. Gonzalez-Valenzuela, 358
Or 451, 461, 365 P3d 116 (2015) (“[A] dictionary definition—
although providing some evidence of meaning—should not
be relied on to resolve a dispute about plain meaning with-
out critically examining how the definition fits into the con-
text of the statute itself. That context may dictate applying
one definition rather than another, if the dictionary contains
multiple definitions for a relevant term.”). Thus, we turn to
the text of the rule in context to ascertain the meaning of
“dangerous weapon.”
First, the text of OAR 213-018-0070 does not explic-
itly require evidence that a defendant use, attempt to use,
or threaten to use the “dangerous weapon” contraband. The
absence of any explicit reference to use is telling. Had the
CJC wanted to include a “use” requirement, it certainly could
have explicitly done so by using the term “use” just as it did
in its other rules. See, e.g., OAR 213-018-0055(1)(a) (classify-
ing first-degree rape as a Crime Category 10 if an offender
“used or threatened to use a weapon”); OAR 213-018-0065
(1)(a) (classifying first-degree sodomy as Crime Category
10 if an offender “used or threatened to use a weapon”).
Similarly, the CJC could have explicitly cross-referenced the
statutory definition in ORS 161.015(1), just as it had done
with other statutory definitions. See, e.g., OAR 213-005-
0006(2)(c) (cross-referencing definition of methamphetamine
as defined in ORS 475.996(1)(a)); OAR 213-008-0002(1)(a)(J)
(cross-referencing definition of servicemember as defined in
ORS 135.881). Given that context, we would not ordinarily
incorporate a statutory definition into an administrative
rule where the CJC had not done so on its own accord.
Defendant nevertheless maintains that the term
“dangerous weapon” is a term of art with a well-defined
legal meaning in Oregon criminal law and therefore should
be defined by incorporating the definition found in ORS
161.015(1). ORS 161.015 provides, in part:
Cite as 300 Or App 451 (2019) 457
“As used in chapter 743, Oregon Laws 1971 [also known
as the Oregon Criminal Code of 1971], and ORS 166.635,
unless the context requires otherwise:
“(1) ‘Dangerous weapon’ means any weapon, device,
instrument, material or substance which under the cir-
cumstances in which it is used, attempted to be used or
threatened to be used, is readily capable of causing death
or serious physical injury.”
Defendant points to several statutes where we have
imported the statutory definition in ORS 161.015(1), requir-
ing evidence of “use,” in support of his argument that we
should apply that definition here.3 Those statutes, however,
explicitly require “use” of the dangerous weapon and there-
fore do little to inform our interpretation of OAR 213-018-
0070(2), which does not have a similar explicit reference to
use.
Unlike the offense of supplying contraband, the
criminal statutes defendant relies upon unmistakably require
“use” of the dangerous weapon. See, e.g., ORS 166.370(1)
(defining the crime of possession of a weapon in a public
building to include any person who intentionally possesses
a firearm or any other instrument “used as a dangerous
weapon”); ORS 164.415(1)(b) (defining first-degree robbery
to include if a person “[u]ses or attempts to use a dangerous
weapon”); ORS 164.225(1)(c) (defining first-degree burglary
to include if a person “[u]ses or threatens to use a danger-
ous weapon”); ORS 166.220(1)(a) (defining unlawful use of
a weapon to include attempting “to use unlawfully against
another, any dangerous or deadly weapon”); ORS 163.165
(1)(a) (defining third-degree assault to include if a person
“causes serious physical injury to another by means of a
deadly or dangerous weapon”).
3
Defendant also relies on State v. Hoard, 280 Or App 721, 386 P3d 672
(2016), in which we addressed a similar issue regarding whether a spoon that had
a substantially sharpened handle constituted a “dangerous weapon.” In contrast
to this case, however, the parties in Hoard stipulated to using the definition of
“dangerous weapon” defined in ORS 161.015(1). We agreed to apply the statutory
definition because of that stipulation and because the jury had been instructed
based on that stipulation. Importantly, however, we expressly declined to deter-
mine whether the statutory definition governs other cases involving contraband.
Id. at 727 n 3.
458 State v. Craigen
Second, the context of the rule does not support
adopting the statutory definition and requiring the state to
prove an additional element for the offense of supplying con-
traband. The subcategories in OAR 213-018-0070 assign a
different degree of criminal seriousness based on the type
of contraband in an inmate’s possession, not the manner in
which an inmate used the contraband. The degree of seri-
ousness is classified by the type of contraband. For exam-
ple, “firearms as contraband” ranks at the highest level,
followed by “dangerous weapons (not including firearms) as
contraband,” and then “a controlled substance or substances
as contraband.” OAR 213-018-0070(1) - (3). As we read the
rule, the terms “firearms,” “dangerous weapons,” and “con-
trolled substances” are meant to serve as examples of types
of contraband.
Incorporating the definition in ORS 161.015(1) into
OAR 213-018-0070(2) would limit subcategory six to cir-
cumstances in which a weapon was used or threatened to be
used. That type of interpretation would effectively relegate
potentially dangerous contraband such as a knife to the low-
est degree of seriousness if there was no evidence that the
inmate used or threatened to use the knife. Such a result
would appear to frustrate the purpose of both the statute
and the rule.
In sum, the trial court correctly denied defendant’s
motion for judgment of acquittal because the definition of
“dangerous weapon” as used in OAR 213-018-0070 does not
require evidence of use or threatened use.
Affirmed.