State v. Storkus ( 2020 )

257
Argued and submitted May 28, reversed and remanded for entry of judgment of
dismissal December 30, 2020
STATE OF OREGON,
Plaintiff-Respondent,
v.
WILLIAM MICHAEL STORKUS,
aka William Storkus,
Defendant-Appellant.
Umatilla County Circuit Court
18CR01681; A168771
479 P3d 320
Defendant appeals from a judgment of conviction for assaulting a public
safety officer, ORS 163.208, stemming from his assault of a correctional officer
while incarcerated at Two Rivers Correctional Institution. Defendant invoked
his statutory right under ORS 135.760 and ORS 135.763 to a speedy trial by send-
ing the trial court a request to have a trial within 90 days of the request. Due to
a calendaring error, however, the trial court held defendant’s trial 93 days after
his request was received. Defendant moved to dismiss the case, and the trial
court denied the motion concluding that there was good cause for the delay. On
appeal, the parties dispute whether the trial court erred in finding good cause for
the delay. Held: The trial court erred in concluding that there was good cause to
delay defendant’s trial. The state has the responsibility to make a showing of the
difficulty or impracticability of trying defendant within the statutory timeframe.
Here, the state’s submission of a copy of the court’s calendar showing approxi-
mately 1,300 docket entries without further explanation or additional evidence
describing the difficulty or impracticability of holding defendant’s trial does not
make a sufficient showing of good cause.
Reversed and remanded for entry of judgment of dismissal.
Eva J. Temple, Judge.
Matthew Blythe, Deputy Public Defender, argued the
cause for appellant. Also on the brief was Ernest G. Lannet,
Chief Defender, Criminal Appellate Section, Office of Public
Defense Services.
Philip Thoennes, Assistant Attorney General, argued
the cause for respondent. Also on the brief were Ellen F.
Rosenblum, Attorney General, and Benjamin Gutman,
Solicitor General.
Before Ortega, Presiding Judge, and Shorr, Judge, and
Powers, Judge.
258 State v. Storkus
POWERS, J.
Reversed and remanded for entry of judgment of dismissal.
Cite as 308 Or App 257 (2020) 259
POWERS, J.
Defendant appeals from a judgment of conviction for
assaulting a public safety officer, ORS 163.208, stemming
from his assault of a correctional officer while incarcerated
at Two Rivers Correctional Institution (TRCI). Defendant
invoked his statutory right to a speedy trial by sending the
trial court a request to have a trial within 90 days of the
request. Due to a calendaring error, however, the trial court
held defendant’s trial 93 days after his request was received.
Defendant moved to dismiss the case, and the trial court
denied the motion concluding that there was good cause for
the delay. On appeal, the parties dispute whether the trial
court erred in determining that there was good cause for the
delay. For the reasons explained below, we conclude that the
trial court erred in concluding that there was good cause for
the delay in scheduling defendant’s trial. Accordingly, we
reverse and remand for entry of a judgment of dismissal.
When a case involves the adult in custody speedy-
trial statutes, we review a trial court’s determination as
to whether “good cause” existed for errors of law. State v.
Tatarinov, 211 Or App 280, 285, 155 P3d 67, rev den, 342 Or
727 (2007). We are bound by the trial court’s factual find-
ings if there is any evidence to support them. State v. Neal,
260 Or App 753, 755, 320 P3d 664 (2014). We recount the
facts consistently with those standards.
The facts are procedural and undisputed. Defendant,
an adult in custody at TRCI, was indicted for assaulting a
correctional officer, and he subsequently submitted written
notice requesting a trial within 90 days under ORS 135.760
and ORS 135.763.1 ORS 135.760 provides:
“(1) Any adult in the custody of the Department of
Corrections or of the supervisory authority of a county
pursuant to a commitment under ORS 137.124(2) against
whom there is pending at the time of commitment or
against whom there is filed at any time during imprison-
ment, in any court of this state, an indictment, information
1
After defendant committed the assault, the legislature amended the
speedy-trial statutes to replace the word “inmate” for the phrase “adult in cus-
tody.” Or Laws 2019, ch 213, §§ 15-17. Because that amendment does not affect our
analysis, we refer to the current version of the statutes throughout the opinion.
260 State v. Storkus
or criminal complaint charging the adult in custody with
the commission of a crime, may give written notice to the
district attorney of the county in which the adult in cus-
tody is so charged requesting the district attorney to pros-
ecute and bring the adult in custody to trial on the charge
forthwith.
“(2) The notice provided for in subsection (1) of this
section shall be signed by the adult in custody and set forth
the place and term of imprisonment. A copy of the notice
shall be sent to the court in which the adult in custody has
been charged by indictment, information or complaint.”
ORS 135.763 provides:
“(1) The district attorney, after receiving a notice
requesting trial under ORS 135.760, shall, within 90 days
of receipt of the notice, bring the adult in custody to trial
upon the pending charge.
“(2) The court shall grant any reasonable continuance
with the consent of the defendant. Notwithstanding the
defendant’s lack of consent, the court may grant a continu-
ance on motion of the district attorney or on its own motion,
for good cause shown. The fact of imprisonment is not good
cause for the purposes of this subsection.”
The court received the notice on March 19, 2018.
When defendant appeared for arraignment, however, the
court mistakenly stated that it had received the notice on
March 22. Based on that mistaken impression, the court set
a trial date for June 20, which is 90 days from March 22, but
93 days from March 19.
At the trial readiness hearing on June 11, which
was six days before the end of the 90-day period, defendant
raised the issue of the timeliness of his trial, specifically
arguing that he had been denied a “fast and speedy trial.”2
The court, upon reviewing the calendar, discovered the error
and noted that it would be unavailable for any earlier date.
The court explained that the trial would “have to be before
a different [j]udge a week earlier if we’re [going to] have it
within 90 days.” At that point, the state suggested that the
court extend the deadline of the trial for good cause, and
that “the [c]ourt’s docket would be good cause for extending
2
Defendant’s primary counsel was unavailable for the readiness hearing
and defendant was represented by substitute counsel.
Cite as 308 Or App 257 (2020) 261
it by the few days we’re speaking of.” The court concluded
that the trial date would not be changed: “So, I guess we’ve
got it on for the 20th. That’s the earliest I can do it, and
we’re set. So, we’ll leave it there.”
Defendant moved to dismiss the case for lack of a
speedy trial. The trial court held a hearing on defendant’s
motion on June 20, which was the day that trial was set to
begin. At the hearing, the state conceded that March 19 was
the operative date for calculating the speedy-trial deadline,
that defendant had not consented to a continuance, and that
the state had not moved for a continuance. The state argued
that the trial court had continued the case on its own motion
at the readiness hearing and further contended that there
was good cause to do so. The state highlighted three reasons
to suggest that there was good cause: First, the state argued
that “overcrowded dockets may constitute good cause for con-
tinuing a case past a statutory speedy trial deadline,” and
offered a copy of the court’s docket from March 19 to June 20
in support of that assertion. The docket, the state noted, had
approximately 1,300 entries. Second, the state asked the
court to take judicial notice of the “geographical situation”
in Umatilla County. The state described that situation:
“We have four courtrooms. We have one judge assigned to
each criminal courtroom. Two of those courtrooms are here
in Hermiston. Two of those courtrooms are in Pendleton,
located approximately 30 miles away. And, each of the court-
rooms is scheduled very similar to our own courtroom 4.”3
Third, and finally, the state highlighted the fact that the
trial judge was in a judicial training seminar “when the
90-day period actually took place[.]” Taken together, the
state argued, there was “more than enough good cause” for
the court to determine that it “was improbable to get this
case on the docket any sooner than today.”
The court denied defendant’s motion:
“As you know, at trial readiness on June 11th, you
brought up your speedy trial motion. [Defendant’s primary
counsel] was not in the courtroom that day. He had another
colleague covering your case. You brought that up yourself.
3
The record is silent as to whether the court ultimately took judicial notice
of that description.
262 State v. Storkus
And frankly, that is the first time that I personally counted
to 90 on your file. So, I, typically say to my assistant, this
is a 90-day speedy trial request. We need to make sure
that we set this within 90 days of X. I believe I know what
happened.
“When we received your document, it was date stamped
March 19th. It was entered March 22nd. So, when my clerk
when to count to 90, she counted from March 22nd. So, we
are indeed off by three days.”
The court further noted that it had “agreed with [defendant]
that we should try to move [the trial] up if we could,” but
that another trial had already been set and that case took
priority over defendant’s case.4 While describing its reason-
ing, the court noted its own scheduling conflict:
“I had to go to Minneapolis for a training that I was not
able to cancel or change, and I didn’t have another judge
available to take over for me. So, I could not move your trial
forward.
“I am not going to grant your dismissal. I am going to
say that my docket and my decision to have my other trial
first was good cause to set yours out.”
Defendant then proceeded to a jury trial, which found him
guilty as charged. This appeal followed.
On appeal, defendant challenges the denial of his
motion to dismiss, arguing that the trial court erred in con-
cluding that there was good cause because the state did not
show “that it would have been impracticable to hold defen-
dant’s trial within the 90-day period if the prosecutor or the
trial court had properly calculated the speedy-trial deadline
at the beginning of the case.” That is, defendant argues that
the state should have made a showing that it was imprac-
ticable to try defendant within 90 days of receiving defen-
dant’s request, rather than show that it was impracticable
to try defendant after the discovery of the calendaring error.
Defendant further argues that “there was no evidence that
defendant’s trial could not have been held in a different
courtroom with a different judge.”
4
The state submits that the trial with priority over defendant’s occurred
June 6 to 8 and had finished by June 11, the date of the trial readiness hearing.
Thus, the state concedes that the other trial “could not factor in the ‘good cause’
analysis.”
Cite as 308 Or App 257 (2020) 263
The state remonstrates that the trial court did not
err in concluding that there was good cause because it was
impracticable to try defendant after the discovery of the cal-
endaring error and further argues that the state made a
showing of the difficulty or impracticability of trying defen-
dant within the 90-day period. As explained below, we con-
clude that the good-cause analysis accounts for the entire
90-day period, not just the period after the discovery of the
calendaring error, and we further conclude that the trial
court erred in determining that there was good cause.
To begin, we understand the state to argue that,
because the calendaring error was discovered six days before
the deadline, the preceding 84 days should not be consid-
ered in the good cause inquiry. Thus, according to the state’s
argument, we should narrow our analysis of whether there
was good cause to delay the trial to only the days after the
discovery of the calendaring error. We reject that argument.
Bringing an adult in custody to trial “within the statutory
period is the responsibility of the state.” Neal, 260 Or App
at 760. Once the district attorney receives a speedy-trial
request, the statutory framework “places responsibility on
the district attorney to bring an [adult in custody] to trial.”
State v. Benner, 253 Or App 164, 167, 288 P3d 1016 (2012)
(internal quotation marks and citation omitted). “The state
cannot abdicate its responsibility to control a prosecution.
It must take affirmative action to bring a defendant to trial
within 90 days, request a continuance for good cause or suf-
fer a dismissal under ORS 135.765.”5 State v. Person, 113 Or
App 40, 44, 831 P2d 700 (1992), aff’d, 316 Or 585, 853 P2d
5ORS 135.765 provides that the remedy for a violation of ORS 135.760 and
ORS 135.763 is dismissal:
“(1) On motion of the defendant or the counsel of the defendant, or on its
own motion, the court shall dismiss any criminal proceeding not brought to
trial in accordance with ORS 135.763.
“(2) The section shall not apply:
“(a) When failure to bring the adult in custody to trial within 90 days
after the district attorney receives notice under ORS 135.760 was the result
of motions filed on behalf of the adult in custody, or of a grant by the court of
a continuance on motion of the district attorney or on its own motion, for good
cause shown; or
“(b) When the adult in custody is unavailable for trial, other than by
imprisonment, or because of other pending criminal proceedings against the
adult in custody.”
264 State v. Storkus
813 (1993). Therefore, because the state has a duty to bring
an adult in custody to trial within the statutory period,
determining whether there is good cause must similarly
look to the entire 90-day period. If we were to accept the
state’s argument that the good-cause analysis is limited to
only the period after a scheduling error was discovered, we
would undercut the state’s statutory responsibility to con-
trol a prosecution. See Neal, 260 Or App at 761 (describing
that the state has “a duty to bring defendant to trial within
the statutory timeframe”). In short, to determine whether
there is good cause shown for purposes of a defendant’s stat-
utory speedy-trial rights, a court must evaluate the entire
statutory period. In this case, that means that the analysis
must include both the 84 days preceding discovery of the
calendaring error and the remaining six days before the
expiration of the 90-day period.
Having determined that the entire 90-day period
should be considered, we turn to whether the trial court
erred in determining that there was good cause to schedule
the trial beyond the statutory deadline. Although the phrase
“good cause” is used repeatedly as a statutory concept, see
State v. Biscotti, 219 Or App 296, 301, 182 P3d 269 (2008) (so
recognizing), there is no “precise, all-encompassing defini-
tion of good cause” in the speedy-trial context. Neal, 260 Or
App at 760 (internal quotation marks and citation omitted).
Appellate court decisions, however, have delineated some of
the boundaries of good cause. For example, we observed in
Neal that “circumstances such as overcrowded dockets, the
unavailability of a prosecution witness, and the state’s sus-
pension of funding for indigent defense have all been found
to constitute good cause.” Id. (citing Tatarinov, 211 Or App
at 285-86, 289). Conversely, “good cause provisions have
been interpreted by the courts of this state not to include
prosecutorial inadvertence or neglect.” Biscotti, 219 Or App
at 301-02 (summarizing cases interpreting “good cause” as
used in various statutes, including ORS 135.775 and ORS
135.765(2)(a) (emphasis omitted)).
When presented with the question of whether good
cause exists to delay a trial for an adult in custody, “it is
the state’s responsibility to make at least some showing
of the difficulty or impracticability of trying an [adult in
Cite as 308 Or App 257 (2020) 265
custody] within the statutory period[.]” Neal, 260 Or App
at 762 (emphasis omitted). Here, in addition to focusing on
the time after the calendaring error was discovered, the
state asserts that it made “some showing” of the difficulty
or impracticability of conducting defendant’s trial when the
prosecutor offered evidence of the courtroom schedule, not-
ing that “each of the [other three] courtrooms is scheduled
very similar to our own courtroom 4.” In the state’s view,
that evidence, combined with the trial judge traveling the
week prior to defendant’s scheduled trial, justified the trial
court’s determination of good cause.
As an initial matter, the good-cause determination
includes the state’s statutory duty described above to bring
an incarcerated defendant to trial within the statutory
period. Where, as here, defendant’s trial date was initially
scheduled outside of the statutory period, the state is not
entirely blameless for that scheduling error given its stat-
utory responsibility. See Neal, 260 Or App at 762; Benner,
253 Or App at 167. In any event, we need not decide whether
that calendaring error, standing alone, would have been a
sufficient basis for a good-cause determination because the
calendaring mistake was identified before the 90 days had
run. With that background in mind, we turn to what trans-
pired when the calendaring error was discovered and the
state’s showing of the difficulty or impracticability of hold-
ing defendant’s trial within the statutory period.
During the discussion at the trial readiness hear-
ing, the trial court suggested the possibility of having the
trial “before a different [j]udge a week earlier” than planned
in order to hold the trial within the statutory period. Rather
than explore that possibility, however, the state immediately
suggested that the court’s docket would be good cause for
holding the trial outside of the statutory period. The state
did not, at that time, point to any specifics about the court’s
docket, and the trial court agreed to keep the date that was
beyond the statutory period.
Then, during the hearing on defendant’s motion to
dismiss, the state offered into evidence a copy of the court’s
calendar from March 19 to June 20, which showed approx-
imately 1,300 entries. The entries include a wide variety of
266 State v. Storkus
hearings such as arraignments, probation violations, change
of pleas, and trial readiness hearings for cases involving vio-
lations, misdemeanors, and felonies. Defendants with multi-
ple cases appear as separate entries. There are also a number
of civil matters listed, including pretrial conferences for tort
cases, trials for landlord-tenant disputes, child custody and
other domestic relations proceedings, and hearings related
to restraining orders, such as a Family Abuse Prevention
Act (FAPA) protective orders. The calendar shows that
the court has a demanding docket like many courts across
Oregon. What is not apparent from that evidence is whether
the hearings are scheduled to last minutes, hours, or days.
Nor is it clear from the printout whether a criminal defen-
dant is incarcerated or not. Although exhaustive details
on each of the calendar entries are not needed to make a
good-cause determination, something more is required to
determine how an in-custody felony trial fits into any case-
prioritization calculation.
Importantly, absent from the documentary evidence
showing the existence of a panoply of hearings is any expla-
nation of why those particular hearings caused the trial
court any cognizable difficulty or made it impracticable to
hold defendant’s trial within the statutory period. There is
no doubt that trial courts across Oregon have crowded dock-
ets; indeed, many of them are overcrowded and courts are in
serious need of additional resources to handle the immense
docket pressure so that Oregonians can receive the timely
decisions that they rightly deserve. That generalized asser-
tion, however, without further explanation or additional evi-
dence describing the difficulty or impracticability of holding
defendant’s trial does little to establish a showing of good
cause. Cf. State v. Hall, 265 Or App 279, 285, 335 P3d 311
(2014) (explaining that “for limitations on judicial resources
to justify pretrial delay, the record in a case must demon-
strate precisely how an overcrowded docket contributed to
the period of delay at issue” (internal quotation marks and
citation omitted)).
Relatedly, there was no explanation why another
judge in one of the other courtrooms was unable to hear
defendant’s case. Although the state suggested that the other
courtrooms have a similar schedule, there was no evidence
Cite as 308 Or App 257 (2020) 267
or showing why it was difficult or otherwise impracticable.
See Neal, 260 Or App at 761 (“[T]he parties could have exam-
ined the court’s docket and made a determination whether
it was practicable to reschedule defendant’s trial * * *, per-
haps by rescheduling some other, less-pressing business for
a later date.”). That is especially true when the court sug-
gested that another judge may have been available to take
over when the calendaring error was first raised.
In sum, the trial court erred in concluding that
there was good cause to delay defendant’s trial beyond the
90-day statutory deadline because the state did not make a
sufficient showing for good cause.
Reversed and remanded for entry of judgment of
dismissal.