People v. Brock , 66 Cal. 2d 645 ( 1967 )

PETERS, J.

A jury found defendant guilty of two charges of burglary in the second degree (Pen. Code, §§ 459, 460) and he admitted three prior felony convictions. This appeal is from the ensuing judgment.

On May 29, 1965, about 12:20 p.m., a car belonging to Bernard Krause was burglarized while parked at 1255 Market Street in San Francisco. A brief case belonging to Stanley Karatz was taken from the car.

Sometime between noon on Sunday, May 30, 1965, and 8 a.m. the following day the property clerk’s office at the Hall of Justice in San Francisco was burglarized. On the door were marks similar to those made by a jimmy and the bolt was sawed off. The doors leading to the office had been washed three or four days earlier with a cleanser, and the washing was of such a nature that it removed all fingerprints. Defendant’s finger and palm prints were found on the doors. Part of a broken hacksaw blade was also found by the police.

At 1:15 a.m. on June 2, 1965, Officer DeBrunn observed defendant and another man walking down Sixth Street toward the Hall of Justice. As he was walking defendant was moving his head from left to right. There were a number of automobiles parked on the street. On a prior occasion, the officer had arrested defendant upon seeing him smash a car window with a brick. The charge was dismissed after the automobile owner, an out-of-state student, was unable to appear in court. The officer was aware that there had been a large number of automobile burglaries in the general area and that defendant had been arrested twice when observed removing large quantities of clothing from motels. He had stopped defendant numerous times in the same area and, without exception, had found a ‘ ‘ screwdriver or a piece of wire, some tool on him. ’ ’

The officer, who was in a marked police ear, called to defendant and asked if he could talk to him. After defendant came over to the car, the officer asked defendant where he was going and where he was now living. Defendant said he lived with his companion, that he was going home, that he had just moved there, and that he did not know the address. The companion said he lived at 111 Mason Street.

When the officer said to defendant, “Sam, you're going in the wrong direction,” defendant replied, “I lied to you, ... I’m going to see a couple of girls.” He stated that he did not know where the girls lived but would “have to look for it. ’ ’

After the officer asked defendant what the latter had in a paper bag he was holding, defendant dropped the bag and said, “What bag?” As the bag hit the pavement there was a “clank,” and the officer saw a pry bar protruding from it. At this point the officer warned defendant that he did not have to answer any questions, that anything defendant said could be used against him, and that he had a right to an attorney.

The officer picked up the bag and found a hacksaw, a file, and the pry bar, tools which are commonly used in burglaries. In response to questions defendant said that he used the tools when working on automobiles, that he had recently obtained the job, and that he did not know the name of his employer. The officer arrested defendant and took him to the police station.

On June 2, 1965, a police officer, who had learned that the fingerprints on the property clerk’s door were defendant’s, called the Grand Central Hotel where defendant had a room paid for through June 3d. The landlady refused the officer admittance to the room, and the officer told her that no one was to enter defendant’s room.¹ Defendant had rented the room on May 27 for a week, and after his tenancy expired the officer asked the landlady on June 4 if he might now search the room. The landlady consented to the officer’s entry into the room. Inside the room the officer found a hacksaw holder, a number of suitcases, and the briefcase taken from the Krause car. He opened the closed suitcases, and, in two of them he found the names of Krause and Karatz. A pry bar, shown by expert testimony to have been used in the burglary of the property clerk’s office, was also found in a suitcase. It does not appear whether the landlady consented to the inspection of the suitcases.

On July 7, 1965, an information was filed charging defendant with the burglary at the Hall of Justice, and a trial on this charge resulted in a hung jury in August of 1965. Thereafter, on motion of the district attorney, this charge was consolidated for trial with an information filed on July 12 charging burglary of the automobile. It is from the judgment of conviction entered in that trial that this appeal is taken.

The defendant first challenges certain instructions given by the trial judge. In instruction No. 20 of the 23 instructions the trial judge stated: “By the Constitution of this State a judge of this court presiding in a trial of an action is authorized within proper bounds to comment on the evidence and the testimony and credibility of any witness. It is the opinion of this Court, based on the evidence, that the guilt of the defendant Sam Brock as to both of the offenses here charged, has been established beyond a reasonable doubt. I would caution you, however, that it is your right and your duty to exercise the same independence of judgment in weighing my comment on the evidence as you are entitled to exercise in weighing the testimony of the witnesses and the arguments of counsel. You will keep in mind that you are the exclusive judges of the credibility of the witnesses and of all questions of fact submitted to you. Such authority as the Trial Judge has to express his personal thought on any of these matters is confined to the sole purpose of aiding you in arriving at a verdict and may not be used, and it is not used in this case, to impose his will upon you or to compel a verdict.” (Italics added.)

These instructions amounted to a directed verdict, and the giving of them was error.

Section 7 of article 1 of the California Constitution provides that the “right of trial by jury shall be secured to all, and remain inviolate; ...”

Section 19 of article VI of the California Constitution as amended in 1934 provided: "The court may instruct the jury regarding the law applicable to the facts of the case, and may make such comment on the evidence and the testimony and credibility of any witness as in its opinion is necessary for the proper determination of the case. The court shall inform the jury in all cases that the jurors are the exclusive judges of all questions of fact submitted to them and of the credibility of the witnesses.”² Prior to 1934, the section stated: "Judges shall not charge juries with respect to matters of fact, but may state the testimony and declare the law.' ’

The 1934 amendment obviously made a fundamental change as to the right of a trial judge to comment. The purpose of the amendment was to place in the trial judge’s hands more power in the trial of jury cases “and make him a real factor in the administration of justice in such eases, instead of being in the position of a mere referee or automaton as to the ascertainment of the facts.” By reason of his training in analyzing testimony, and experience in determining the credibility of witnesses, a trial judge is in a position to assist the jurors in determining what evidence has a bearing on the disputed issues in the case and to aid them in weighing the evidence, and comments which will so assist the jury are of substantial value and should not be discouraged. (People v. Ottey, 5 Cal.2d 714, 722-726 [56 P.2d 193].)

A judge’s power to comment on the evidence, however, is not unlimited. (People v. Dail, 22 Cal.2d 642, 658 [140 P.2d 838]; People v. Patubo, 9 Cal.2d 537, 543 [71 P.2d 270, 113 A.L.R. 1303] ; People v. Ottey, supra, 5 Cal.2d 714, 724.) In commenting on the evidence the judge may not withdraw material evidence from the jury’s consideration or distort the testimony. (See People v. Scott, 53 Cal.2d 558, 564 [2 Cal.Rptr. 274, 348 P.2d 882] (overruled on other grounds, People v. Morse, 60 Cal.2d 631, 649 [36 Cal.Rptr. 201, 388 P.2d 33]); People v. Friend, 50 Cal.2d 570, 577 [327 P.2d 97].) Although a judge is not required to comment on all of the evidence, he should be cautious in exercising the comment power with a view to protecting the rights of the defendant (People v. De Moss, 4 Cal.2d 469, 477 [50 P.2d 1031]), and it is error where in the guise of commenting on the evidence the judge makes statements which contain an erroneous view of the applicable law. (People v. Dair, supra, 22 Cal.2d 642, 656-659.)

The judge may not in the guise of comment control the verdicts by a direction either directly or impliedly made. (United Brotherhood of Carpenters & Joiners v. United States, 330 U.S. 395, 408 [91 L.Ed. 973, 985, 67 S.Ct. 775]; United States v. Murdock, 290 U.S. 389, 393-394 [78 L.Ed. 381, 384-385, 54 S.Ct. 223] ; see People v. Dail, supra, 22 Cal.2d 642, 658; People v. Ottey, supra, 5 Cal.2d 714, 729; People v. De Moss, supra, 4 Cal.2d 469, 477.)

The federal courts have held that it is improper for a trial judge to state that he believes the defendant guilty, unless the undisputed evidence establishes guilt. (United States v. Murdock, supra, 290 U.S. 389, 393-394 [78 L.Ed. 381, 384-385, 54 S.Ct. 223]; United States v. Woods, 252 F.2d 334, 336 (and cases cited).) And it has been stated that the power to comment does not give the trial judge the right to determine in his own mind the facts upon which guilt or innocence depends and to make it clear to the jury that he is convinced of the defendant’s guilt. (People v. Farnum, 242 Cal.App..2d 310, 315 [51 Cal.Rptr. 327].)

It is clear from the language of our Constitution that the comments authorized are those which in the court’s opinion are “necessary for the proper determination of the ease.” In our system of a jury trial, the judge instructs the jury that in determining the question of guilt or innocence a number of preliminary determinations must be made. The judge sets forth what preliminary determinations must be made, and also gives the jurors a number of instructions to aid them in making such determinations.

The vice of a general comment on guilt without discussion of the evidence is that it does not aid the jury in applying the instructions on the law to the evidence in the case but to the contrary provides for the jury a means to avoid the preliminary determinations called for by the instructions on the law and instead to rely on the words of the judge in returning a conviction. This is not the kind of comment contemplated by the constitutional provision. Rather than aiding the jury in properly considering the case, such a comment may prevent it from doing so.

By requiring the court to inform the jurors that they are the exclusive judges of all questions of fact submitted to them, the constitutional provision makes it abundantly clear that the purpose of the provision was not to create a means by which the jurors could avoid the responsibility of determining the facts and, under proper instructions on the law, the ultimate question of guilt. Yet, a general comment on the issue of guilt without discussion of the evidentiary basis for the comment may lead the jurors to abdicate their awesome responsibility in favor of accepting the judge’s comment without determining the questions submitted to them under the instructions.

Moreover, the comment before us suggests that if the jury sees fit the case may be decided on the basis of the judge’s comment without regard to the evidence in the case. The judge told the jury it had the “right” and “duty to exercise the same independence of judgment in weighing my comment on the evidence as you are entitled to exercise in weighing the testimony of the witnesses . . . .” Apparently, the judge intended to advise the jury that it could reject his views, but the language used unfortunately also conveys the idea that his comment is on a par with the testimony and subject to the same independence of judgment in determining the case. The danger that the jury may have viewed the comment in the latter sense may not be minimized. The jury is ordinarily aware that the judge has participated in numerous trials and dealt with the attorneys in the past and that numerous matters regarding the case have taken place in the presence of the judge but outside the presence of the jury. In these circumstances there is a great danger that a jury which may wish to escape its responsibility to determine the facts will give weight to the comment of the judge without considering the evidence and the instructions.

The Attorney General relies upon the following statement from People v. Friend, supra, 50 Cal.2d 570, 578; “The extent to which a judge is free to comment on the evidence is shown by the fact that it has frequently been recognized that a judge may express his opinion as to the guilt or innocence of the defendant, so long as the province of the jury as defined by the constitutional section is not invaded. People v. Rupp, 41 Cal.2d 371, 383 [260 P.2d 1] ; People v. Daugherty, 40 Cal.2d 876, 893 [256 P.2d 911] ; People v. Dail, 22 Cal.2d 642, 658-659 [140 P.2d 828] ; People v. Warren, 16 Cal.2d 103, 114 [104 P.2d 1024] ; People v. Eudy, 12 Cal.2d 41, 47 [82 P.2d 359] ; People v. Ottey, 5 Cal.2d 714, 729 [56 P.2d 193] ; People v. Yokum, 145 Cal.App.2d 245, 258 [302 P.2d 406] ; People v. Huff, 134 Cal.App.2d 182, 187 [285 P.2d 17]; Pomerantz v. Bryan Motors, Inc., 92 Cal.App.2d 114, 119 [206 P.2d 440]; People v. Busby, 40 Cal.App.2d 193, 202 [104 P.2d 531].)”

So far as appears from the reports of the cases, neither Friend nor any of the cases there cited upheld a comment by the trial judge that a defendant was guilty beyond a reasonable doubt where the comment was made prior to rendition of a jury verdict, where there was a conflict in the evidence, and where the evidentiary basis for the comment was not explained to the jury. In People v. Rupp, 41 Cal.2d 371, 383 [260 P.2d 1], People v. Daugherty, 40 Cal.2d 876, 893 [256 P.2d 911], and People v. Busby, 40 Cal.App.2d 193, 202 [104 P.2d 531], the comment complained of was a statement, made after the guilt trial and prior to the sanity trial, congratulating the jury on its verdict in the guilt trial, and the statement of the judge did not determine the sanity issue. In People v. Dail, supra, 22 Cal.2d 642, 656-659, the conviction was reversed because in part the comment of the trial court applied an erroneous standard of proof. People v. Warren, 16 Cal.2d 103, 113-114 [104 P.2d 1024], involved a comment of the judge on double jeopardy as to which defense this court held that it was proper for the trial court to direct a verdict for the prosecution because the question was one of law, not of fact. The comment in People v. Eudy, 12 Cal.2d 41, 46-47 [82 P.2d 359], was merely that “an ingenious counterfeit of mental infirmity should never furnish immunity to guilt” and did not go so far as to assert that the defendant was falsely claiming insanity. The comment in People v. Ottey, supra, 5 Cal.2d 714, 727 et seq., singled out the defendant’s testimony, cast doubt upon it for reasons expressed in the comment, and concluded that the jury had the right to conclude that the testimony was false. The court expressly pointed out that the trial judge did not say that “the jury ‘must’ or ‘should’ conclude that the statements were not to be believed; but left the ultimate decision with the jury by stating that it had the ‘right’ to so conclude. ’ ’ (5 Cal.2d at p. 727.)

The appellate court decisions cited in Friend for the right to comment on guilt or innocence also factually do not support the right to make the comment made in the instant case. In People v. Huff, 134 Cal.App.2d 182, 185 et seq. [285 P.2d 17], the conviction was reversed because the trial judge’s comments were argumentative. Pomerantz v. Bryan Motors, Inc., 92 Cal.App.2d 114, 119 [206 P.2d 440], was a civil case, and the matter complained of was a comment that one of two witnesses who gave conflicting testimony was guilty of perjury without indicating which was the guilty party. In People v. Yokum, 145 Cal.App.2d 245, 256-258 [302 P.2d 406], the court commented at length on the evidence relating to the defense of self-defense and concluded that upon his evaluation of the evidence discussed the defendant was not in imminent danger of suffering great bodily injury when she shot her husband, that she did not have a reasonable belief of such danger, and that therefore the shooting was not in self-defense. The court’s comment did not merely state that the defendant was guilty but explained the reasons for the conclusion that the killing was not in self-defense in such a manner that, if the jury disagreed with his analysis of the evidence or the inference to be drawn from it, the jury could reject the judge’s view.

In Friend, which involved a penalty trial, the court’s comments were tied closely to specific evidence in the case, pointing up certain factual matters, some of which were favorable to the prosecution and others favorable to the defense, and the trial judge did not tell the jury that it should impose the death penalty.

In one of the cases decided after Friend, the trial judge had stated that it appeared that the defendants committed either robbery or grand theft. This was approved but this was done in a case where the testimony of the defendants themselves admitted commission of a theft, disputing only robbery. (People v. Williams, 235 Cal.App.2d 389, 402-403 [45 Cal.Rptr. 427].) In the circumstances presented the judge’s comment was not unfavorable to the defendant, and the comment made was in accordance with the federal rule discussed above. Other cases decided after Friend did not involve a general comment that the defendant was guilty, although some of the opinions quoted the language from Friend set forth above. In such cases the trial judge merely discussed and analyzed the evidence. ( People v. Ivy, 244 Cal.App.2d 406, 411-412 [53 Cal.Rptr. 47]; People v. Welborn, 242 Cal.App.2d 668, 674-677 [51 Cal.Rptr. 644]; People v. Farnum, supra, 242 Cal.App.2d 310, 312-315; People v. Schwenkner, 191 Cal.App.2d 46, 52 et seq. [12 Cal.Rptr. 408].)

So far as appears, no California case has upheld a trial judge’s comment like the one involved here. The federal courts, as we have seen, have refused to permit a general comment except where the evidence is undisputed. The comment does not help the jury to perform the duties given to it by the instructions. The harmful effects of such a comment are obvious, and we are satisfied that the constitutional provision was not intended to permit such comments. The statement in Friend and the other cases that a judge "may express his opinion as to the guilt or innocence of the defendant” should be understood as meaning that proper comments of the judge as to evidence are not erroneous merely because the jury might conceivably understand such comments as reflecting his opinion as to guilt or innocence, and the quoted language should not be understood as warranting general statements as to guilt or innocence where the evidentiary basis for the comment is not explained to the jury.

The erroneous comment of the trial court requires reversal of the judgment. As to the conviction of burglary of the automobile, the record shows only possession of stolen goods a few days after the burglary without satisfactory explanation. (Cf. People v. McFarland, 58 Cal.2d 748, 754-760 [26 Cal.Rptr. 473, 376 P.2d 449].) The first trial as to the burglary at the Hall of Justice resulted in a hung jury. As to neither charge is the evidence overwhelming, and in view of the highly prejudicial nature of the court’s comment, we are satisfied that the comments constituted prejudicial error. (Cal. Const., art. VI, § 13. )

Defendant also urges that the motion by the prosecution to consolidate the cases for trial after there had been a hung jury in one of the eases was an attempt to prejudice his defense in such case and that the court erred in granting the motion. Section 954 of the Penal Code provides that an accusatory pleading may charge “two or more different offenses of the same class of crimes or offenses, under separate counts,” and that “if two or more accusatory pleadings are filed in such cases in the same court, the court may order them to be consolidated . . . provided, that the court in which a case is triable, in the interests of justice and for good cause shown, may in its discretion order that the different offenses or counts ... be tried separately. ...”

Joinder of related charges, whether in a single accusatory pleading or by consolidation of several accusatory pleadings, ordinarily avoids needless harassment of the defendant and the waste of public funds which may result if the same general facts were to be tried in two or more separate trials (cf. Kellett v. Superior Court, 63 Cal.2d 822, 825-827 [48 Cal.Rptr. 366, 409 P.2d 206]), and in several respects separate trials would result in the same factual issues being presented in both trials. The search of defendant’s room produced evidence relating to each of the charged burglaries, and the circumstances of that search were of substantial importance in a trial relating to either of the charges.

It has been held that the fact that the evidence of the prosecution may be strong as to one of two offenses of the same class charged in a single information and weak as to the other does not deny the trial court discretion to refuse severance. (People v. Gryszhiewicz, 88 Cal.App.2d 230, 233-234 [198 P.2d 585]; cf. People v. Kelly, 203 Cal. 128, 133-135 [263 P. 226].) Even assuming that the evidence was strong as to one offense and weak as to the other in the instant case, the trial court had discretion to order consolidation.

Defendant claims that the search of the hotel room and its contents was unlawful. The evidence as to this issue is in some respects conflicting, and it may be that on the retrial there will be further evidence as to the scope of the landlady’s consent. Under the circumstances, it is not appropriate for us to attempt to guide the trial court, for purposes of a retrial, on this matter.

The judgment is reversed.

Traynor, C. J., Tobriner, J., Mosk, J., Burke, J., and Sullivan, J., concurred.

1 Defendant testified that he intended to pay the next week’s rent, that he telephoned the landlady telling her that he was in jail, that he would be unable to pay his rent, and that she should not permit persons to touch his belongings unless they had a signed note from him. The landlady testified, however, that she did not speak to defendant after the day he rented the room. She was not specifically asked about the claimed telephone call.

2 This provision was repealed subsequent to the trial of the case, and a provision permitting comment is now found in section 10 of article VI.