Sine v. Harper , 118 Utah 415 ( 1950 )

LATIMER, Justice.

The principal question before us is the propriety of a judgment entered in the court below reforming a contract for the sale of real property entered into between Jerry Sine and Dora A. Sine, his wife, and Cathrine Jensen, now deceased. Other less important questions will be disposed of in the course of the opinion. The action was commenced against Cathrine Jensen while still living, but she died before trial and the present defendant was substituted as her personal representative. The lower court determined the contract as written did not express the agreement reached by the parties and entered a decree reforming the instrument. The executrix appeals from the judgment of reformation and the plaintiffs cross assign error on the admission in evidence of statements made by Mrs. Jensen after the signing of the agreement. In view of our holding on appellant’s contention we need not review the cross assignments of error. The parties will be designated as they appeared in the court below.

For the purpose of assisting the reader in following the statement of facts a plat of part of Lot 3, Block 61, Plat “C,” Salt Lake City Survey, is furnished. The property involved is the 25.5-foot piece indicated by the shaded portion of the plat.

On or about the 27th day of July, 1947, a real estate agent by the name of Joseph J. Dowell was transacting other business for the plaintiffs and a discussion ensued with respect to the purchase of the property on the west of and contiguous to that owned by plaintiffs. In this conversation Dowell was informed by the plaintiff Jerry Sine that he and his wife were interested in buying that particular piece of property so that they could properly square off their premises. The correct name and residence of the true owner was not known by either of the parties so Dow-ell was required to make some independent investigation. He located Mrs. Jensen, the owner, and contacted her with respect to the purchase of the property. Dowell gives the following version of this conversation: He stated to Mrs. Jensen that he understood she owned some property on West North Temple, adjoining the Bishop’s Auto Court (this auto court was the property owned and operated by the plaintiffs); Mrs. Jensen answered that she was the owner; Dowell then requested information as to whether it was for sale; Mrs. Jensen replied she was willing to sell, provided the price was satisfactory; Dowell then asked what she would take for the property including his commission for the sale; Mrs. Jensen stated she wanted $8,500; Dowell answered that he was only authorized to offer $8000; Mrs. Jensen requested information as to who was to purchase the property and after some hesitation Dowell notified her that it was to be purchased by Mr. Sine “who owns the auto court next to it”; Mrs. Jensen stated that he should be willing to pay more for it than anyone else, to which Dowell replied that the main reason he would pay more was because he desired to square or straighten out his other property and build a cafe; Mrs. Jensen answered that at one time she had in mind building a restaurant, but her health would not permit it and that, while her children wanted her to hold on to the property, she was glad to dispose of it because she was unable to care for it properly.

The $8,000 deal was not agreeable to Mrs. Jensen so there was a second conversation between her and Dowell, at which time an agreement was reached. In this second discussion Dowell claims there was a conversation about the dimensions of the lot and as part of this conversation he remarked to Mrs. Jensen that she was getting more than $100 per front foot for the property; that a piece of property down the street sold for $85 per front foot and that the price was high, particularly in view of the fact that the purchaser was going to tear down the house.

At the time of these conversations neither Mrs. Jensen nor Dowell knew the legal description of the property and so, for the most part, their conversations identified the property either as next to Sine’s or as “656-658 West North Temple.” The original Earnest Money Receipt dated July 29, 1947, which was the first document signed by the parties, does not contain a legal description but merely identifies the property being purchased by the street numbers. These numbers had been assigned to a duplex which was located on the west 49.5 foot portion of the premises. On the 31st day of July a Uniform Real Estate Contract was prepared in Dowell’s office and the property is described in this instrument as 656-658 West North Temple Street, but the following legal description is likewise included: “Commencing at the Southwest corner of Lot 3, Block 61, Plat ‘C’ Salt Lake City Survey, and running thence East 49% feet; thence North 115 feet, to an alley; thence West along the South side of said alley 49% feet; thence South 115 feet to the place of beginning.”

During the course of the early negotiations Mrs. Jensen obtained an abstract to the 49.5 foot piece of property and turned it over to Dowell. He had the abstract brought up to date and it was subsequently turned over to attorneys for Sine for title inspection. There is a plat on the first page of the abstract which shows the dimensions of the tract of land covered as being 75 feet by 115 feet and the description contained on this page uses the same dimensions. The entries in the abstract finally deal with the 49.5 by 115 foot westerly portion of the tract, but the plat has never been changed to show a reduction in the size of the property covered by the abstract. Mrs. Jensen had a separate abstract on the eastern 25.5 foot piece of property, but this fact was unknown to plaintiffs or Dowell and the record is silent as to whether Mrs. Jensen knew the extent of the property covered in the abstract furnished.

Attorneys for the plaintiffs searched the abstract of title and recommended that an affidavit be obtained clarifying the discrepancies in the names of certain of the grantors. This affidavit, which was dated the 14th day of August, 1947, carries the same description and dimensions as the contract of sale. On the 20th day of November, 1947, unbeknown to plaintiffs, Mrs. Jensen paid the taxes on the 25.5 foot piece. Payments were not made by her on the larger tract, in spite of the fact that the contract required that she pay the taxes up to and including August 1, 1947. On August 25, 1948, after this suit had been instituted, Sine paid the taxes on the 49.5 foot piece.

In July of 1948, Mr. Jensen, the then husband of the seller, was doing some work at the auto court and he testified that she told him to try to sell Sine the 25.5 foot piece; that pursuant to her directions he contacted Mrs. Sine at the auto court and asked her if she knew that the 25.5 foot piece was not included in the sale; and that Mrs. Sine expressed great surprise at the information. Shortly thereafter, on July 22, 1948, this action was commenced.

According to the testimony of some of the daughters of Mrs. Jensen, her former husband and her husband at the time of the sale, she informed them at various times subsequent to the sale that she had not sold the 25.5 foot piece of property; and, that it could be used either for the purpose of building a home for her former husband or for erecting a hamburger stand which he could operate to earn a living. One daughter claims to have driven by the place with Mrs. Jensen when the latter pointed out the retained portion of the property.

Title to the full 75 foot tract came to Mrs. Jensen by two separate deeds. In 1930 the 49.5 foot strip was deeded to her and in 1939 she obtained title to the 25.5 foot strip. Up until 1912 the abstract describes the property as one piece 75 feet by 115 feet. At that time the two pieces were transferred as separate parcels. Without scrutinizing the abstract or the public records, a prospective purchaser would have little chance of knowing this, aS' there was no dividing line between the two pieces of property; the smaller eastern piece was used for parking purposes by the tenants in the duplex; there was rubbish and old auto parts on the easterly portion, which was unimproved; and, there was a clothes line extending over part of both pieces. The appearance of the property is such that one familiar with its location and use could have reasonably believed it was a single parcel of land devoted to a single purpose. After the Sines purchased the property they cleaned up the premises, including the 25.5 foot piece and assumed possession of the full 75 foot parcel.

In her last Will and Testament executed on the 24th day of February, 1948, almost seven months after the sale, Mrs. Jensen made a specific bequest of her interest on this property to one of her daughters. In that document she identified the premises by the address 656-658 West North Temple. A division of the tract into two pieces is not suggested by her in this instrument.

The appellant has made five assignments of error which can be grouped under three points: First, that the court erred in admitting in evidence certain incompetent testimony; second, the judgment is erroneous in that it validates an oral contract for the sale of land contrary to the statute of frauds; and third, the evidence is not sufficiently clear and convincing to sustain the judgment of reformation.

Under point (1) the appellant contends (a) that the court erred in permitting plaintiff to testify to the statements made to Dowell concerning the purchase of the premises; (b) the court erred in permitting Dowell to testify to conversations with Cathrine Jensen in violation of Section 104 — 49—2 (3), U. C. A. 1943, commonly referred to as the “dead man’s statute”; and (c) the court erred in admitting evidence which had a tendency to vary the terms of a written contract. We shall dispose of these in the order stated.

Apparently, there is some misunderstanding as to when evidence is inadmissible because of the hearsay rule. Jones, Commentaries On Evidence, Second Edition, Vol. 3, page 2017, states the guiding principle in the following language:

“ ‘that something' which should come through an original witness is sought to be put in at second hand, by one to whom it has been told, one who is not a witness properly speaking, who did not perceive it and cannot therefore testify to it, but only to the fact that somebody said so. It would operate to nullify the requirement that witnesses should personally appear and testify publicly in court, if the statements of the original perceiver could be got in through another person; and it was always the rule that witnesses should thus publicly appear and testify.’ ”

In determining whether the statements made by the plaintiff Jerry Sine to Dowell were admissible, attention must be given to the issues involved. The action was to reform an instrument because of a mutual mistake of fact. Two of the elements which must be established by the plaintiffs are that they had a belief that the purchase involved the full 75 foot frontage and that the scope of the agent’s authority did not permit him authority to decrease the front footage. If these could not be established then the action would necessarily fail as there could be no mistake on their part. If plaintiffs had an intent to only purchase 49.5 feet of property, or if they believed the writing was in accordance with their intention and the intention of Mrs. Jensen, or if Dowell had been instructed that he could use his own judgment on the purchase of part of the property, then they were not entitled to succeed in this action. It does not follow because the statements were those made by the plaintiffs to Dowell in the absence of Mrs. Jensen that they are to be considered as hearsay. On the contrary, they are direct evidence of material issues given by a witness with first-hand knowledge. Dowell perceived the evidence, was competent to testify to it and could be cross-examined about the nature and extent of it. The evidence in part was legal proof of a state of mind of which there was no other or better evidence. Plaintiffs had no direct contact with Mrs. Jensen at any time and their beliefs and understandings were carried to her by Dowell. The best way in which it could be established that they believed their contract involved the complete tract would be by showing the instructions they gave Dowell when they requested that he attempt to purchase the property. The evidence was not introduced for the purpose of establishing Mrs. Jensen’s intent or what Dowell may have told her. It was limited to the purpose of either showing the beliefs of plaintiffs or establishing the extent of the agent’s authority.

In the case of Webb v. Webb, 116 Utah 155, 209, P. 2d, 201 204, we answered a somewhat similar contention. In that case the question involved was whether or not an attorney could testify as to certain statements made by a husband in obtaining a divorce from his wife who was not present at the time the statements were made. Mr. Justice WADE, speaking for the court, announced the folowing rule:

“The conversations between the attorney and the decedent show the attorney’s authority and the purposes and limitations of such authority. The conversations between the attorney and respondents showed negotiations for and the consummation of a deal with respondents in accordance with the attorney’s authority. There was no assertion by an extra-judicial witness of a material fact for the purpose of proving the existence of such fact, hut the fact that such conversations occurred were circumstances which showed the purpose and intention of decedent to convey to the respondents unconditionally. The attorney was the one who acted for the decedent in the transactions involved herein and his evidence was competent to relate his version thereof and a relation of the conversations he had with the principals in the transaction was not hearsay, even though it necessarily included statements made by the other parties to the conversation which were not made in the presence of appellant.”

Even if we were to concede the evidence was hearsay it is competent because of being within an exception to the hearsay rule. Again quoting from Jones Commentaries on Evidence, Section Edition, Vol. 3, supra, page 2012, we find the following statement:

“ ‘The rule is thoroughly well settled,’ remarks the California court, ‘that, when the intention, feelings, or other mental state of a certain person at a particular time, including his bodily feelings, is material to the issues under trial, evidence of such person’s declarations at the time indicative of his then mental state, even though hearsay, is competent as within an exception to the hearsay rule.’ ”

We conclude the questioned evidence was admissible.

Section 104 — 49—2, U. C. A. 1943, prescribes that certain witnesses shall be disqualified to testify. The subsection of particular importance in this action is as follows:

“(3) A party to any civil action, suit or proceeding, and any person directly interested in the event thereof, and any person from, through or under whom such party or interested person derives his interest or title or any part thereof, when the adverse party in such action, suit or proceeding claims or opposes, sues or defends, as guardian of an insane or incompetent person, or as the executor or administrator, heir, legatee or devisee of any deceased person, or as guardian, assignee or grantee, directly or remotely, of such heir, legatee or devisee, as to any statement by, or transaction with, such deceased, insane or incompetent person, or matter of fact whatever, which must have been equally within the knowledge of both the witness and such insane, incompetent or deceased person, unless such witness is called to testify thereto by such adverse party so claiming or opposing, suing or defending, in such action, suit or proceeding.” (Emphasis added.)

The question requiring an answer is, did the legislature intend to seal the mouths of agents when it used the words “or any person directly interested in the event thereof?” In view of the fact that the section limits the introduction of testimony which might be of value in determining the ultimate truth, we are inclined to narrowly construe the quoted phrase.

For certain purposes, and at times inconsistently, both plaintiffs and defendant seek to claim Dowell as being their agent. He was first contacted by plaintiffs for the purpose of purchasing the property for them. He later dealt with Mrs. Jensen and received his fee from her. It seems to us that in deciding this contention it is not necessary to decide whether he was an agent for either party, for both the parties, or whether he was an independent contractor whose statements could not be charged to either party. His interest, if any, in the transaction was that he should earn a commission and get paid for his work. He would receive no more pay if the contract was reformed as his fee was based on the amount of money realized, not the amount of land sold. He had certain obligations to each of the parties and it is difficult to see why he should be more interested in satisfying plaintiffs than he would be in properly handling Mrs. Jensen’s affairs. Defendant asserts that he naturally would be interested in plaintiffs’ version of the agreement as he felt he was responsible for the mistake. On the other hand, it could be asserted by plaintiffs that he would favor the defendant because if he made a mistake and the contract was rescinded he might be required to return his commission. Laying aside these suggested reasons for preference, it appears that Dowell’s interest, if any, was not such as would render him incompetent. The interest in an action which under the statute disqualifies a witness from testifying must be an actual financial interest that will result in pecuniary gain or loss to the witness. It has nothing to do with his understanding, feeling, sympathy, or desires. These elements may affect his credibility but not his competency.

In the case of Burnham v. Eschler, 116 Utah 61, 208 P. 2d 96, 100, we were faced with the contention that a husband of a grantee could not testify as to certain statements made by the grantor because he was an interested party within the meaning of the statute. Mr. Justice WOLFE, speaking for the court, disposed of that contention in the following language : “One further assignment of error must be disposed of. Was Mr. Eschler competent to testify as to his conversation with the deceased at the time of the delivery? The plaintiffs claim he is a ‘party directly interested in the event’ of this action and, therefore, incompetent to testify under Sec. 104 — 49—2, subsection (3) U. C. A. 1943, providing, as it concerns us here, that a party to a civil action, and any person directly interested in the event thereof, where the adverse party sues as administrator or heir of a deceased person, cannot testify as to any statement by, or transaction with, the deceased, or matter of fact whatever, which must have been equally within the knowledge of both the witness and the deceased person, unless called to testify by said adverse party. Particularly do they object to his testimony that Mrs. Schank expressed the desire that she continue the payment of the taxes and expenses incident to the management of the property described in the deeds in order that neither the defendant nor Mr. Eschler be financially burdened. While, of course, had Mrs. Schank not assumed the payment, Mr. Eschler might well have been called upon to shoulder this responsibility, still this is not a ‘direct interest’ as contemplated by the statute. If Mr. Eschler had a direct interest, it was an interest in the transaction testified to, and not in the event of this action. In the annotation at L. R. A. 1917A 32, cases are cited holding that the interest in the action must be pecuniary, direct, immediate, and not uncertain, contingent or remote, and that a husband is not incompetent because he may become a beneficiary under his wife’s will or succeed to her property by her intestacy. We held in Olson v. Scott, 61 Utah 42, 210 P. 987, that the plaintiff’s husband was entirely competent to testify as to statements made by the plaintiff’s deceased mother to the effect that certain bank deposits belonged to the plaintiff. Mower v. Mower, 64 Utah 260, 228 P. 911, and the general rule on this point as stated in 58 Am. Jur. 195, Sec. 319, are in accord with this result. See also Clawson v. Wallace, 16 Utah 300, 52 P. 9.”

If Dowell’s interest in the action must be pecuniary, direct, immediate and not uncertain, contingent and remote then his testimony was competent. His interest in the action must of necessity be remote and uncertain and then, only non-pecuniary. He could have no possible pecuniary interest in the reformation of the deed as a holding that the parties had agreed to purchase and sell 49.5 feet would not deprive him of his earnings. Neither would he suffer a loss of his commission if the contract was reformed. In this event the court would have to find the parties agreed on the full 75 feet and as long as there is a completed contract the commission is due. The fact that he may feel a moral responsibility for a mistake and seek to correct a wrong he believes he created, does not place him in a category where he is a party directly interested in the event. Accordingly, we overrule this assignment of error.

Appellant is in error in her contention that testimony concerning the mistake was inadmissible because it varied the terms of a written contract. If such a contention could be sustained then the equitable theory of reformation of contracts would not apply to written instruments. The right to reform is given, at least in part, so as to make the written instrument express the bargain the parties previously orally agreed upon. When a writing is reformed the result is that an oral agreement is by court decree made legally effective although at variance with the writings which the parties had agreed upon as a memorial of their bargain. The principle itself modifies the parol evidence rule.

Williston on Contracts, Rev. Ed., Vol. 5, Sec. 1552, states the rule as follows: “The right of reformation whenever allowed is necessarily an invasion or limitation of the parol evidence rule, since when equity reforms a writing it enforces an oral agreement at variance with the writing which the parties had agreed upon as a memorial of their bargain. This limitation is necessary to work justice, and there seems no more reason to object to it in case of reformation than in case of recission for fraud or for mistake.' In either case, unless the mistake precludes the existence of a contract at law, it should not be denied that the writing correctly states the actual contract or conveyance which has been made, but since it is inequitable to allow the enforcement of it, and since justice requires the substitution of another in its place, equity gives relief where reformation is appropriate, and to that end necessarily admits any relevant parol evidence. * * *”

We answer defendant’s second point that the court erred in reforming the written contract because to do so was in violation of the statute of frauds. Insofar as concerns the statute of frauds, there are two general classes of contracts for the sale of land which embrace all parol variations. The first class includes agreements where the written contracts through mistake include lands which were not intended to be conveyed, and the second class includes agreements where the written contracts through mistake exclude lands intended to be sold and conveyed. This action involves the latter class. Some authorities refuse to permit contracts of this class to be reformed on the theory that the modification enlarges the real estate embraced in the writing and conveys property when there is no instrument covering the subject matter signed by the party to be charged. Pomeroy, Equity Jurisprudence, 5th Ed., after discussing the general classes in Paragraph 866, states his understanding of the better view in the following language:

“The doctrine in all its breadth and force is maintained by courts and jurists of the highest ability and authority, which hold that, whether the contract is executory or executed, the plaintiff may introduce parol evidence to show mistake or fraud whereby the written contract fails to express the actual agreement, and to prove the modifications necessary to be made, whether such variation consists in limiting the scope of the contract or in enlarging and extending it so as to embrace land or other subject-matter which had been omitted through the fraud or mistake, and that he may then obtain a specific performance of the contract thus varied, and such relief may be granted although the agreement is one which by the statute of frauds is required to be in writing. This view, in my opinion, is not only supported by the overwhelming preponderance of judicial authority, but is in complete accordance with the fundamental principles of equity jurisprudence. Indeed, the other theory, as will more fully appear in the sequel, has no necessary connection with specific performance; if adopted and consistently carried out, it would necessarily restrict within narrow bounds the most salutary equitable remedy of reformation. The same broad view of the doctrine is clearly illustrated in the treatment of executed contracts of conveyances of land. It is settled by the great preponderance of authority that a deed of land may be thus corrected by enlarging its scope, extending its operation to other subject-matter, supplying portions of land which had been omitted, making the estates conveyed more comprehensive, as changing a life estate into a fee, and the like, and by enforcing the instrument thus varied against the grantor. If the doctrine can be thus applied to deeds which have actually conveyed the title, then a fortiori may it be applied to mere executory contracts which do not disturb the legal title. No such relief, however, can be granted, either when the contract is executory or executed, and no parol evidence can be used to modify the terms of a written instrument, and most emphatically when that instrument is required by the statute of frauds to be in writing, except upon the occasion of mistake, surprise, or fraud; one or the other of these incidents must be alleged and proved before a resort can be had to parol evidence in such cases. This is certainly the general rule, and the exceptions to it are more apparent than real.”

American Jurisprudence, Vol. 45, Reformation of Instruments, paragraph 17, announces the same general rule. That section provides:

“According to many authorities, executory contracts within the statute of frauds may be reformed by enlarging as well as by restricting their terms, the statute being regarded as inapplicable so as to prevent a court, in a case of fraud or mistake, to declare the contract to be as the parties have made it. According to some courts, therefore, a court of equity may correct a mutual mistake in a contract by including the part omitted, and then enforce the contract as reformed, notwithstanding the apparent prohibition of the statute of frauds. By so doing, the court is not decreeing performance of an oral contract. The contract as made is in writing and as reformed it is still a written contract, made so by decree of court.”

Appellant quotes from page 4365, Section 1555, Williston on Contracts, Revised Edition, as holding in her favor. We believe that quote is consistent with the other authorities cited herein. One of the cases referred to by Mr. Williston is United States v. Motor Trucks, Limited, a Canadian case, appealed to the House of Lords, 1924 Law Reports 196. The Court there said: “It was further suggested that the present action involved an attempt to enforce a parol contract inconsistently with the principle of the Statute of Frauds. It is, however, well settled by a series of familiar authorities that the Statute of Frauds is not allowed by any Court ad ministering the doctrines of equity to become an instrument for enabling sharp practice to be committed. And indeed the power of the Court to rectify mutual mistake implies that this power may be exercised nothwithstanding that the true agreement of the parties had not been expressed in writing. Nor does the rule make any inroad upon another principle, that the plaintiff must show first that there was an actually concluded agreement antecedent to the instrument which is sought to be rectified; and secondly, that such agreement has been inaccurately represented in the instrument. When this is proved either party may claim, in spite of the Statute of Frauds, that the instrument on which the other insists does not represent the real agreement. The statute, in fact, only provides that no agreement not in writing and not duly signed shall be sued on but when the written instrument is rectified there is a writing which satisfies the statute, the jurisdiction of the Court to rectify being outside the prohibition of the statute.”

We prefer to follow the rules which permits the reformation of contracts in cases such as this, particularly where, as here, the instrument contains all of the terms necessary to comply with the statute of frauds but through a mistake of fact one or more of the essential terms is omitted or by mistake incorrectly stated. The adoption of this principle is in keeping with the theory that the statute of frauds should not abridge the remedy of reformation and should not be used as a shield to prevent the instrument from being reformed to show the true intent of the parties. We, therefore, conclude that the reformation is not prohibited by the statute of frauds.

The last point raised by defendant, which is that the evidence is not sufficiently clear and convincing to sustain the judgment, gives us more concern. The general rule is stated in Restatement of the Law of Contracts, Section 511, as follows:

“It is essential in order to obtain a decree rescinding or reforming a written conveyance, contract, assignment or discharge for mistake, that the fact necessary for the allowance of the remedy shall be proved by clear and convincing evidence and not by a mere preponderance.”

In George v. Fritsch Loan & Trust Co., 69 Utah 460, 256 P. 400, 403, Mr. Justice Hansen stated the law in this jurisdiction to be as follows:

“The law is well settled in this and in other jurisdictions that a written contract will be reformed to express the agreement of the parties where the proof of the mistake is clear, definite, and convincing, and where the party seeking the reformation is not guilty of negligence in the execution of the contract nor of laches in making timely application for its reformation. The question of the degree of proof required to entitle a party to reformation has been before this court and passed upon in the following cases: Ewing v. Keith, 16 Utah 312, 52 P. 4; Deseret Nat. Bank v. Dinwoodey, 17 Utah 43, 53 P. 215; Weight v. Bailey, 45 Utah 584, 147 P. 899; Cram v. Reynolds, 55 Utah 384, 186 P. 100; Wherritt v. Dennis, 48 Utah 309, 159 P. 534.”

It is not difficult to follow the reasoning of the quoted authorities and reaffirm the principle of law that the evidence necessary to establish a mutual mistake of fact must be clear and convincing. The difficult principles to apply are: When is evidence clear and convincing; and who has the ultimate responsibility of making this determination ? If we arrogate the responsibility to ourselves, then the trial judge becomes only a conduit through which the evidence passes and his participation amounts to merely a ministerial act in getting the record to this court. We are not in favor of that procedure. If, on the other hand, we acknowledge his preferred position and accord to him the right to draw his own conclusions, then our review powers are narrowed. As thus narrowed, we are required to determine whether within a rather restricted zone the evidence is sufficient to satisfy us that the trial judge could, by believing the testimony of certain witnesses and by making reasonable inferences therefrom, reasonably find that the evidence was both quantitatively and qualitatively sufficient to be clear and convincing. The adoption of such a rule gives the trier of the facts some latitude in making his determination and is in keeping with our method of procedure. Our function as an appellate court is not to substitute our judgment for that of the trial judge, but it is to determine whether his findings are based on evidence which we can say meets the minimum standards of being clear and convincing.

The trial court is in a more favorable situation to deal with many of the imponderables arising in a trial of an action than are we. We acknowledge his vantage point on such things as demeanor and credibility and we realize that the “live show” he watches is far more effective in disclosing the ultimate truths than are the typewritten pages of a transcript. We appreciate his better opportunities for searching out inaccuracies, untruths, exaggerations, and concealed bias or interest and if we are to fully accept his advantageous position we must allow him some latitude in giving weight to elements we are unable to evaluate.

The court below determined that the evidence was suffi-eiently clear and convincing to satisfy his mind beyond a reasonable doubt that a mutual mistake of fact existed. We are, therefore, compelled to analyze the evidence and determine whether it is sufficient from the standpoint of quality and quantity to sustain the findings of the trial judge. While the terms “clear and convincing” are relative and are not capable of measurement, they carry an element of certainty. Mr. Justice WOLFE, in the case of Greener v. Greener, 116 Utah 571, 212 P. 2d 194, 204, defines “clear and convincing in a very appropriate way. In that opinion he distinguishes between the phrases “preponderance of the evidence” and “clear and convincing evidence” in the following language:

“* * * That proof is convincing which carries with it, not only the power to persuade the mind as to the probable truth or correctness of the fact it purports to prove, but has the element of clinching such truth or correctness. Clear and convincing proof clinches what might be otherwise only probable to the mind.

“We have no measuring rod to lay alongside of the proof to ascertain whether it meets the various tests signified by the terms ‘barely’ or ‘merely’ or ‘slightly’ preponderating or ‘fairly,’ ‘greatly’ or ‘overwhelmingly’ preponderating. Nor can we measure the content of such terms as ‘clear and convincing,’ ‘beyond reasonable doubt’ (which we take to mean the same as free from reasonable doubt), ‘unquestionably convincing,’ etc. These terms deal with states of mind and to a degree vary as to the content put into them as minds vary. They all have implicit in them the idea of compara-tiveness, each with other standards, signifying more or less degrees of proof.

“But for a matter to be clear and convincing to a particular mind it must at least have reached the point where there remains no serious or substantial doubt as to the correctness of the conclusion. A mind which was of the opinion that it was convinced and yet which entertained, not a slight, but a reasonable doubt as to correctness of its conclusion, would seem to be in a state of confusion.”

There can be little question about the fact that the evidence concerning Sines’ mistake was clear and convincing. There is not a scintilla of evidence in the record which would indicate that either Mr. or Mrs. Sine contemplated the purchase of a tract less than the full 75 feet. Their acts, statements and conduct before the purchase establish beyond reasonable doubt that they believed at all times that the 25.5 foot parcel was included in the purchase. Their actions after discovering the mistake fortify that conclusion. When Mr. Jensen, the husband of deceased, suggested to Mrs. Sine that the piece in dispute had not been purchased, she was shocked and surprised. Immediate steps were taken to correct the mistake and suit was instituted while Mrs. Jensen was living. Her death increases the difficulty of producing evidence of her intent, but it is not a factor influencing a determination of plaintiffs’ belief.

We pass now to the evidence showing Mrs. Jensen’s state of mind. In trying to piece together the bits of evidence so as to establish her intent, there are certain inferences which must of necessity be made. Undoubtedly, the trial judge in his analysis seized upon certain portions of the evidence as influential. We have not been favored with a memorandum decision by him showing how he arrived at his conclusion, so we must view the acts and conduct of the parties and draw the inferences that are most impressive to us. When the subject of sale was first suggested, neither the Sines nor Dowell knew the legal description of the parcel and so their conversations dealt with either the street numbers appearing on the duplex or the land adjacent to the motor court. There were no land marks on the ground or isolating feature to indicate to them that if the street numbers were used for identification purposes that the numbers would not fairly indicate to both vendor and vendee that the sale involved the full 75 feet. Without having been informed or having made a search of an abstract or public records, no one but Mrs. Jensen would be familiar with the fact that she had purchased two separate pieces of property at separate times. She obtained the smaller piece in 1939, and so for at least eight years the county records, the physical set-up and the nature of the occupancy would suggest that the property was one parcel. When Dowell first approached Mrs. Jensen, he informed her of the purposes for which the property was to be purchased; namely, that it was being purchased by Mr. Sine, the contiguous property owner, to permit him to square out his holdings in that area and allow him to construct or erect a cafe or similar business on the site. There were no discussions at that time relative to metes and bounds, and no mention was made at any time that the discussions did not include the entire holdings of Mrs. Jensen. One of the important factors developed by Dowell in this conversation was that the property involved must be contiguous to the land owned by Sines. It is almost impossible to believe that after having been so informed, Mrs. Jensen would intend to deal only with a portion of the property without disclosing that fact. Likewise, it seems unlikely that when Mrs. Jensen was informed of the purpose of the purchase that she would intend to reserve a small strip of intervening land and by the retention destroy the principal purpose for which the property was being purchased. Dowell’s opening conversation was not for the purchase of part of Mrs. Jensen’s property on North Temple and there is no evidence that anyone ever discussed a frontage of 49.5 feet. If the nature and extent of the first conversation were such that had Mrs. Jensen intended to reserve the interior portion for herself, at some point in the conversation she would have notified Dowell. The substance of that conversation could not be construed as an offer to purchase or deal with a piece of property removed from the motor court and Mrs. Jensen’s insistence on an increased price because of its increased value to Sine hardly comports with an honest belief on her part that she was selling a piece of property cut off from that owned by the Sines.

In the second conversation between Dowell and Mrs. Jensen, the 75 foot dimension was discussed, the price was roughly computed on a footage basis, and the price compared to other property sold in that vicinity. There is no testimony that in that conversation Mrs. Jensen or Dowell mentioned the lesser footage of 49.5 feet, that computations were made on that basis, or that Dowell had any reason to suspect that Mrs. Jensen intended to hold out an interior portion of the property. It is unreasonable to conclude that Mrs. Jensen, who knew she owned 75 feet of property along North Temple and knew the property appeared to be in a single piece, would carry on all transactions and participate in the discussions prior to the signing of the real estate contract and never disclose to the buyer that she was selling less property than what appeared on the ground to be a single parcel.

Up to the point of executing the contract there does not appear to be any doubt about the intent of Mrs. Jensen. The written document was intended to express the oral understanding previously reached and it was when that was prepared that the 49.5 foot frontage first appears. The earnest money receipt identified the property as those premises located at 656-658 West North Temple, but the contract which included both the address and the legal description, showed the east-west course to be 49.5 feet. It is not difficult to understand how the misdescription in the uniform real estate contract arose. According to Dowell’s testimony, the description was copied into the contract by a clerk in his office. The abstract had been delivered at that time and the distances and courses were obtained from the last entry in the abstract. The abstract was still in the possession of Mrs. Jensen at the time the earnest money receipt was signed so that the first opportunity to place the legal description in a written document was when the real estate contract was prepared.

There are three additional bits of evidence which help tip the scales in favor of the trial court finding that Mrs. Jensen believed she was selling the full tract. There was a discussion between Mrs. Jensen and Dowell as to the value of the property and the amount Sines would be willing to pay. She apparently believed that a higher price could be exacted from them because of owning contiguous property, she knew that the price offered was slightly more than $100 per front foot, if the whole of the 75 feet were purchased, and this fact was called to her attention by Dowell. The amount offered on that basis seems consistent with the value of other property in that area and amounted to slightly more than the other sales. This price per foot is in keeping with the announced belief of Mrs. Jensen that Sine would pay more than any other purchaser. However, if Mrs. Jensen intended to sell the 49.5 foot strip for $8,500 she expected to obtain nearly $170 per foot, a price which far exceeded the reasonable value of the property and more than twice as much as that received for any other property in the neighborhood. The evidence indicates there were no improvements on the property or other reasons which would justify Mrs. Jensen in believing she could get such an inflated price for the property.

The second bit of interesting information illustrative of Mrs. Jensen’s belief is given by her surviving husband. He testified that in a conversation with her in July, 1948, she suggested that he contact the Sines and try to get them to take the 25.5 foot piece. Mr. Jensen’s approach to the Sines is very suggestive of an apprehension that all was not known He testified that he went to see Mrs. Sine at the auto court and prefaced his remarks with the following statement: “I asked her if she knew the 25.5 feet were not included in the purchase and of course she was quite surprised.” This is a most unusual approach by an agent who could only receive his instructions and information from his principal. His only source of information about the sale was from Mrs. Jensen and unless they had discussed the probability of a mistake, there would have been no reason for suspecting that the Sines would not know the 25.5 feet were not included. The timidity and the method of approach suggest knowledge of a misunderstanding.

Some seven months after the sale, Mrs. Jensen bequeathed the property involved to one of her daughters. At that time she described the property by the street address. She either believed the reference to the property by numbers adequately identified the full tract or she left the 25.5 foot piece unmentioned.

There is evidence in the record favorable to appellant’s contention. The best evidence is the written documents. Aside from these writings there is the testimony that Mrs. Jensen, after the sale, made statements to. the effect that she had retained a portion of the property for her own use. In addition, there is the evidence that she pointed out the property to one daughter and that in November, 1947, she paid the taxes on the smaller tract of property.

It is possible to reconcile some of this evidence with the evidence given in support of plaintiffs’ claim. However, in certain instances the testimony of Mrs. Wheeler, the daughter, and Dowell is irreconcilable as their versions of the conversation were in dispute. The trial judge was in a position to observe their conduct, demeanor, frankness, apparent interest, or bias, and he apparently concluded to accept Dowell’s version of the conversation. There is no evidence in the record which causes us to place the stamp of unreliability on Dowell’s testimony and we know of no reason why the trial court could not reasonably conclude that his version was correct.

That evidence be clear and convincing does not require that it be undisputed in all details. It would be most unusual to have a trial on the merits where witnesses did not disagree on some of the circumstances, on parts of conversations, and on some of the facts. The test of clear and convincing is whether, taking the evidence as a whole, it preponderates to a convincing degree in favor of the plaintiffs. If it does, then it meets the test. In this case we conclude the evidence is sufficiently convincing to justify the trial court in finding a mutual mistake of fact. As a matter of fact, any other finding would have rendered an absurd result, absurd in the sense that the reason for the contract known to both parties would have been utterly ignored.

The judgment of the lower court is affirmed, costs to respondents.

WADE and McDONOUGH, JJ„ concur.