Dept. of Rev. v. Bahr I ( 2012 )

434 March 5, 2012 No. 53
IN THE OREGON TAX COURT
REGULAR DIVISION
DEPARTMENT OF REVENUE,
Plaintiff,
v.
Steven H. BAHR
and Laureen R. Bahr,
Defendants.
(TC 4926)
Plaintiff Department of Revenue (the department) appealed from a
Magistrate Division decision regarding recognition of gain on an IRC section
1031 like-kind exchange of property, arguing that Defendants (taxpayers) were
not entitled to a like-kind exchange tax deferral. At oral argument on the parties’
cross-motions, the parties agreed that the court could submit a decision on a
stipulated record if the court determined that summary judgment was inappro-
priate. Denying both parties’ motions for summary judgment, the court ruled
that there were contested issues of material fact such that both parties’ motions
were denied but also that as the department was the party seeking affirmative
relief it had the burden of showing that taxpayers more likely than not had held
the exchange lots primarily for sale, but the facts on that issue were in equipoise
and the court could not find for the department in that circumstance.
Oral argument on cross-motions for summary judgment
was held in the courtroom of the Oregon Tax Court on May 24,
2011.
Douglas M. Adair, Senior Assistant Attorney General,
Department of Justice, Salem, filed the motion and argued
the cause for Plaintiff (the department).
Defendants Steven H. Bahr and Laureen R. Bahr filed a
response and argued the cause for Defendants (taxpayers)
pro se.
Decision rendered on March 5, 2012.
HENRY C. BREITHAUPT, Judge.
I. INTRODUCTION
This case initially came before the court on cross-
motions for summary judgment on a stipulated record. At
the oral argument on the motions, the parties agreed that
if the court should find this case inappropriate for decision
Cite as 20 OTR 434 (2012) 435
on motions for summary judgment, the case was also being
submitted for decision on a stipulated record.
Plaintiff (the department) argues that Defendants
Steven H. Bahr and Laureen R. Bahr (taxpayers) must rec-
ognize gain from the conveyance of certain real property
as Oregon taxable income in the tax year 2005. Taxpayers
argue that the real property in question was “exchanged
solely for property of like kind” under IRC section 1031, and,
therefore, that no gain need be recognized.1
II. FACTS
In 1996, taxpayers entered into a “like-kind”
exchange under IRC section 1031 whereby taxpayers received
an undivided one-half interest in an unimproved five acre
parcel located on June Reid Place in Keizer, Oregon (the
Clear Lake property) in exchange for taxpayers’ interest in
a duplex located in Salem, Oregon. Rodney and Loretta Lent
(the Lents)—with whom taxpayers had previously co-owned
the duplex—acquired the other undivided one-half interest
in the Clear Lake property.2 The department does not dis-
pute that taxpayers and the Lents had held the duplex in
Salem as an investment property, and likewise acquired the
Clear Lake property for use as an investment property.
On June 28, 2000, Salem-Keizer School District 24J
paid $767,520 to acquire a 9.09 acre parcel adjacent to the Clear
Lake Property (the school district property). On September 25,
2001, the school district acquired a permit to build a new school
on the school district property. The school district completed
construction sometime prior to July 12, 2002.
During the construction of the school, the Lents
were approached by a developer, Darrell Beam (Beam), with
an offer to purchase the Clear Lake property for $60,000 per
acre. Noting that this was significantly less than what the
Salem-Keizer school district had paid for the school district
property, taxpayers and the Lents refused the offer. In the
course of these discussions, Beam indicated that if the Clear
Lake property were to be subdivided, he would be willing to
purchase the subdivided lots for $58,000 per lot.
1
All references to the Internal Revenue Code (IRC) are to the 2004 edition.
2
Lorretta Lent and Laureen Bahr are sisters.
436 Dept. of Rev. v. Bahr I
During February and March of 2004—roughly two
years after the initial discussions with Beam—the Lents
contacted Beam about his interest in purchasing subdivided,
improved lots on the Clear Lake property. On March 10,
2004, the Lents—acting both for themselves and as agents
for taxpayers—applied to the City of Keizer for a permit to
subdivide the Clear Lake property.
On May 7, 2004, taxpayers, the Lents, and Beam
entered into an option agreement that gave Beam an option
to purchase 22 lots within the Clear Lake property for
$58,000 per lot. The lots covered by the option included,
among others, lots 6, 7, 8 and 13 (the exchange lots)—the
lots at issue in this case.3 Beam paid taxpayers and the
Lents a total of $100,000 as consideration for the option.
The option agreement provided for an initial term of
10 days, starting on the date Beam received written notice
from taxpayers and the Lents that the City of Keizer had
authorized issuance of building permits for the lots subject
to the option. During this initial term, Beam was obligated
to exercise his option as to 12 of the 22 lots or forfeit the
$100,000 he had paid for the option. After giving notice,
Beam had a further 20 days to close the sales on these first
12 houses. If Beam exercised his option on at least 12 lots
during this initial term, the agreement provided for a “sub-
sequent term” running for 180 days from the start of the
initial term, during which Beam could exercise his option
with regard to any or all of the remaining 10 lots. The option
agreement further provided that if Beam were to exer-
cise his option, he would be credited $4,545.45 toward the
$58,000 purchase price for each lot.4 The option agreement
did not state that Beam was required to take the 22 lots
3
The option agreement states that the option agreement covered “lots 2-14,
16-20[,] and 24-27.” The parties have stipulated, however, that the option agree-
ment in fact covered lots 1-13, 16-20, and 24-27. Inasmuch as the stipulated range
is more consistent with the subsequent disposition of the lots, the court infers
that the parties may have adjusted the lots covered by the option agreement.
In any event, all four of the lots at issue in this case were covered by the option
agreement.
4
$4,545.45 is roughly 1/22 of $100,000; thus, the credit appears to be a pro
rata application of the $100,000 paid by Beam for the option toward the purchase
price of each of the lots covered by the option agreement.
Cite as 20 OTR 434 (2012) 437
in any particular order or otherwise restrict Beam’s right
to exercise his option as to any of the lots covered by the
agreement during the term of the option. In addition, the
agreement did not contain any terms limiting Beam’s ability
to transfer or assign his rights.
The City of Keizer approved the application to sub-
divide the Clear Lake property on June 10, 2004. In all, tax-
payers and the Lents incurred site development costs on the
subdivided Clear Lake property totaling $524, 038. In part
to cover these development costs, taxpayers and the Lents
took out a $550,000 loan from Umpqua Bank. The principal
amount of this loan was to be repaid in a lump sum payment
no later than December 8, 2005. Taxpayers and the Lents
split the costs of site development equally, though Loretta
Lent managed the site development activity for the two
couples.
At the beginning of 2005, the Clear Lake property
consisted of 27 lots—26 of which were jointly owned by tax-
payers and the Lents.5 On January 5, 2005, taxpayers and
the Lents sold 12 lots to Craig and Sheila Poole (the Pooles),
third party affiliates of Beam.6 Taxpayers and the Lents
used the proceeds of this first sale to repay the loan from
Umpqua Bank.
Following the first sale to the Pooles, taxpayers and
the Lents conveyed several lots to Beam and to third par-
ties. Taxpayers and the Lents also engaged in transactions
among themselves with the result that several lots ceased to
be jointly owned and instead became the property of either
the Lents or taxpayers. Taxpayers acquired the Lents’ one-
half interest in one such lot on January 5, 2005, and subse-
quently built a duplex on that lot.
5
One of the lots, designated “Lot 22” in the documents provided to the court
by the parties, was owned solely by the Lents.
6
At oral argument taxpayers and the department both stated that the Pooles
were essentially acting as a source of financing for Beam. The department fur-
ther stated its understanding that Beam may have assigned some of his rights
under the option agreement to the Pooles, though there is no direct evidence of
this in the record. From the discussion of this issue at oral argument, it appears
that as far as all of the parties involved were concerned, the sale of the first
twelve lots to the Pooles amounted to Beam exercising his option to purchase
those lots.
438 Dept. of Rev. v. Bahr I
Between January 5, 2005, and May 31, 2005, Beam
acquired four of the lots covered by the option agreement in
addition to the 12 acquired by the Pooles on January 5, 2005.
During the summer of 2005, Beam acquired an additional
two lots on the Clear Lake property: one on June 9, 2005,
and a second on July 6, 2005. After the July 6 purchase,
there followed a lull of approximately three months during
which neither Beam nor the Pooles acquired any further lots
on the Clear Lake property.
On October 5, 2005, taxpayers and the Lents trans-
ferred the exchange lots to the Pooles as part of a trans-
action structured as a like-kind exchange under IRC sec-
tion 1031 in which Investment Property Exchange Services,
Inc. (IPX) acted as a qualified intermediary.7 For their part
in the transaction, the Pooles remitted $214,256 to IPX for
use in acquiring replacement property for taxpayers and the
Lents. In December of 2005 taxpayers acquired from IPX a
duplex in Aumsville, Oregon as replacement property.
Consistent with their treatment of the disposition
of the exchange lots as a like-kind exchange, taxpayers
did not recognize any gain as a result of the conveyance of
those four lots on either their Oregon or their federal income
returns for the 2005 tax years. On audit, the department’s
auditor determined that the conveyance of the exchange
lots did not qualify as a like-kind exchange under IRC sec-
tion 1031 because taxpayers had held the exchange lots for
sale, rather than for investment. The department therefore
adjusted taxpayers’ 2005 Oregon personal income tax return
to recognize $127,188 as gain resulting from the disposition
of taxpayers’ interests in the exchange lots in tax year 2005.
Taxpayers appealed the adjustment to the Magistrate
Division. In a decision dated September 25, 2009, the mag-
istrate found in favor of taxpayers on the grounds that
taxpayers were not “developers in the business of selling
7
The use of a “qualified intermediary” is one of four “safe harbors” recognized
by the regulations implementing IRC section 1031. In a transaction involving a
qualified intermediary, the intermediary acquires the “relinquished property”
from the taxpayer, transfers the relinquished property, acquires a “replacement
property,” and conveys the replacement property to the taxpayer. In that manner
the taxpayer avoids actual or constructive receipt of money from the conveyance
of the taxpayer’s property. See Treas Reg § 1.1031(k)-1(g)(4).
Cite as 20 OTR 434 (2012) 439
subdivision lots for a profit.” Bahr v. Dept. of Rev., TC-MD
No 080525B (Sept 25, 2009) (slip op at 5.) The department
appeals from the decision of the magistrate.
III. ISSUE
Did taxpayer’s conveyance of the four lots qualify
for treatment as a like-kind exchange under IRC section
1031?
IV. ANALYSIS
IRC section 1031(a) provides, in pertinent part:
“(1) In general. No gain or loss shall be recognized on the
exchange of property held for productive use in a trade or
business or for investment if such property is exchanged
solely for property of like kind which is to be held either for
productive use in a trade or business or for investment.
“(2) Exception. This subsection shall not apply to any
exchange of—
“(A) stock in trade or other property held primarily for
sale[.]”
The difference between property held for “investment” and
property held “primarily for sale” is not explicitly stated in
the text of IRC section 1031. Binding federal case law states
that for real property to be held for investment at the time
of a purported exchange, the taxpayer must lack “intent
either to liquidate the investment or to use it for personal
pursuits.” See Bolker v. Commissioner, 760 F2d 1039, 1045
(9th Cir 1985). Because a property owner’s purposes with
regard to any given property can change over time, the crit-
ical question is what the property owner’s intentions toward
the property were at the time that the property owner con-
veyed the property to another. Neal T. Baker Enterprises,
Inc. v. Commissioner, 76 TCM 301, 307 (1998).
A. The Parties’ Cross-Motions for Summary Judgment
Summary judgment is only appropriate where, on
the record before the court, “there is no genuine issue as
to any material fact” and “the moving party is entitled to
prevail as a matter of law.” Tax Court Rule (TCR) 47 C. “No
genuine issue as to a material fact” means that “based upon
440 Dept. of Rev. v. Bahr I
the record before the court viewed in a manner most favor-
able to the adverse party, no ‘objectively reasonable’ ” finder
of fact could find for the party opposing the motion. Id.Taxpayers’ intention with regard to the exchange
lots is, of course, a question of fact. Neal T. Baker Enterprises,
Inc., 76 TCM at 306. Taxpayers and the department each
take very different views on the answer to that question,
and, as the court will discuss below, there is evidence in the
record from which an objectively reasonable finder of fact
could conceivably find for either party. Consequently, both
the motion for summary judgment of the department and
the motion for summary judgment of taxpayers must be
denied.
B. Decision of the case on the record
Pursuant to the agreement of the parties at oral
argument, the court will decide this case as if it had been
submitted to the court for decision after trial on a record as
established by the parties to this case. The key difference
here is that whereas in section IV(A) above, the court could
only rule in favor of one party or the other if “no genuine
issue of material fact” existed and one party or the other
was “entitled to prevail as a matter of law,” the court must
now review the evidence in the record to determine whether
on October 5, 2005, taxpayers more likely than not held the
exchange lots “primarily for sale” and not “for investment.”
The burden of proof with regard to this issue lies with the
party seeking affirmative relief. ORS 305.427.8 In this case,
the department has appealed from a decision for taxpayers
in the Magistrate Division. The burden, therefore, lies with
the department. U.S. Bancorp v. Dept. of Rev., 17 OTR 232,
244 (2003).
Taxpayers’ intentions are subjective and are thus,
in some sense, not truly knowable to the court. The court
therefore must look to the circumstances surrounding tax-
payers’ conveyance of the exchange lots, and from those cir-
cumstances determine whether taxpayers most likely held
those four lots “for investment” or “primarily for sale.”
8
All references to the Oregon Revised Statutes (ORS) are to 2009.
Cite as 20 OTR 434 (2012) 441
In answering this question, the U.S. Tax Court
looks for guidance to the factors considered in determining
whether property is “stock in trade of the taxpayer or other
property of a kind which would properly be included in the
inventory of the taxpayer if on hand at the close of the tax-
able year, or property held by the taxpayer primarily for sale
to customers in the ordinary course of his trade or business”
under IRC section 1221(a)(1). These factors include:
(1)
The purpose for which the property was initially
acquired;
(2)     The purpose for which the property was subsequently
held;
(3)     The extent to which improvements, if any, were made to
the property by the taxpayers;
(4)     The frequency, number, and continuity of sales;
(5)     The extent and nature of the transactions involved;
(6)     The ordinary business of the taxpayer;
(7)     The extent of advertising, promotion, or other active
efforts used in soliciting buyers for the sale of the
property;
(8)     The listing of property with brokers; and
(9)     The purpose for which the property was held at the
time of the sale.
Neal T. Baker Enterprises, Inc., 76 TCM at 306. This court
will utilize the same method. In applying these factors,
however, the court is mindful that they can only be used as
guideposts. The focus of IRC section 1221(a)(1) is on whether
a given property is “stock in trade of the taxpayer * * * or
property held by the taxpayer primarily for sale to custom-
ers in the ordinary course of his trade or business.” IRC sec-
tion 1031(a)(2)(A), on the other hand, looks only to whether
property is held “primarily for sale.” Consequently, some of
the factors listed above are accorded greater weight than
others. Id. Of these factors, the court considers factors (9),
(1) and (2) to be of the greatest importance in deciding this
case: factor (9) because it takes in the ultimate question in
this case—taxpayers’ intentions toward the exchange lots
on October 5, 2005; factors (1) and (2) because they provide
442 Dept. of Rev. v. Bahr I
the historical background necessary to answer that ques-
tion. The remaining factors are referred to in this analysis
only inasmuch as they aid in analyzing factors (9), (1), and
(2).
1. Taxpayers’ purpose in acquiring the Clear Lake
property and the purpose for which the Clear Lake
Property was subsequently held
The department does not dispute that at the time
taxpayers and the Lents acquired the Clear Lake property,
they intended to hold the property for investment purposes.
Furthermore, the department does not dispute that taxpay-
ers and the Lents held the Clear Lake property as invest-
ment property for some time after acquiring it. However,
the department takes the position that some time prior to
October 5, 2005, taxpayers ceased holding the exchange lots
as investment property, and began holding them “primarily
for sale.”
The department points particularly, but not exclu-
sively, to the option agreement taxpayers and the Lents
entered into with Beam on May 7, 2004, as a clear indication
that taxpayers held the exchange lots “primarily for sale.”
The department also points to actions undertaken by tax-
payers, or by the Lents on behalf of taxpayers, as further
evidence that taxpayers’ purpose in holding the exchange
lots changed from “investment” to “primarily for sale” at
some point prior to October 5, 2005. These actions include
contacting Beam in early 2004 to see if he was still inter-
ested in purchasing improved lots on a subdivided Clear
Lake property, obtaining approval to subdivide the Clear
Lake property, constructing the site improvements called
for by the option agreement, and taking out a loan to finance
those improvements.
The record indicates that in 2002, when Beam ini-
tially approached taxpayers and the Lents, he did so more
or less unsolicited. This would tend to indicate that, at least
at that time, taxpayers and the Lents did not hold the Clear
Lake Property “primarily for sale.” By that same token,
however, the Lents’ conduct in contacting Beam in early
2004—two years after Beam made his initial offer—to see
if Beam was still interested in purchasing improved lots on
Cite as 20 OTR 434 (2012) 443
the Clear Lake property tends to indicate that the Lents,
at least, had decided to liquidate their investment in the
Clear Lake property. Beam’s offer was, after all, to purchase
improved lots on the Clear Lake property for $58,000 apiece.
Taxpayers’ decision in March of 2004 to authorize the Lents
to act as their agent in applying for a permit to subdivide
the Clear Lake property indicates that taxpayers had also
decided to liquidate their investment by selling at least some
of the resultant lots to Beam.
Taxpayers’ further role in obtaining a loan to finance
site improvements and paying for roughly half of the cost of
constructing improvements on the Clear Lake property also
indicates an intention to sell lots on the Clear Lake property,
and particularly to sell the lots covered by the option agree-
ment. The record indicates that taxpayers and the Lents
used the proceeds of the first sale of 12 lots to the Pooles
to pay off the loan from Umpqua Bank used to finance the
subdivision and improvement of the Clear Lake Property.
Under the circumstances in this case, it seems almost cer-
tain that taxpayers and the Lents anticipated doing just
this when taxpayers and the Lents took out the loan. Hence,
taxpayers and the Lents were planning to sell some subset
of the lots covered by the option agreement in order to pay
for the cost of developing the Clear Lake property.
In the court’s view, the option agreement between
taxpayers, the Lents, and Beam—in combination with the
activities of taxpayers, or of the Lents on taxpayers’ behalf—
strongly favor a finding that on or before May 7, 2004, tax-
payers ceased to regard the 22 lots covered by the option
agreement—including the exchange lots—primarily as an
investment to be held, and began to regard them as some-
thing to be sold in the near future. The agreement specifi-
cally states that Beam had the right to “purchase” the lots
he desired on the Clear Lake property—lots that included
the four lots at issue in this case. Nothing in the agreement,
or in taxpayers’ conduct toward the exchange lots, suggests
that taxpayers regarded the exchange lots as in any way dis-
tinct from the other lots covered by the option agreement. If,
during the term of the option, Beam had chosen to exercise
his option with regard to any or all of the exchange lots and
had come forward with the agreed purchase price, taxpayers
444 Dept. of Rev. v. Bahr I
would have had no choice but to oblige. This is impossible to
reconcile with the notion that taxpayers continued to hold
the exchange lots as investment property during the term
of the option agreement. Rather, it appears that by happen-
stance Beam simply did not elect to exercise his option to
purchase those four specific lots during this time.
The court therefore concludes that some time prior
to May 7, 2004, taxpayers ceased to regard the exchange
lots as property held for “investment” and from that point
through at least the termination of the option agreement
held the exchange lots “primarily for sale.”
2. The purpose for which taxpayers held the exchange
lots on October 5, 2005
However, there is still one more question for the court
to answer. Having determined that taxpayers most likely
began to regard the exchange lots as “primarily for sale”
some time before May 7, 2004, the court must now deter-
mine whether taxpayers most likely still held the exchange
properties “primarily for sale” on October 5, 2005—the date
that taxpayers conveyed the exchange lots, through IPX, to
the Pooles.
There is very little direct evidence on this issue in
the record. The department appears content to rely upon
the evidence discussed above tending to show that taxpay-
ers ceased to hold the exchange lots as investment property
some time prior to May 7, 2004. Taxpayers, in turn, argue
that they held the exchange lots as investment property
throughout their ownership of the exchange lots, including
on the day that they conveyed their interest in the lots to the
Pooles.
On this issue the option agreement between tax-
payers, the Lents, and Beam is once again a critical con-
sideration. As the court discussed above, while the option
agreement was in effect it served as a strong indication
that taxpayers intended to liquidate their investment in
the exchange lots, along with the other lots covered by the
option agreement, despite their representations to the con-
trary. This was primarily because, by entering into the
option agreement, taxpayers had signed away their right
Cite as 20 OTR 434 (2012) 445
to refuse to liquidate their investment for at least the term
of the option, providing Beam met certain conditions. For
reasons discussed below, however, it appears that the term
of the option agreement may have expired well before the
Pooles acquired the exchange lots from taxpayers and the
Lents. This opens the door to the possibility that, having
already changed their intentions toward the exchange lots
once from “investment” to “primarily for sale,” taxpayers
may have once again changed their intentions with regard
to the exchange lots.
As was discussed above, the option agreement
called for taxpayers and the Lents to notify Beam when the
City of Keizer authorized the issuance of building permits
for the lots on the Clear Lake property. The “initial term”
of the option began the day Beam received such notice and
from that day Beam had 10 days to exercise his option on
12 of the lots, or forfeit his $100,000. If Beam exercised his
option during this initial term, the agreement provided for
a “subsequent term” of an additional 170 days for Beam to
purchase the remaining 10 lots. During the initial term
Beam had 20 days to close his purchases after giving tax-
payers and the Lents notice that he intended to exercise his
option.
The record does not contain any direct indication
as to when taxpayers and the Lents first sent Beam their
notice that the city of Keizer had authorized the issuance of
building permits for the lots on the newly-subdivided Clear
Lake property and thus started the term of the option. The
parties have, however, stipulated that taxpayers and the
Lents “sold” the first 12 lots to the Pooles on January 5,
2005. Given the time periods provided for in the option
agreement, the court infers that the term of Beam’s option
began on or about December 6, 2004. Starting from that
date, the term would have expired on or about June 4, 2005.
At this point in time, Beam had purchased four lots on top of
the 12 purchased by the Pooles in January of 2005.
There is some indication in the record that the par-
ties may have continued to act as if the option agreement
remained in force after June 4, 2005. For instance, Beam
acquired two lots in June and July of 2005: the first on June 9,
446 Dept. of Rev. v. Bahr I
and the second on July 6. The parties have stipulated that
the purchase price for each of these lots was $53,564. At
first glance, this appears to be a substantial reduction from
the per lot price agreed to by the parties to the option agree-
ment. However, when one takes into account the $4,545.45
credit toward the per lot price contained in the option agree-
ment, $53,564 amounts to only about $109 more than what
Beam and the Pooles would have paid out of pocket for each
the lots purchased during the term of the option agreement.
Likewise, when the Pooles acquired the exchange lots on
October 5, 2005, they paid $214,256 to IPX as the qualified
intermediary in an IRC section 1031 exchange. $214,256,
divided evenly between the four exchange lots, comes out
to $53,564 per lot—again, only a slight departure from the
$58,000 per lot price contained in the option agreement once
the credit provided for in the option agreement is taken into
account.
In short, even though Beam’s option appears to have
expired on or about June 4, 2005, taxpayers and the Lents
seem to have continued to abide by the per lot price set in
the option agreement. In addition, taxpayers and the Lents
appear to have continued crediting Beam and the Pooles
with a pro rata share of the $100,000 that Beam initially
paid for the option, though the option agreement seems to
call for Beam to forfeit that money if he failed to purchase
all 22 lots within the time specified by the option agreement.
However, this information on its own does not
require the court to conclude that taxpayers, the Lents, and
Beam did, in fact, agree to extend the option agreement.
The per lot price in these subsequent sales could quite sim-
ply be coincidental. Alternatively, the parties may well have
agreed to continue honoring the per lot price and credit
terms of the agreement, without giving effect to the other
terms; quite simply, nothing in the record sheds light on this
issue.
The record does show, however, that by this time
taxpayers and the Lents had paid off the Umpqua Bank
loan that was used to finance the subdivision and improve-
ment of the Clear Lake property. The need of taxpayers and
the Lents to repay this loan through the sale of lots covered
Cite as 20 OTR 434 (2012) 447
by the option agreement was an important factor in the
court’s determination above that taxpayers most likely held
the exchange lots “primarily for sale” during the term of the
option. With that loan no longer outstanding, the court sees
very little reason why either taxpayers alone, or taxpayers
and the Lents jointly, could not have decided to hold the
exchange lots as investment property once the term of the
option agreement had expired.
The record shows that taxpayers have a history of
holding land as an investment. The department does not
dispute that taxpayers held the duplex in Salem that they
exchanged for their interest in the Clear Lake property as
an investment property. Furthermore, during the term of
the option agreement with Beam, taxpayers acquired sole
ownership of a lot on the Clear Lake property not covered
by the option agreement and erected another duplex on that
lot. The court infers that taxpayers held this duplex as an
investment. Finally, taxpayers acquired yet a third duplex
as replacement property after conveying their interest in
the Clear Lake property to the Pooles. Taxpayers repre-
sent, and the department does not appear to dispute, that
taxpayers hold this property as an investment property
as well. The fact that taxpayers subsequently acquired an
investment property to replace the exchange lots does not, of
course, necessarily mean that taxpayers held the exchange
lots themselves as investment property at the time of their
conveyance. It does, however, go to establishing a pattern of
behavior on the part of taxpayers. It also shows that what-
ever taxpayers’ intentions toward the exchange lots during
the term of Beam’s option, taxpayers ultimately did not liq-
uidate their investment in the exchange lots.
In addition, as was noted above, there was a roughly
three month hiatus between the last purchase of a lot on
the Clear Lake property by Beam and the conveyance of
the exchange lots to the Pooles. There is no evidence in the
record showing that taxpayer took any steps to solicit the
sale of the exchange lots during this period, as might be
expected if taxpayers intended to sell the exchange lots.
As the party seeking affirmative relief in this case,
the department bears the burden of showing that taxpayers
448 Dept. of Rev. v. Bahr I
more likely than not held the exchange lots “primarily for
sale” on October 5, 2005. While the record does support the
notion that taxpayers most likely held the exchange lots pri-
marily for sale during the term of Beam’s option, it appears
that the term of the option expired prior to October 5, 2005.
In addition, by October 5, 2005, taxpayers and the Lents
had repaid their loan from Umpqua Bank. Thus, two critical
factors leading the court to conclude above that taxpayers
held the exchange lots primarily for sale during the term of
Beam’s option were no longer present when taxpayers and
the Lents conveyed the exchange lots to the Pooles.
While the record before the court could support an
inference that taxpayers held the exchange lots “primar-
ily for sale” on October 5, 2005, it could also support an
equally compelling inference that taxpayers, having held
the exchange lots “primarily for sale” from May of 2004
through June of 2005, subsequently reverted to holding the
exchange lots “for investment.” In other words, the record
on this issue is in equipoise. Under such circumstances, the
court must find against the party bearing the burden of
proof. U.S. Bancorp, 17 OTR at 244.
V. CONCLUSION
There are contested issues of material fact in this
case such that both parties’ motions for summary judgment
must be denied.
In addition, while the record establishes that tax-
payers most likely held the exchange lots “primarily for
sale” during the term of Beam’s option, the court finds that
on October 5, 2005, it is equally as likely that taxpayers held
the exchange lots “for investment” as it is that taxpayers
held the exchange lots “primarily for sale.” Now, therefore,
IT IS DECIDED that taxpayers’ conveyance of
the exchange lots qualifies for treatment as a “like kind”
exchange under IRC section 1031.