Schaffer v. Green , 496 P.2d 375 ( 1972 )

BUSSEY, Presiding Judge:

This is an original proceeding in which an application to assume original jurisdiction and issue a Writ of Mandamus against the Honorable Robert G. Green, having been filed in the Supreme Court and transferred by the Chief Justice thereof to this Court for the reason that the issues arise out of a criminal proceeding pending in the District Court of Tulsa County, Oklahoma.

The Petitioner, age 17, was charged by Information on the 29th day of September, 1971, with the crime of Burglary in the Second Degree in the District Court of Tulsa County. On the 30th day of November, 1971, a hearing was held by the Honorable Robert G. Green, District Judge, on a motion to transfer the case to the Juvenile Division filed by the Petitioner herein. Whereupon, Judge Green overruled the said Motion and retained jurisdiction of the cause of action in the District Court. Thereafter, the Petitioner perfected his petition for Writ of Mandamus to require Judge Green to transfer the cause to the Juvenile Division of the District Court of Tulsa County.

Petitioner asserted several propositions, only one of which we deem necessary to discuss in this opinion. Petitioner argues that 10 O.S. § 1101 is unconstitutional in that it allows females under the age of 18 years the benefits of juvenile court proceedings, while limiting those same benefits to males under the age of 16 years. We must consider the issue here presented in the light of the unprecedented decision of the Tenth Circuit Court of Appeals, delivered in Lamb v. Brown, 456 F.2d 18 (See Appendix B), on the 16th day of March, 1972, which, in effect, overturned this Court’s decision in Lamb v. State, Okl.Cr., 475 P.2d 829 (See Appendix A), and its progeny.

In Lamb v. Brown, the Circuit Court of Appeals spoke with unmistakable clarity, holding that “Because the purpose of the disparity in the age classification between 16-18 year old males and 16-18 year old females has not been demonstrated, we hold that 10 Okl.St.Ann. § 1101(a) is violative of the equal protection clause. This ruling shall not apply retroactively.”

The provisions of 10 O.S. § 1101(a) enacted by the Oklahoma Legislature in 1968 (See Appendix C), having been stricken as being unconstitutional by virtue of the equal protection clause of the 14th Amendment, we must, of necessity, consider the validity of 10 O.S. § 1101 A, enacted in 1970 (See Appendix D), which presents the identical discriminatory age between males and females fixing the age of responsibility of 16 years for males and 18 years for females. Although not specifically dealt with by the Circuit Court of Appeals in Lamb v. Brown, it is readily apparent the Circuit Court, had they considered the validity of 10 O.S. § 1101 A, would have held it to be unconstitutional and in violation of the 14th Amendment for the reasons set forth in Lamb v. Brown. Thus, it is clear that the legislative intent to hold males of the age of 16 years and above, and females of the age of 18 years and above, responsible as adults, does not conform with the equal protection clause of the 14th Amendment. Since both provisions of 10 O.S. § 1101A and 10 O.S. § 1101 (a) are unconstitutional and invalid, we must consider what, if any, legislative guidelines exist defining “child,” “dependent and neglected child” and delineating, without discrimination between the sexes, those persons criminally responsible as adults for the commission of crimes.

At first blush, it would appear that the provisions of 10 O.S. § 1101A which state that the term “child” means any person under the age of 18 years must suffice to allay the uncertainty created by Lamb v. Brown; however, an examination of this section and its title reflect that although fulfilling the requirements of the equal protection clause of the 14th Amendment of the United States Constitution, it is constitutionally defective and, therefore, unconstitutional in the light of Article V, Section 57 of the Oklahoma Constitution, which provides:

"Every act of the Legislature shall embrace but one subject, which shall be clearly expressed in its title, except general appropriation bills, general revenue bills, and bills adopting a code, digest, or revision of statutes; and no law shall be revived, amended, or the provisions thereof extended or conferred, by reference to its title only; but so much thereof as is revived, amended, extended, or conferred shall be reenacted and published at length: Provided, That if any subject be embraced in any act contrary to the provisions of this section, such act shall be void only as to so much of the law as may not be expressed in the title thereof.” [Emphasis added]

The provision defining “child” is not embraced in the title and is unconstitutional as being in derogation of that portion of Article V, Section 57 of the Oklahoma Constitution, stating: “Provided, That if any subject be embraced in any act contrary to the provisions of this section, such act shall be void only as to so much of the law as may not be expressed in the title thereof.”

The responsible legislative leadership of both the House and the Senate of the Oklahoma State Legislature have galvanized into actio'n, during the closing days of the session, to fill the legislative void created by Lamb v. Brown, but during the interim, it becomes the Court’s responsibility to determine if any prior legislative enactment is still effective defining the age and classifications of persons responsible for criminal acts as adults, and those not responsible, to fill the constitutional requirements of the 14th Amendment of the Federal Constitution; notwithstanding how primitive and punitive the terms may be. Such legislation does exist and became operative upon the pronouncement rendered in Lamb v. Brown, for in 1910, the Legislature originally enacted 21 O.S. § 152 which has never been expressly repealed, nor could it be repealed by inference, by the enactment of unconstitutionally invalid subsequent legislation. Title 21 O.S. § 152 provides, in pertinent part:

“All persons are capable of committing crimes, except those belonging to the following classes:

1. Children under the age of seven years.

2. Children over the age of seven years, but under the age of fourteen years, in the absence of proof that at the time of committing the act or neglect charged against them, they knew its wrongfulness. * * * ”

The members of this Court share the shock and distaste which all responsible legislators, parents and citizens will feel by the recognition that the provisions of 21 O.S. § 152 are still effective, and we are confident that the legislative leaders will, without delay, enact effective and humane constitutionally effective legislation to correct the harshness of this law. It is not within the constitutional authority of this Court to exercise legislative authority when constitutional legislation exists. The invasion of legislative functions by courts not only violates the doctrine of separation of powers, but has brought the courts of the nation into great conflict and disrepute and this author views such action as not only a violation of the constitution, but the oath of judicial office.

In order to allay the great confusion existing in our courts since the pronouncement of Lamb v. Brown, and until new effective legislation can be enacted, we deem it necessary to set forth the following guidelines for the use of the courts, attorneys, and juvenile officers.

(1) From the effective date provided in Lamb v. Brown as being prospective, or, if later decided to be retroactive by the Federal Courts, the provisions of 21 O.S. § 152 shall control until superseded by constitutional legislative enactment in defining as adults all persons over the age of 14.

(2) All persons over the age of seven and under the age of 14, not certified in the manner prescribed by 10 O.S. § 1112 (b) as being capable of standing trial as an adult, shall be treated as a child, dependent child, or dependent and neglected child under the provisions of 10 O.S. § 1112 (See Appendix E), relating to juveniles.

(3) The District Attorneys in filing an application to certify, and Judges before whom any certification hearing of a person under the age of 14 years may be certified to stand trial as an adult, have wide discretion to take into consideration the sociological, environmental and humane advancements made since the original enactment of 21 O.S. § 152 before certifying as an adult any person under the age of 14.

(4) No child under the age of 16 years shall be confined in any police station, prison, jail or lockup, or be transported or detained in association with criminal, vicious or dissolute persons; except that a child 12 years of age, or older, may, with the consent of the judge or director, be placed in a jail or other place of detention for adults, but in a room or ward entirely separate from adults. See 10 O.S. § 1107 (c).

The Petitioner, being of the age of 17 years, may be tried as an adult without certification under the provisions ■ of 21 O.S. § 152.

The writ prayed for is accordingly denied.

SIMMS, J., specially concurs. BRETT, J., dissents.

APPENDIX

A. The pertinent part of Lamb v. State, Okl.Cr., 475 P.2d 829, provides:

“* * * as we view the section of the statutes, we do not find it to be so repugnant to the Constitution of the United States as defendants would attempt to lead the Court to believe. As we view the situation, the statute exemplifies the legislative judgment of the Oklahoma State Legislature, premised upon the demonstrated facts of life; and we refuse to interfere with that judgment.”

B. The pertinent part of Lamb v. Brown, 456 F.2d 18, provides:

“We are strongly disinclined to hold that the considered judgment of the Oklahoma Legislature in the enactment of 10 Okl.St.Ann. § 1101(a) does not meet the measure of federal constitutional standards. The United States Supreme Court has said this with regard to the equal protection test:

‘The Fourteenth Amendment means “that no person or class of persons shall be denied the same protection of the laws which is enjoyed by other persons or other classes in the same place and under like circumstances” (Citation omitted). The general doctrine is that that amendment, in respect of the administration of criminal justice, requires that no different degree or higher punishment shall be imposed on one than is imposed on all for like offenses; * * Moore v. Missouri, 159 U.S. 673 at 678, 16 S.Ct. 179, at 181, 40 L.Ed. 301 (1895). ‘Judicial inquiry under the Equal Protection Clause, therefore, does not end with 'a showing of equal application among the members of the class defined by the legislation. The courts must reach and determine the question whether the classifications drawn in a statute are reasonable in light of its purpose * * *.’ McLaughlin v. Florida, supra, 379 U.S. [184] at 191, 85 S.Ct. [283] at 288 [13 L.Ed.2d 222].

“Lamb v. State, supra [Okl.Cr., 475 P.2d 829], is not helpful in our search for a rational justification for the disparity in treatment between 16-18 year old males and 16-18 year old females under the statute. ‘Demonstrated facts of life’ could mean many things. The ‘demonstrated facts’ which the Court relied upon are not spelled out. They are not obvious or apparent. We therefore cannot weigh them to determine if they ‘might suffice to characterize the classification as reasonable rather than arbitrary and invidious.’ McLaughlin v. Florida, supra, 379 U.S. at 191, 85 S.Ct. at 288.

“We have not been presented with a logical constitutional justification for the discrimination inherent in 10 Okl.St.Ann. § 1101(a). The State, in its brief and oral argument has simply relied upon the unexplained ‘demonstrated facts of life.’ Because the purpose of the disparity in the age classification between 16-18 year old males and 16-18 year old females has not been demonstrated, we hold that 10 Okl.St.Ann. § 1101(a) is violative of the equal protection clause. This ruling shall not apply retroactively.” (Emphasis added).

C. Title 10 O.S. § 1101(a) provides as follows:

“The term ‘child’ means any male person under the age of sixteen (16) years and any female person under the age of eighteen (18) years.”

D. Title 10 O.S. § 1101A provides as follows:

“As used in Title 10 of the Oklahoma Statutes, §§ 1101 et seq., the term ‘child’ means any person under the age of eighteen (18) years. The term ‘delinquent child’ means (1) any male person under the age of sixteen (16) years and any female person under the age of eighteen (18) years who has violated any federal or state law or municipal ordinance, excepting a traffic statute or ordinance, or any lawful order of the court made under this act; or (2) a child who has habitually violated traffic laws or ordinances.”

E. Title 10 O.S. § 1112 provides as follows :

“(a) Except as hereinafter provided, a child who is charged with having violated any State statute or municipal ordinance shall not be tried in a criminal action, but in a juvenile proceeding in accordance with this Act. If, during the pendency of a criminal or quasi-criminal charge against any person, it shall be ascertained that the person was a child at the time of committing the alleged offense, the court shall transfer the case, together with all the papers, documents and testimony connected therewith, to the juvenile division of the court. The division making such transfer shall order the child to be taken forthwith to the place of detention designated by the juvenile division, to that division itself, or release such child to the custody of some suitable person to be brought before the juvenile division. However, nothing in this Act shall be construed to prevent the exercise of concurrent jurisdiction by another division of the District Court or by police courts or municipal courts in cases involving children wherein the child is charged with the violation of a State or municipal traffic law or ordinance.

(b) If a child is charged with delinquency as a result of an offense which would be a crime if committed by an adult, the court, after full investigation and a preliminary hearing, may in its discretion continue the juvenile proceeding, or it may certify such child capable of knowing right from wrong, and to be held accountable for his acts, for proper criminal proceedings to any other division of the court which would have trial jurisdiction of such offense if committed by an adult.

(c) Prior to the entry of an order of adjudication, any child in custody shall have the same right to be released upon bail as would an adult under the same circumstances.”