Dept. of Human Services v. R. A. C.-R. ( 2020 )

360
Argued and submitted July 6, affirmed September 2, 2020, petition for review
denied January 21, 2021 (367 Or 496)
In the Matter of A. M. C.-R.,
a Child.
DEPARTMENT OF HUMAN SERVICES,
Petitioner-Respondent,
v.
R. A. C.-R.,
Appellant.
Lane County Circuit Court
16JU07482; A171869 (Control)
In the Matter of H. C. C. R.,
aka H. R., a Child.
DEPARTMENT OF HUMAN SERVICES,
Petitioner-Respondent,
v.
R. A. C.-R.,
Appellant.
Lane County Circuit Court
16JU07483; A171870
473 P3d 1167
In this juvenile dependency case, father appeals a judgment changing the
permanency plans for his two children from reunification to guardianship. After
living in Mexico with father for years, mother and children fled to Oregon, with
assistance from the Mexican government, to escape father’s domestic violence.
Several months later, the juvenile court asserted jurisdiction over children.
Father continues to live in Mexico and is legally barred from reentering the
United States. Father contends that the juvenile court erred in changing chil-
dren’s permanency plans, because the Department of Human Services (DHS) did
not make reasonable efforts to reunify children with him. In particular, father
points to DHS’s failure to offer him any domestic violence treatment services in
Mexico. Held: The juvenile court did not err. The record establishes that DHS
made substantial efforts to locate services for father and to provide services to
father, but that certain services are unavailable in the area where father lives,
including domestic violence programs for perpetrators (as distinct from victims).
Under the specific circumstances of this case, the trial court did not err in deter-
mining that DHS made reasonable efforts towards reunification.
Affirmed.
Cite as 306 Or App 360 (2020) 361
Jay A. McAlpin, Judge.
Holly Telerant, Deputy Public Defender, argued the
cause for appellant. Also on the briefs was Shannon Storey,
Chief Defender, Juvenile Appellate Section, Office of Public
Defense Services.
Jona J. Maukonen, Assistant Attorney General, argued
the cause for respondent. Also on the brief were Ellen F.
Rosenblum, Attorney General, and Benjamin Gutman,
Solicitor General.
Before Armstrong, Presiding Judge, and Aoyagi, Judge,
and Sercombe, Senior Judge.
AOYAGI, J.
Affirmed.
362 Dept. of Human Services v. R. A. C.-R.
AOYAGI, J.
In this juvenile dependency case, father appeals
a judgment changing the permanency plans for his two
daughters, A and H, from reunification to guardianship.
Father challenges the juvenile court’s determination that
the Department of Human Services (DHS) made reasonable
efforts toward reunification. We conclude that the juvenile
court did not err and, accordingly, affirm.
Father has not requested de novo review, and we
decline to conduct de novo review. See ORS 19.415(3)(b);
ORAP 5.40(8)(c). We are therefore bound by the juvenile
court’s factual findings as to what efforts DHS has made, so
long as there is any evidence in the record to support them.
Dept. of Human Services v. J. F. D., 255 Or App 742, 744, 298
P3d 653 (2013). Whether those efforts constitute “reasonable
efforts” for purposes of ORS 419B.476(2)(a) is a question of
law that we review for legal error. Dept. of Human Services
v. V. A. R., 301 Or App 565, 567, 456 P3d 681 (2019).
Father and mother met in Oregon. After A’s birth
in 2010, the family moved to Mexico, where H was born in
2013. In 2016, with the assistance of the Mexican govern-
ment, mother and children returned to Oregon, essentially
fleeing from father’s domestic violence. Later the same
year, DHS removed children from mother’s care and filed
dependency petitions. In October 2016, the juvenile court
asserted jurisdiction over children on two bases admitted by
mother—that her developmental disability interferes with
her ability to safely parent children and that she is unable
to protect children from father’s domestic violence—and one
basis admitted by father—that the nation of Mexico had rec-
ognized that he was not safe to be around children and flew
children back to the United States to escape his violence.
We limit our discussion to father, as mother is not
a party to this appeal. In conjunction with asserting juris-
diction over A and H, the juvenile court ordered father to
complete a comprehensive psychological evaluation with a
DHS/CWP approved provider, complete domestic violence
counseling with a DHS/CWP approved provider, complete
a DHS/CWP approved parent training program, and main-
tain safe and stable housing as approved by DHS/CWP. In
Cite as 306 Or App 360 (2020) 363
November 2016, March 2018, and September 2018, DHS
sent letters to father listing the same expectations.
Throughout the dependency proceedings, father
has remained in Mexico, where he is originally from; he is
legally barred from reentering the United States. DHS has
stayed in contact with father, and it has arranged twice-
weekly video visits with children. In 2017, DHS obtained
a home study of father’s home through the Mexican child
protective agency, Desarrollo Integral Familiar (DIF). DIF
rated father’s home as “B+ level,” meaning that it has mini-
mum sanitary infrastructure but would not meet children’s
needs. As part of the home study, DIF determined that
father lacked a stable income, reported that the neighbors
described father as violent toward mother, and ultimately
recommended against placing children with father due to
his violent behavior. Also as part of the home study, father
received a psychological evaluation, from which the psychol-
ogist concluded that father needed to address several issues,
including emotional stability, impulse control, and anger
management.1
It appears that father may have participated in some
services in Mexico of his own accord. The DHS caseworker
testified that father told her that he was attending parent-
ing classes and counseling but that she did not receive any
documentation. Father testified that he had participated in
therapy and anger management in Mexico and sent “docu-
ments” to DHS “a couple of times.” The only documentation
in the record indicates that father attended some “therapy”
sessions through Yucatan Health Service, during which no
determination was made as to whether he is violent.2
1
Father subsequently obtained a second psychological evaluation at the
Yucatan Health Service, which DHS found unsatisfactory, both because of who
performed it and because it relied on father’s self-reports that he was not vio-
lent and would never hit a woman, rather than external evidence. Father also
obtained a second DIF home study in 2018, which noted some home improve-
ments but made no placement recommendation.
2
Throughout the dependency proceedings, father has continued to deny that
he has ever been abusive toward mother, A, or H. We do not consider that fact rel-
evant to whether DHS made reasonable efforts toward reunification. Whether or
not father currently admits to domestic violence, he has never refused to partici-
pate in services, let alone done so persistently enough to affect DHS’s obligations.
See Dept. of Human Services v. C. L. H., 283 Or App 313, 328-29, 388 P3d 1214
(2017).
364 Dept. of Human Services v. R. A. C.-R.
As for referring father for services, DHS has never
done so, because it has been unable to locate any appropriate
services where father lives in Mexico. Both DHS casework-
ers who have been assigned to the case have contacted DIF
on numerous occasions, trying to identify services available
in the area, and the first caseworker also searched online
to try to find any local services. By their own estimates, the
caseworkers called DIF at least 50 times, although some of
those calls were in connection with trying to schedule and get
the results of the home study. DHS needed to communicate
with DIF about services because the DHS caseworkers were
unfamiliar with the services in Mexico. Based on their fruit-
less conversations with DIF workers and the first casework-
er’s unsuccessful online searches, the caseworkers came to
understand that the only domestic-violence programs avail-
able in Mexico were for victims, not perpetrators.3
In early 2019, DHS moved to change children’s per-
manency plans from reunification to guardianship. Father
contested the change. After hearing testimony from mother,
father, the two DHS caseworkers, a psychologist, and an
international case consultant, the juvenile court changed
A’s and H’s plans to guardianship. As a predicate to doing
so, the court concluded that DHS made reasonable efforts
toward reunification, noting the “unfortunate” reality that
father was in a different country where services were not
readily available to him. See Dept. of Human Services v.
S. M. H., 283 Or App 295, 305, 388 P3d 1204 (2017) (before
the juvenile court may change a child’s plan away from
reunification, DHS must prove by a preponderance of the
evidence that DHS made reasonable efforts to make it pos-
sible for the child to be reunified with his or her parent and
that, notwithstanding those efforts, the parent’s progress
was insufficient to make reunification possible).
Father appeals the permanency judgment, chal-
lenging the juvenile court’s determination that DHS made
reasonable efforts toward reunification. In six assignments
3
DHS was similarly unsuccessful in identifying any parenting classes for
father to attend. However, the only jurisdictional basis as to father pertains
to his domestic violence, and father challenges only DHS’s failure to refer him
to domestic-violence services, so we focus our discussion on domestic-violence
services.
Cite as 306 Or App 360 (2020) 365
of error, father challenges the juvenile court’s reasonable-
efforts determination as to each child, its insufficient-
progress determination as to each child, and its change of
plan for each child. However, the crux of all six assignments
of error is that DHS did not make reasonable efforts to
reunify children with father. We therefore focus our discus-
sion on the reasonable-efforts issue.
Father argues that, because DHS never referred
him to any domestic-violence services, he was not pro-
vided a meaningful opportunity to adjust his conduct and
become a minimally adequate parent. See Dept. of Human
Services v. D. M. R., 301 Or App 436, 444, 455 P3d 599 (2019)
(“Reasonable efforts to reunify a child with her parent focus
on ameliorating the adjudicated bases for jurisdiction and
give parents a reasonable opportunity to demonstrate their
ability to adjust their conduct and become minimally ade-
quate parents.” (Internal quotation marks omitted.)). DHS
responds that its efforts were reasonable under the particu-
lar circumstances of this case. See Dept. of Human Services
v. M. K., 257 Or App 409, 416, 306 P3d 763 (2013) (recog-
nizing that whether DHS made reasonable efforts toward
reunification “depends on the particular circumstances”).
In another case decided today, Dept. of Human
Services v. K. G. T., 306 Or App 368, 473 P3d 131 (2020),
we discuss at length the legal principles relevant to the
reasonable-efforts determination that a juvenile court must
make before changing a child’s permanency plan away from
reunification. Applying those principles here, we agree with
DHS that the juvenile court did not err in concluding that
DHS made reasonable efforts toward reunification under
the particular circumstances of this case.
In K. G. T., we hold that a juvenile court erred in
concluding that DHS made reasonable efforts to reunify
a child with his father, who was incarcerated throughout
most of the dependency proceedings. 306 Or App at 370. In
that case, the father needed substance abuse treatment,
parent training, and mental health services to address the
jurisdictional bases. Id. at 371. Upon determining that the
Department of Corrections (“DOC”) did not have any such
services available to the father, DHS never considered
366 Dept. of Human Services v. R. A. C.-R.
trying to arrange services itself, instead taking the view
that it could provide services to the father once he was out
of prison and it was easier to do so. Id. at 376, 381-82. The
father had been incarcerated for a year before the perma-
nency hearing and would remain incarcerated for at least
another seven months after it. Id. at 371-72, 382-83. On that
record, we concluded that DHS did not provide sufficient evi-
dence to meet its burden to show that it made reasonable
efforts toward reunification. Id. at 384-85.
This case is different from K. G. T. in two respects.
The first is that DHS made much more extensive efforts to
try to find services for father in this case than it made in
K. G. T. The DHS caseworkers repeatedly called DIF, the
Mexican child protective agency, trying to identify what ser-
vices were available in Mexico, but DIF itself does not pro-
vide services, and DIF was unable to identify any appropri-
ate services for father. Although father characterizes those
efforts as DHS “delegating” its responsibility to DIF, it is
more accurate to say that DHS reasonably sought assistance
from DIF, given DHS’s own unfamiliarity with the services
available in Mexico and the lack of other obvious means to
identify local services. In addition to the contacts with DIF,
the first DHS caseworker ran online searches to try to iden-
tify any local services available, but they were fruitless. On
this record, it is reasonable to infer that there simply are
no domestic violence programs available to father where he
lives in Mexico.
The other distinguishing feature of this case is that
DHS has no control over the services available to father in
Mexico. When a parent is incarcerated in a state prison in
Oregon, like the father in K. G. T., DHS itself may have no
control over DOC, but both DHS and DOC are ultimately
agencies of the State of Oregon, making it more difficult for
“the state” to claim that it has no control over the services
available to a person in an Oregon prison. Further, when
a parent in a dependency case is incarcerated in Oregon,
there may be institutional barriers or higher costs for DHS
itself to provide services to an incarcerated parent, but
there is no geographic barrier to providing services. By con-
trast, it is obvious, and father implicitly recognizes, that it
would be cost prohibitive under any standard for DHS to
Cite as 306 Or App 360 (2020) 367
fly service providers to Mexico to provide services to father.
Father suggests that DHS could have investigated online
programs, but we are unpersuaded, at least under these cir-
cumstances, that DHS’s failure to consider that possibility
rendered its efforts toward reunification unreasonable.
Under the particular circumstances of this case, the
juvenile court did not err in concluding that DHS made rea-
sonable efforts toward reunification, in support of its change
of A’s and H’s plans from reunification to guardianship.
We do not mean to suggest that DHS’s obligation to make
reasonable efforts toward reunification is less with respect
to parents who reside in foreign countries than those who
reside in Oregon—it is not. Rather, we simply recognize that,
when there is truly no feasible way to provide a service to a
parent, DHS cannot be required to provide that service as a
condition of proving that it made reasonable efforts toward
reunification, as that would have the effect of leaving the
child stuck in limbo, unable to ever have her or his plan
changed away from reunification. See K. G. T., 306 Or App at
381 (rejecting such proposition); see also ORS 419B.476(2)(a)
(“In making its determination, the court shall consider the
ward’s health and safety the paramount concerns.”). Here,
the evidence was sufficient to establish that DHS made sub-
stantial efforts to identify services for father in Mexico and
that the services were simply unavailable.
Affirmed.