Crowley v. City of Hood River ( 2020 )


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    Argued and submitted September 22, reversed and remanded
    December 16, 2020
    Susan Garrett CROWLEY,
    Petitioner,
    v.
    CITY OF HOOD RIVER,
    Respondent.
    Land Use Board of Appeals
    2019054; A174363
    480 P3d 1007
    Petitioner seeks review of a Land Use Board of Appeals (LUBA) order that
    affirmed the City of Hood River’s decision to approve a zone change to a portion of
    city park from Open Space/Public Facilities to Urban High Density Residential.
    In affirming the city’s decision, LUBA deferred to the city’s interpretation of a
    policy within the Hood River Comprehensive Plan regarding the use of exist-
    ing park sites. On review, petitioner argues that LUBA erred in deferring to
    the city because the city’s interpretation of the policy was inconsistent with the
    policy’s express language and purpose. Held: LUBA’s order was unlawful in sub-
    stance because LUBA erred in deferring to the city’s interpretation of its policy.
    The city’s interpretation did not plausibly account for the text and context of the
    policy.
    Reversed and remanded.
    Susan Garrett Crowley argued the cause and filed the
    brief for petitioner pro se.
    Daniel Kearns argued the cause and filed the brief for
    respondent.
    Before Armstrong, Presiding Judge, and Tookey, Judge,
    and Aoyagi, Judge.
    TOOKEY, J.
    Reversed and remanded.
    Armstrong, P. J., dissenting.
    Cite as 
    308 Or App 44
     (2020)                                                   45
    TOOKEY, J.
    In this land use case, petitioner seeks review of a
    Land Use Board of Appeals (LUBA) order that affirmed the
    City of Hood River’s decision to approve a quasi-judicial zone
    change to a portion of a city park from Open Space/Public
    Facilities (OS/PF) to Urban High Density Residential (R-3).
    In affirming the city’s decision, LUBA deferred to the city’s
    interpretation of Hood River Comprehensive Plan (HRCP)
    Goal 8 Policy 1, under ORS 197.829(1)1 and Siporen v. City
    of Medford, 
    349 Or 247
    , 243 P3d 776 (2010).
    On review, in her first assignment of error, peti-
    tioner argues that LUBA erred in granting the city def-
    erence, because the city’s interpretation of the policy was
    inconsistent with the policy’s express language and pur-
    pose. We conclude that LUBA’s order was “unlawful in sub-
    stance,” ORS 197.850(9)(a), because LUBA erred in defer-
    ring to the city’s interpretation of its policy, which did not
    plausibly account for the text and context of the policy. Our
    decision obviates the need to address other issues raised in
    petitioner’s first assignment of error and petitioner’s second
    assignment of error. We therefore reverse and remand.
    I. BACKGROUND
    As context for our analysis of this petition for
    review, we recount the pertinent historical facts, which we
    largely draw from Crowley v. City of Hood River, 
    294 Or App 240
    , 430 P3d 1113 (2018) (Crowley I) and the LUBA order on
    review.
    1
    ORS 197.829 provides, in part:
    “(1) The Land Use Board of Appeals shall affirm a local government’s
    interpretation of its comprehensive plan and land use regulations, unless the
    board determines that the local government’s interpretation:
    “(a) Is inconsistent with the express language of the comprehensive plan
    or land use regulation;
    “(b) Is inconsistent with the purpose for the comprehensive plan or land
    use regulation;
    “(c) Is inconsistent with the underlying policy that provides the basis for
    the comprehensive plan or land use regulation; or
    “(d) Is contrary to a state statute, land use goal or rule that the compre-
    hensive plan provision or land use regulation implements.”
    46                              Crowley v. City of Hood River
    A.   Morrison Park and HRCP Goal 8
    The property at issue in this case is a section
    of Morrison Park. Morrison Park sits on various tax lots,
    including tax lot 700 (TL 700), which is approximately 5.33
    acres. Morrison Park was zoned OS/PF under Goal 8 of the
    HRCP. Goal 8 states that the city’s goal is to “satisfy the rec-
    reational needs of the citizens of the community and visitors
    to the area.” Goal 8 Policy 1 provides that “[e]xisting park
    sites will be protected from incompatible uses and future
    expansion alternatives at some sites will be developed.” The
    HRCP defines the term “protect” as to “[s]ave or shield from
    loss, destruction, or injury or for future intended use.” We
    have previously observed that Goal 8 Policy 1 is phrased as
    a “mandatory requirement.” Crowley I, 
    294 Or App at 247
    .
    Goal 8 also contains other policies which are phrased
    in terms of “aspirational goals.” 
    Id. at 246
    . Specifically,
    Goal 8 Policy 2 provides that, “[w]hen feasible, recreational
    opportunities and park sites will be located so as to be acces-
    sible to a maximum number of people,” and Goal 8 Policy 3
    provides that “[t]he development of parks which are accessi-
    ble by means of walking or bicycling is encouraged.”
    B.   The City’s Decision to Rezone a Portion of TL 700
    On September 14, 2015, the city council approved
    a housing strategy to develop affordable housing, which
    included an action to rezone land to allow additional
    high-density residential development and identify publicly
    owned lands that could be used for affordable housing.
    On August 16, 2016, the city submitted an applica-
    tion to rezone a portion of TL 700 from OS/PF to R-3, and on
    May 22, 2017, the city voted to approve rezoning 5.03 acres
    of TL 700. In doing so, the city rejected the argument that
    Goal 8 Policy 1 precludes the rezoning because allowing the
    park to be developed for high-density residential develop-
    ment fails to protect the park from incompatible uses. After
    finding that that policy is ambiguous in several respects,
    the city determined that the most logical interpretation of
    the policy is that it requires the protection of parks from
    incompatible uses on other nearby properties that could
    adversely affect the parks, but does not prevent rezoning
    Cite as 
    308 Or App 44
     (2020)                                       47
    of the parks themselves. The city rejected the argument
    that Goal 8 Policy 1 requires all existing parks, including
    Morrison Park, to be protected from incompatible uses of
    the park, as opposed to protecting parks from incompatible
    nearby uses on surrounding land.
    C. Petitioner’s First Appeal to LUBA
    Petitioner appealed the city’s decision to LUBA,
    arguing that the city incorrectly interpreted Goal 8 Policy 1
    by narrowing the scope of “incompatible uses” to refer
    only to uses on properties outside of park sites themselves.
    Petitioner contended that the city’s interpretation impermis-
    sibly inserted into the policy a qualification—i.e., “incompat-
    ible uses on other properties”—that had been omitted.
    LUBA rejected petitioner’s contention. It concluded
    that the city’s interpretation of the policy was plausible and
    was not inconsistent with the policy’s express language,
    purpose, or underlying policies.
    D. The Court of Appeals Decision in Crowley I
    Petitioner sought review of LUBA’s decision, lead-
    ing to our decision in Crowley I. In Crowley I, we determined
    that the city’s interpretation of Goal 8 Policy 1—i.e., “that
    it applies only to incompatible uses on nearby properties”—
    was “implausible, when considering the text and context of
    the policy.” 
    294 Or App at 246
     (emphasis in original). We
    explained:
    “The problem with the city’s interpretation is that it adds
    language to the express text of Goal 8 Policy 1 to limit the
    preservation of parks, which is inconsistent with Goal 8
    Policy 1’s mandatory text—‘[e]xisting park sites will be pro-
    tected from incompatible uses’—and the purpose of Goal
    8—to satisfy the city’s recreational needs by developing
    and maintaining public parks.”
    
    Id. at 247
     (emphases and brackets in original). We further
    explained:
    “The city’s interpretation requires the addition of
    terms not present in Goal 8 Policy 1’s text—incompatible
    uses means incompatible uses only on nearby properties.
    * * * Here, Goal 8 Policy 1 does not limit the scope of its
    48                                 Crowley v. City of Hood River
    applicability, and a plain and natural reading of the pol-
    icy suggests that there are no limitations on the phrase
    ‘incompatible uses.’ Nevertheless, the city has inserted
    language to place limitations on that phrase. By narrow-
    ing the application of the policy to apply only to nearby
    properties, the city’s interpretation allows for incompati-
    ble uses within existing park sites. Such an interpretation
    effectively rewrites the explicit text of the policy so that
    the area surrounding the park must be compatible with the
    recreational needs of the citizens of the community and vis-
    itors to the area, while the area within the park does not
    need to be compatible with those needs at all. This cannot
    be squared with Goal 8 Policy 1’s text, when viewed in the
    context of Goal 8’s purpose of maintaining and developing
    public parks.”
    
    Id. at 247-48
     (emphases in original).
    Accordingly, in Crowley I, we determined that
    “LUBA’s order deferring to the city’s interpretation of Goal 8
    Policy 1 was unlawful in substance, ORS 197.850(9)(a),” and
    we reversed and remanded to LUBA for further proceed-
    ings. 
    Id. at 249
    .
    E.    LUBA’s Remand to the City
    After we remanded to LUBA, LUBA remanded to
    the city for further proceedings, specifically for the city to
    adopt a sustainable interpretation of Goal 8 Policy 1 and to
    apply that policy, as interpreted, to the application before it.
    F.    The City’s Quasi-Judicial Proceeding on Remand and
    Ordinance Number 2048 Rezoning TL 700
    On remand, the city issued findings of fact and con-
    clusions of law in a quasi-judicial proceeding, in which the
    city determined that the rezoning of TL 700 to R-3 was in
    compliance with the HRCP and, specifically, consistent with
    Goal 8 Policy 1.
    In its findings of fact and conclusions of law, the city
    explained that, in its view, Goal 8 Policy 1 was “ambiguous”
    and that, “as a matter of general policy,” the city did not
    “interpret any of the Goal 8 policies as prohibiting the
    Council from making the policy decision that a portion of
    a particular park property is suited to a non-park use and
    Cite as 
    308 Or App 44
     (2020)                                                     49
    rezoning it for a future non-park development, so long as
    that non-park use is suitably conditioned to render it com-
    patible and protect the park.”
    The City explained that Morrison Park is an “exist-
    ing park site” within the meaning of Policy 1. The city
    explained, however, that, as it interpreted the word “pro-
    tected” in Goal 8 Policy 1, that policy did not impose a prohi-
    bition “of non-park uses” on park sites. Rather, in the city’s
    view, “the code clearly anticipates that certain non-park
    uses are appropriate for park sites” and that “some non-park
    uses are appropriate ‘future intended uses’ and can be made
    compatible with underlying park uses.”2
    The city also determined that the “affordable hous-
    ing project that is envisioned for a portion of Morrison Park,”
    although a “non-park use,” is not “incompatible” with the
    use of “TL 700 as a city park, especially when conditioned to
    ensure that it is compatible with park uses on the balance of
    TL 700.” The city explained its reasoning, in pertinent part,
    as follows:
    “Several other Goal 8 policies provide important context and
    support * * *. In particular, Goal 8, Policy 2 requires that
    ‘recreational opportunities and park sites will be located so
    as to be accessible to a maximum number of people.’ Policy
    3 calls for the ‘development of parks which are accessible by
    means of walking or bicycling.’ * * * It is critical, in our view,
    that urban density housing, such as the affordable housing
    project anticipated for part of this site, be located in close
    proximity to and integrated with city parks such as this
    one. * * * By limiting the extent of non-park development to
    2.76 acres, we achieve Goal 8, Policy 1’s directive to protect
    today’s 10.83-acre Morrison Park site from incompatible
    uses, and, consistent with Policies 2 and 3, this affordable
    housing project will be integrated with this existing park
    site to foster walking and bicycle use by the future resi-
    dents, improving the park’s accessibility to meet the recre-
    ational needs of Hood River’s citizens and visitors.”
    2
    The city determined that the “code clearly anticipates that certain non-park
    uses are appropriate for park sites” because, among other reasons, (1) “Policy 1
    requires existing park sites to be ‘protected’ from incompatible uses and does
    not simply prohibit all non-park uses” and (2) “the definition of ‘protect’ antici-
    pates the need to protect park sites for future intended uses, which * * * include[s]
    future intended park as well as non-park uses.”
    50                              Crowley v. City of Hood River
    The city ultimately adopted Ordinance Number
    2048, which approves a quasi-judicial zone change of the
    portion of Morrison Park situated on TL 700 from OS/PF
    to R-3 and determines that, as conditioned, doing so is con-
    sistent with HRCP Goal 8 Policy 1. The ordinance includes
    conditions of approval that (1) a maximum of 2.76 acres of
    TL 700 may be developed as affordable housing, and the
    “balance of tax Lot 700 shall be retained and used only for
    park uses”; and (2) the city shall work with a housing agency
    to develop affordable housing on the property.
    G. Petitioner’s Second Appeal to LUBA
    After passage of Ordinance Number 2048, petitioner
    again appealed to LUBA. Petitioner contended, among other
    points, that the city’s interpretation of Goal 8 Policy 1 is
    inconsistent with the text, purpose, and underlying policy of
    HRCP Goal 8 Policy 1 and, thus, not affirmable even under
    the deferential standard of review that LUBA must apply.
    LUBA rejected petitioner’s appeal, determining that
    the city’s interpretation of HRCP Goal 8 Policy 1 accounts
    for the text, context, purpose, and policy of HRCP Goal 8
    Policy 1.
    LUBA explained that, under the city’s interpreta-
    tion of the word “protect,” “public park sites will be protected
    for public park use, unless and until the city determines
    that a portion of the park site should be used for a different,
    non-park use, and that non-park use can be made compat-
    ible with the remaining park uses.” LUBA deferred to that
    interpretation of “protect,” given the “deferential standard
    of review in ORS 197.829(1).”
    Regarding the city’s consideration of whether the
    rezoning of TL 700 was “incompatible” under Goal 8 Policy 1,
    LUBA determined that, when considering “HRCP Goal 8,
    Policy 1, in context with HRCP Goal 8, Policies 2 and 3,
    the city’s interpretation of ‘incompatible’ is consistent with
    the policy’s express language, its purpose, and underlying
    policy.” LUBA reasoned that the city “reserved 8.07 acres of
    Morrison Park for public park use,” that the “2.76 acres for
    residential use is conditioned to be compatible with park use
    Cite as 
    308 Or App 44
     (2020)                                        51
    on the remaining park property,” and that the city “empha-
    size[d] that siting multi-family affordable housing adjacent
    to the park will facilitate use of the park by residents of
    the affordable housing development, thus promoting HRCP
    Goal 8 polices [2 and 3] of making parks accessible to a
    maximum number of people and developing parks that are
    accessible by walking or bicycling.”
    Additionally, LUBA agreed with the city that the
    “park site” can be protected “without maintaining the entire
    land area of Morrison Park for public park use.” LUBA rea-
    soned that because “the park site is protected from incom-
    patible uses, some compatible uses are presumably allowed,
    suggesting that some compatible non-park uses are allowed.”
    LUBA further noted that the term “site” is “sometimes used
    in land use regulations to define the location or placement
    of particular development,” and in that context, “ ‘site’ is
    less than the total land area of the particular parcel or
    lot.”
    II. ANALYSIS
    As noted above, petitioner seeks review of LUBA’s
    order affirming the city’s decision to approve a quasi-judicial
    zone change to a portion of a city park from Open Space/
    Public Facilities (OS/PF) to Urban High Density Residential
    (R-3).
    Under ORS 197.829(1) and Siporen, 
    349 Or at 259
    ,
    LUBA “must defer to a local government’s interpretation
    of its comprehensive plan and land use regulations, unless
    the board determines that the local government’s interpre-
    tation is inconsistent with the express language, purpose,
    or underlying policy of the comprehensive plan or land use
    regulation.” Crowley I, 
    294 Or App at 244
    . In Crowley I, we
    explained:
    “Whether the city’s interpretation of its comprehensive
    plan is inconsistent with the plan, or the purposes or pol-
    icies underlying that plan, depends on whether the inter-
    pretation is plausible, given the interpretive principles that
    ordinarily apply to the construction of ordinances under
    the rules of PGE v. Bureau of Labor and Industries, 
    317 Or 52
                                      Crowley v. City of Hood River
    606, 610-12, 
    859 P2d 1143
     (1993), as modified by State v.
    Gaines, 
    346 Or 160
    , 171-72, 206 P3d 1042 (2009).”
    
    Id.
     (brackets and internal quotation marks omitted). As we
    explained in Kaplowitz v. Lane County, 
    285 Or App 764
    , 775,
    398 P3d 478 (2017),
    “[a]lthough the analysis echoes the statutory construction
    methodology set out in PGE and Gaines, we emphasize that
    the plausibility determination under ORS 197.829(1) is not
    whether a local government’s code interpretation best com-
    ports with principles of statutory construction. Rather, the
    issue is whether the local government’s interpretation is
    plausible because it is not expressly inconsistent with the
    text of the code provision or with related policies that ‘pro-
    vide the basis for’ or that are ‘implemented’ by the code
    provision, including any ordained statement of the specific
    purpose of the code provision at issue.”
    (Emphasis in original.)
    The standard of review under ORS 197.829(1) and
    Siporen is “highly deferential” to the city, and the “existence
    of a stronger or more logical interpretation does not render
    a weaker or less logical interpretation ‘implausible.’ ” Mark
    Latham Excavation, Inc. v. Deschutes County, 
    250 Or App 543
    , 555, 281 P3d 644 (2012). “Put simply, our task on review
    in this case is to determine whether the city’s interpretation
    of Goal 8 Policy 1 plausibly accounts for the text and context
    of that provision.” Crowley I, 
    294 Or App at 245
     (brackets
    and internal quotation marks omitted).
    On appeal, petitioner contends that LUBA erred
    in giving deference to the city’s interpretation of Goal 8
    Policy 1, because the city’s interpretation of Goal 8 Policy 1
    is inconsistent with the policy’s express language and pur-
    pose. In petitioner’s view, LUBA affirmed an implausible
    interpretation of Goal 8 Policy 1, because the city’s inter-
    pretation added terms that are not present. For example,
    petitioner contends that, as interpreted by the city, Goal 8
    Policy 1 only protects “certain areas” of the park site.
    The city, for its part, argues that Goal 8 Policy 1
    contains three “undefined operative terms that are inher-
    ently ambiguous”—i.e., “park sites,” “protected,” and “incom-
    patible uses”—and that the city’s interpretation of those
    Cite as 
    308 Or App 44
     (2020)                                  53
    terms and what Goal 8 Policy 1 requires was “thorough and
    plausible.”
    In this case, we conclude that LUBA’s order defer-
    ring to the city’s interpretation of Goal 8 Policy 1 is unlawful
    in substance, ORS 197.850(9)(a), and we reverse and remand
    for further proceedings.
    As explained by LUBA, under the city’s interpreta-
    tion of Goal 8 Policy 1, “public park sites will be protected for
    public park use, unless and until the city determines that a
    portion of the park site should be used for a different, non-
    park use, and that non-park use can be made compatible
    with the remaining park uses.” Here, the city determined
    that the “affordable housing project that is envisioned for a
    portion of Morrison Park,” although a “non-park use,” is not
    “incompatible” with the use of “TL 700 as a city park,” and
    that the rezoning was achieving “Goal 8, Policy 1’s directive
    to protect today’s 10.83-acre Morrison Park site from incom-
    patible uses” because it was limiting “the extent of non-park
    development to 2.76 acres” of TL 700.
    In this case, as in Crowley I, the difficulty with the
    city’s interpretation is that “it adds language to the express
    text of Goal 8 Policy 1 to limit the preservation of parks,
    which is inconsistent with Goal 8 Policy 1’s mandatory
    text—‘[e]xisting park sites will be protected from incom-
    patible uses.’ ” 
    294 Or App at 247
     (emphasis in original). As
    noted above, in Crowley I, we observed that “Goal 8 Policy 1
    does not limit the scope of its applicability, and a plain and
    natural reading of the policy suggests that there are no lim-
    itations on the phrase ‘incompatible uses.’ ” 
    Id.
     Therefore, in
    Crowley I, we rejected an interpretation of Goal 8 Policy 1
    that “inserted language to place limitations on that phrase,”
    which would have allowed “for incompatible uses within
    existing park sites.” 
    Id.
     (emphasis in original).
    Here, the city’s interpretation of Goal 8 Policy 1, in
    effect, rewrites Goal 8 Policy 1 to provide that “portions of
    existing park sites will be protected from incompatible uses,”
    and would allow incompatible uses within existing park
    sites, as it would allow portions of existing park sites to be
    developed in a manner that is inconsistent with use of those
    54                                        Crowley v. City of Hood River
    portions as park.3 That cannot be squared with the “plain
    and natural reading” of Goal 8 Policy 1, which suggests that
    there are no limitations on the phrase “incompatible uses.”
    Id.; see also Friends of the Hood River Waterfront v. City of
    Hood River, 
    263 Or App 80
    , 90, 326 P3d 1229 (2014) (holding
    city’s interpretation implausible where it added words not
    originally included in text of implementation strategy). Nor
    can it be squared with Goal 8 Policy 1’s text, “when viewed
    in the context of Goal 8’s purpose of maintaining and devel-
    oping public parks,” Crowley I, 
    294 Or App at 248
    , because,
    rather than maintaining and developing existing park sites,
    it would allow the city to reduce the size of existing park
    sites.
    Put another way, it is simply not plausible that, by
    developing 2.76 acres of Morrison park for “non-park” uses,
    such as housing, the city “achieves” Goal 8 Policy 1’s “direc-
    tive to protect [the] 10.83-acre Morrison Park site from
    incompatible uses,” as the city contends.4 Although we are
    3
    The city does not undertake a meaningful effort to argue that the 2.76
    acres of TL 700 that are anticipated to be used for housing under Ordinance
    Number 2048 will be compatible with park use on that 2.76 acres. We do not fore-
    close, however, the possibility that some nonpark uses of a particular portion of a
    park site could be compatible with park use on that particular portion.
    4
    The dissent faults the majority for “assum[ing] that Goal 8 Policy 1 pro-
    hibits reduction of the entire area of an existing park site.” 308 Or App at 58
    (Armstrong, P. J., dissenting). In the dissent’s view, “ ‘site’ can refer to an area
    that is less than the entire area of a lot or parcel,” and, therefore, the city can
    reduce the size of Morrison Park by building housing on 2.76 acres of it while still
    protecting Morrison Park from incompatible uses. 308 Or App at 59 (Armstrong,
    P. J., dissenting). But it is not plausible to assert that the 2.76 acres of Morrison
    Park that the city intends to use for housing is not part of the Morrison Park
    “park site.” That the dissent does not articulate any limitation on its interpreta-
    tion of “park site” demonstrates why its interpretation of “park site” is not plausi-
    ble: Would building housing on 5.83 acres of Morrison Park while preserving five
    acres for use as a park protect the Morrison Park “park site” from incompatible
    uses? It seems that the only plausible answer is no, but under the dissent’s inter-
    pretation, it very well could be yes, because in the dissent’s view Goal 8 Policy 1
    does not prohibit reducing the size of an existing park.
    The dissent also argues that we should “tread carefully when applying ORS
    174.010 under a Siporen standard of review.” 308 Or App at 59 n 2 (Armstrong,
    P. J., dissenting). ORS 174.010 provides that, “[i]n the construction of a statute,
    the office of the judge is simply to ascertain and declare what is, in terms or in
    substance, contained therein, not to insert what has been omitted, or to omit
    what has been inserted.” We have historically considered the principles set forth
    in ORS 174.010 when determining whether a city’s construction of its policy is
    plausible, including in our decision in Crowley I. Crowley I, 
    294 Or App at
    243
    n 2 (noting “we apply the principles that ordinarily apply to construing the text
    Cite as 
    308 Or App 44
     (2020)                                                    55
    mindful that our task is not to determine “whether a local
    government’s code interpretation best comports with princi-
    ples of statutory construction, we do look to those principles
    in determining whether the city’s interpretation plausibly
    accounts for the policy’s text.” Id. at 247 (emphasis in origi-
    nal; citation omitted).
    The city is perhaps correct that placing residential
    housing next to a park promotes the “aspirational goals” ref-
    erenced in Goal 8 Policies 2 and 3—i.e., that “[w]hen feasible,
    recreational opportunities and park sites will be located so
    as to be accessible to a maximum number of people,” and that
    “[t]he development of parks which are accessible by means
    of walking or bicycling is encouraged.” Id. at 246-47. But it
    is not plausible that promotion of those aspirational goals
    excuses the city from the mandatory obligation imposed by
    Goal 8 Policy 1 to “protect” park sites from “incompatible
    uses.”
    In sum, we conclude that LUBA’s order deferring
    to the city’s interpretation of Goal 8 Policy 1 is unlawful in
    substance, ORS 197.850(9)(a), and we reverse and remand
    for further proceedings.
    Reversed and remanded.
    ARMSTRONG, P. J., dissenting.
    Goal 8 Policy 1 of Hood River’s comprehensive plan
    provides that “[e]xisting park sites will be protected from
    incompatible uses.” In the city’s view, Goal 8 Policy 1 per-
    mits the rezoning of a 5-acre tax lot, which in turn is part of
    the city’s 10.83-acre Morrison Park, to residential use when
    the rezoning is conditioned as it is in this case—for afford-
    able housing on a maximum of 2.76 acres of the rezoned tax
    of a statute in determining whether the city’s interpretation is plausible,” includ-
    ing “the one embodied in ORS 174.010”); see also Western Land & Cattle, Inc. v.
    Umatilla Cty., 
    230 Or App 202
    , 210, 214 P3d 68 (2009) (noting that “in determin-
    ing whether a local government’s interpretation of its land use plan or regulation
    is inconsistent with the express language of the comprehensive plan or land use
    regulation under ORS 197.829(1)(a), we apply the statutory construction princi-
    ples in ORS 174.010 and ORS 174.020(2)” (internal quotation marks omitted));
    Friends of the Hood River Waterfront, 
    263 Or App at 90
     (holding city’s interpre-
    tation implausible where it added words not originally included in text of imple-
    mentation strategy). The approach that we take in this opinion is in accordance
    with that precedent.
    56                                    Crowley v. City of Hood River
    lot. The city reasons that the future nonpark development
    contemplated by the rezoning is “suitably conditioned to ren-
    der it compatible with and protect the park” and, in that
    way, the park site will be protected from incompatible uses,
    as required by Goal 8 Policy 1. In my view, if the review
    task at hand is correctly identified—viz., assessing whether
    the city’s construction of Goal 8 Policy 1 is “inconsistent
    with the express language of the comprehensive plan,” ORS
    197.829(1)(a), and “plausibly accounts for [its] text and con-
    text,” Siporen v. City of Medford, 
    349 Or 247
    , 262, 243 P3d
    776 (2010)—the city’s construction of Goal 8 Policy 1 is not
    implausible. Because LUBA was correct to conclude that
    the city’s construction is not implausible, its order is not
    “unlawful in substance or procedure,” ORS 197.850(9)(a),
    and I would therefore affirm it.1 Consequently, I respectfully
    dissent.
    Like LUBA, my assessment of the plausibility of the
    city’s construction of Goal 8 Policy 1 turns on an examina-
    tion of the operative terms of the policy, and I begin with
    whether the term “protected” is susceptible, in context, of
    the meaning that the city gives it. “Protect” is defined by
    the city’s comprehensive plan to mean “Save or shield from
    loss, destruction, or injury or for future intended use.” As
    the city sees it, there is park use and nonpark use; not all
    nonpark use is “incompatible use.” Therefore, the city does
    not construe the term “protected” to be a prohibition against
    all nonpark uses in parks. Further, the city sees the defini-
    tion of “protect” as anticipating the need to protect “future
    intended use,” which includes both park and nonpark uses
    but, again, does not include incompatible uses. The city pos-
    its that, if the operative term “protected” were meant to pre-
    vent or prohibit all nonpark uses on existing park sites, then
    Goal 8 Policy 1 would say that. Instead, the policy refers to
    protection against “incompatible uses,” which implies that
    parks are not protected against compatible uses. Hence, the
    policy can be understood to allow nonpark uses in parks so
    long as they are compatible with underlying park uses. I fail
    to find fault with the plausibility of that construction and,
    like LUBA, agree with the city that the term “protected” is
    1
    I would reject petitioner’s remaining assignments and subassignments of
    error without written discussion.
    Cite as 
    308 Or App 44
     (2020)                                  57
    susceptible to meaning that public park sites are protected
    for public park use and, if the city decides that a portion of
    a park site should be used for a nonpark use, nonpark use
    is allowable so long as it is compatible with the underlying
    park use.
    As for the term “incompatible uses,” which is not
    defined in the comprehensive plan, the city views an afford-
    able housing project, although a nonpark use, as compatible
    with the remainder of the rezoned tax lot and the balance
    of Morrison Park because the city set out conditional mea-
    sures to ensure its compatibility. Those conditions are that
    the residential development permitted by the rezoning must
    (1) be affordable housing (2) be limited to only 2.76 acres of
    the tax lot that the city seeks to rezone, and (3) require con-
    struction of pedestrian and bicycle connections to other city
    parks and pathways through the remainder of the rezoned
    tax lot and Morrison Park. The city supports its view that
    those conditions ensure compatibility by relying on two
    other provisions in Goal 8, viz., Policy 2, which provides that,
    “[w]hen feasible, recreational opportunities and park sites
    will be located so as to be accessible to a maximum number
    of people,” and Policy 3, which provides that the “develop-
    ment of parks which are accessible by means of walking or
    bicycling is encouraged.”
    With those policies in mind, the city reasons that
    its “parks are supposed to be an amenity used by urban
    dwellers, and the population that city parks are supposed
    to serve includes low income residents, whose recreational
    opportunities are limited by an inability to afford other high
    cost options.” And, although “the users of Morrison Park
    may change as a result of [the rezoning,] overall more peo-
    ple with limited means will be served by this urban park if
    they live adjacent to the remaining park space that will be
    integrated into the non-park use.” Moreover, the city empha-
    sizes that any housing development on the rezoned tax lot
    will be limited to 2.76 acres and that the affordable housing
    project would be integrated with the park to promote walk-
    ing and bicycle use, which in turn would improve the park’s
    accessibility and better serve the recreational needs of the
    city’s residents and its visitors. I fail to see the implausibil-
    ity of the city’s view of “incompatible uses”—which rests on
    58                              Crowley v. City of Hood River
    the understanding that the proposed change to the park,
    although it decreases the park’s size somewhat, will increase
    recreational use for a broader range of its citizens for whom
    recreational space has not historically been accessible. That
    construction is in keeping with Goal 8 of the comprehensive
    plan, which is to “satisfy the recreational needs of the citi-
    zens and visitors to the area.”
    Further, the city’s construction of the term “incom-
    patible uses” avoids the problem that we identified in
    Crowley v. City of Hood River, 
    294 Or App 240
    , 430 P3d 1113
    (2018) (Crowley I). In Crowley I, the city asserted that Goal 8
    Policy 1 applied only to incompatible uses on nearby proper-
    ties and not to the park itself. We concluded that that con-
    struction was implausible because it placed limitations on
    the term “incompatible uses” where there were none. 
    Id. at 247
    . Here, the city’s conditions of the rezoning, which are
    neither categorical nor definitive, do not likewise limit the
    meaning of “incompatible uses.” That is, the city’s view that
    the limited residential use and park use can coexist on the
    same park site if the residential development satisfies Goal
    8 and its policies is not a construction that narrows or limits
    the scope of the policy’s applicability.
    With that said, I turn to petitioner’s argument that,
    because the city inserted qualifiers—“portion,” “remain-
    der,” or “balance”—to the term “park site” several times in
    explaining its construction of Goal 8 Policy 1, the city’s con-
    struction of the policy violates the injunction “not to insert
    what has been omitted,” ORS 174.010, and the majority
    opinion’s agreement with that argument when it says that
    the city’s construction of the policy effectively rewrites it to
    mean that “portions of existing park sites will be protected
    from incompatible uses.” 308 Or App at 53. There are two
    reasons why I find that view unavailing.
    First, that view necessarily assumes that Goal 8
    Policy 1 prohibits reduction of the entire area of an exist-
    ing park site. However, neither the policy’s express lan-
    guage nor any other provision in the comprehensive plan
    says that. And, because the meaning of “site” can refer to an
    entire area or to less than the entire area, it cannot be said
    that the “plain and natural reading” of “park site” is the
    Cite as 
    308 Or App 44
     (2020)                                                    59
    entire area of a park site. As LUBA explained in its order,
    “ ‘site’ is sometimes used in land use regulations to define
    the location or placement of particular development,” and,
    therefore, “site” can refer to an area that is less than the
    entire area of a lot or parcel, or put differently, a portion of a
    lot or parcel. See also Kamps-Hughes v. City of Eugene, 
    305 Or App 224
    , 232, 470 P3d 429 (2020) (recognizing that the
    City of Eugene’s posited meaning of “siting” could refer both
    to the placement of a particular type of building or facility
    within a larger area, such as one of the city’s residential
    zones, or to placement within a smaller area like an indi-
    vidual lot). Additionally, if some nonpark uses are permit-
    ted so long as they are not incompatible uses, see 308 Or
    App at 54 n 3 (acknowledging that “some non-park uses of
    a particular portion of a park site could be compatible with
    park use on that particular portion”), I cannot imagine an
    instance where a nonpark use would not reduce the size of
    the park in some way. For example, adopting a provision to
    allow a bicycle or skate rental business to be established in
    Morrison Park would remove the portion of land dedicated
    to that use from use as park land while promoting the use
    of the balance of the park by people renting the skates and
    bicycles.
    Second, there are analytical difficulties with apply-
    ing ORS 174.010—the proscription “not to insert what has
    been omitted”2 —to the task at hand here—reviewing, in
    accordance with ORS 197.829(1)(a), whether a city’s con-
    struction of its policy is implausibly “inconsistent with the
    express language” of its comprehensive plan. It is to be
    expected that construction of a city’s policy provision uses
    additional language—collected from logic, dictionaries, case
    2
    ORS 174.010 provides, in part, that when we determine the meaning of a
    statute, our task is to “ascertain and declare what is, in terms or in substance,
    contained therein, not to insert what has been omitted, or to omit what has been
    inserted.” That proscription is part of the statutory-construction methodology set
    out in PGE v. Bureau of Labor and Industries, 
    317 Or 606
    , 610-12, 
    859 P2d 1143
    (1993), and State v. Gaines, 
    346 Or 160
    , 171-72, 206 P3d 1042 (2009), which we
    use when reviewing the plausibility of a city’s construction of its land-use regu-
    lations. Setniker v. Polk County, 
    244 Or App 618
    , 633-34, 260 P3d 800, rev den,
    
    351 Or 216
     (2011). As I explain, reviewing the plausibility of a city’s construction
    of its land-use regulations and engaging in the task of statutory construction,
    although similar endeavors, are different enough to caution that we should tread
    carefully when applying ORS 174.010 under a Siporen standard of review.
    60                             Crowley v. City of Hood River
    law, other provisions in the comprehensive plan, or the pol-
    icy’s enactment history. As LUBA has put it, “Any interpre-
    tation of ambiguous language necessarily restates or para-
    phrases the understood meaning of the text using different
    words than found in the text.” Estroff v. City of Dundee, ___
    Or LUBA ___, ___ (LUBA No. 2018-139, Feb 27, 2019) (slip
    op at 10). In this case, the city construes Goal 8 Policy 1
    to mean that its purpose is to protect a park site from
    incompatible nonpark uses and not from all nonpark uses.
    As a matter of logic, a nonpark use cannot be a park use
    and must occupy some portion of the entire area of a park
    site. The city cannot therefore evade words like “portion”
    or “remainder” in the course of its construction and, when
    the proper level of deference is given to its construction, it
    is hazardous to rely on the no-insertion-of-terms principle
    when the operative terms of Goal 8 Policy 1 are susceptible
    to more than one meaning.
    That is not to say that petitioner’s arguments and the
    majority’s conclusion would be incorrect were we to review
    the city’s construction of Goal 8 Policy 1 for legal error. The
    plausibility of those views, however, is not the issue. The
    issue is whether the city’s construction is plausible, and our
    assessment of the plausibility of the city’s construction must
    be “highly deferential.” Mark Latham Excavation, Inc. v.
    Deschutes County, 
    250 Or App 543
    , 555, 281 P3d 644 (2012).
    Accordingly, heeding what Siporen instructs, I respectfully
    dissent.
    

Document Info

Docket Number: A174363

Judges: Tookey

Filed Date: 12/16/2020

Precedential Status: Precedential

Modified Date: 10/10/2024