State v. Maready , 205 N.C. App. 1 ( 2010 )

McGEE, Judge.

Kenneth Wayne Maready (Defendant) was convicted on 24 April 2006 of second-degree murder, felony eluding arrest, assault with a deadly weapon inflicting serious injury, two counts of assault with a deadly weapon, DWI, reckless driving, DWLR, misdemeanor larceny, and misdemeanor possession of stolen goods. The jury also found that Defendant had attained habitual felon status and further found, as an aggravating factor, that “[Defendant knowingly created a great risk of death to more than one person by means of a weapon or device which would normally be hazardous to the lives of more than one person[.]” The trial court sentenced Defendant to prison terms of 270 months to 333 months for second-degree murder, 150 months to 189 months for assault with a deadly weapon inflicting serious injury, 150 months to 189 months for felony eluding arrest, 24 months for DWI, 150 days for each count of assault with a deadly weapon, 120 days for DWLR, 120 days for misdemeanor larceny, and 60 days for reckless driving; all sentences were to run consecutively and credit was given for time served. Judgment was arrested for misdemeanor possession of stolen goods.

Defendant appealed. A divided panel of our Court reversed and remanded to the trial court for a new trial based upon our holdings that a law enforcement stop of Defendant just prior to the traffic accident was improper, that the trial court erroneously instructed the jury on the element of intent, and that the trial court erroneously admitted several of Defendant’s prior convictions of DWI into evidence. State v. Maready, 188 N.C. App. 169, 654 S.E.2d 769 (2008) (Maready I). The North Carolina Supreme Court reversed and remanded to our Court for consideration of assignments of error not addressed in Maready I. State v. Maready, 362 N.C. 614, 669 S.E.2d 564 (2008) (Maready II). More detailed statements of the facts may be found in Maready I and Maready II, and additional relevant facts will be discussed in the body of this opinion.

I.

In Defendant’s tenth argument, he contended his trial counsel’s assistance was per se ineffective, and he should therefore be awarded a new trial on his convictions for second-degree murder, and two counts of misdemeanor assault with a deadly weapon. In the alternative, Defendant requested that we remand to the trial court for a hearing to determine whether Defendant had properly consented to his trial counsel’s admission of guilt to these three charges under State v. Harbison, 315 N.C. 175, 337 S.E.2d 504 (1985). Defendant requested no relief pursuant to Harbison for the remaining charges, and we therefore do not address them. See State v. Millsaps, 356 N.C. 556, 569-70, 572 S.E.2d 767, 776-77 (2002). We agreed that a hearing was required to determine whether Defendant gave informed consent for his counsel’s admissions of guilt to the three above-listed charges. We remanded the matter to the trial court for a hearing by order entered 6 April 2009. We instructed the trial court to make findings of fact based upon the evidence presented at the hearing. The hearing was conducted by the trial court on 14 September 2009, and the trial court entered its order on the hearing on 14 October 2009. We allowed the parties to file supplemental briefs to augment their original arguments on appeal in light of the findings made by the trial court in its 14 October 2009 order.

Defendant initially pled not guilty to the charges for which he was tried. During closing argument, Defendant’s counsel conceded that the State had met its burden with respect to the charges of DWI, reckless driving, DWLR and misdemeanor “larceny and/or possession of stolen property.” Defendant’s counsel also made the following statements:

We do have the two misdemeanor assaults. . . . We don’t contest those. They are inclusive in the events that have significant issues associated with them, but we don’t contest those. And you can go and make your decisions accordingly. . . . [Defendant] holds absolute — holds responsibility for [the death of the victim], I just argue it’s not murder. It’s Involuntary Manslaughter.

Defendant’s counsel discussed the elements of involuntary manslaughter with the jury, stating that the second element was “that . . . [Defendant's impaired driving proximately caused the victim’s death. That’s true. [Defendant’s] guilty of that and should be found guilty of that.” Defendant’s counsel also stated that: “[Defendant’s] already admitted to you guilt... to ... Assault with a Deadly Weapon times two[.]”

At the close of all the evidence and after closing arguments, but before jury instruction, Defendant’s counsel again admitted Defendant’s guilt to the charges of reckless driving, DWI, DWLR and misdemeanor possession of stolen goods. The trial court asked Defendant: “Have you agreed that your attorney [concedes guilt to reckless driving, DWI, DWLR and misdemeanor possession of stolen goods]?” and Defendant answered, “Yes, sir.” Defendant also volunteered that he had consented to admit his guilt to the charge of misdemeanor larceny, and the following colloquy occurred:

[The State]: Misdemeanor Larceny. And there might even be the Involuntary Manslaughter, I believe, at one point. Maybe I misunderstood that part of the argument, but I thought when he was arguing—

The Court: There was also misdemeanor larceny, that’s correct.

[Defense Counsel]: Your Honor, I argued that’s what [Defendant] should be convicted of.

[The State]: Okay. Never mind then. I won’t go there.

The matter was then dropped, and the trial court never asked Defendant if he had agreed to his counsel’s admitting guilt on the charges of involuntary manslaughter or the two counts of assault with a deadly weapon.

The record of the trial was devoid of any evidence that Defendant gave informed consent to his counsel’s admission of guilt for the charges of involuntary manslaughter or the two counts of assault with a deadly weapon. For this reason, we remanded to the trial court for an evidentiary hearing to determine whether Defendant gave his counsel the consent required by Harbison and its progeny, discussed below, for the admissions of guilt made at trial by Defendant’s counsel. Our Supreme Court has stated that:

A defendant’s right to plead “not guilty” has been carefully guarded by the courts. When a defendant enters a plea of “not guilty,” he preserves two fundamental rights. First, he preserves the right to a fair trial as provided by the Sixth Amendment. Second, he preserves the right to hold the government to proof beyond a reasonable doubt. A plea decision must be made exclusively by the defendant. “A plea of guilty or no contest involves the waiver of various fundamental rights such as the privilege against self-incrimination, the right of confrontation and the right to trial by jury.” State v. Sinclair, 301 N.C. 193, 197, 270 S.E.2d 418, 421 (1980). Because of the gravity of the consequences, a decision to plead guilty must be made knowingly and voluntarily by the defendant after full appraisal of the consequences. Boykin v. Alabama, 395 U.S. 238, 89 S.Ct. 1709, 23 L. Ed. 2d 274 (1969); N.C.G.S. § 15A-1011 through § 15A-1026; State v. Sinclair, 301 N.C. 193, 270 S.E.2d 418 (1980).

Harbison, 315 N.C. at 180, 337 S.E.2d at 507 (citations omitted). The Harbison Court held that a defendant establishes a per se claim of ineffective assistance of counsel where the evidence shows the defendant’s counsel admitted guilt to any charge without the defendant’s informed consent. Id., 337 S.E.2d at 507-08. The Court in Harbison further held that this violation required that the defendant receive a new trial. Id. at 180-81, 337 S.E.2d at 508.

In State v. Matthews, 358 N.C. 102, 591 S.E.2d 535 (2004), the defendant’s counsel argued to the jury that it should find his client guilty of second-degree murder, not first-degree murder. The record did not indicate that the defendant had given consent to his attorney to make this concession. The defendant was found guilty of first-degree murder and appealed. The defendant argued that his counsel’s admission of the defendant’s guilt to second-degree murder without the defendant’s consent violated the holding in Harbison. The Matthews Court decided it did not have enough evidence in the record to make a determination concerning whether the defendant had consented to the admission of guilt, and remanded to the trial court for a hearing on the matter.

In Matthews, the trial court conducted a hearing and filed an order ruling that the defendant had consented to a strategy of arguing for a conviction on the lesser included charge of second-degree murder in order to avoid a first-degree murder conviction. The trial court’s findings indicated that the defendant had never expressly agreed to the strategy, but he had been present in numerous meetings where this strategy was discussed and never objected or voiced any reservations. In fact, the defendant’s, counsel “was certain that defendant concurred with [the strategy.]” Id. at 107, 591 S.E.2d at 539. Our Supreme Court disagreed with the ruling of the trial court and remanded for a new trial.

The trial court found that defense counsel’s trial strategy was “to convince the jury that defendant was guilty of something other than first degree murder.” The trial court found that, because defendant consented to this overall strategy, and because “[defendant's IQ was high,” defendant implicitly allowed his trial counsel to concede his guilt. However, we conclude that Harbison requires more than implicit consent based on an over-' all trial strategy and defendant’s intelligence. “[T]he gravity of the consequences demands that the decision to plead guilty remain in the defendant’s hands. When counsel admits his client’s guilt without first obtaining the client’s consent, the client’s rights to a fair trial and to put the State to the burden of proof are completely swept away. The practical effect is the same as if counsel had entered a plea of guilty without the client’s consent. Counsel in such situations denies the client’s right to have the issue of guilt or innocence decided by a jury.” Harbison, 315 N.C. at 180, 337 S.E.2d at 507.

Matthews, 358 N.C. at 108-09, 591 S.E.2d at 540.

Harbison cites N.C. Gen. Stat. §§ 15A-1011 through 1026, which concern acceptance of guilty pleas by the superior court. Harbison, 315 N.C. at 180, 337 S.E.2d at 507 (“Because of the gravity of the consequences, a decision to plead guilty must be made knowingly and voluntarily by the defendant after full appraisal of the consequences. Boykin v. Alabama, 395 U.S. 238, 89 S.Ct. 1709, 23 L. Ed. 2d 274 (1969); N.C.G.S. § 15A-1011 through § 15A-1026; State v. Sinclair, 301 N.C. 193, 270 S.E.2d 418 (1980).”). Although our Supreme Court has not required that the mandates of N.C. Gen. Stat. §§ 15A-1011 through 1026 be strictly followed before a defendant’s counsel be allowed to concede the guilt of his client at trial, Harbison and Matthews clearly indicate that the trial court must be satisfied that, prior to any admissions of guilt at trial by a defendant’s counsel, the defendant must have given knowing and informed consent, and the defendant must be aware of the potential consequences of his decision. See also State v. Thompson, 359 N.C. 77, 118-20, 604 S.E.2d 850, 878-79 (2004); State v. McDowell, 329 N.C. 363, 385-86, 407 S.E.2d 200, 212-13 (1991).

N.C. Gen. Stat. § 15A-1011(a) states: “A defendant may plead not guilty, guilty, or no contest ‘(nolo contendere).’ A plea may be received only from the defendant himself in open court except [under circumstances not relevant to this case.]” N.C. Gen. Stat. § 15A-1011(a) (2005). N.C. Gen. Stat. § 15A-1022 states in relevant part:

[A] superior court judge may not accept a plea of guilty or no contest from the defendant without first addressing him personally and:

(1) Informing him that he has a right to remain silent and that any statement he makes may be used against him;

(2) Determining that he understands the nature of the charge;

(3) Informing him that he has a right to plead not guilty;

(4) Informing him that by his plea he waives his right to trial by jury and his right to be confronted by the witnesses against him;

(5) Determining that the defendant, if represented by counsel, is satisfied with his representation;

(6) Informing him of the maximum possible sentence on the charge for the class of offense for which the defendant is being sentenced, including that possible from consecutive sentences, and of the mandatory minimum sentence, if any, on the charge; and

(b) .... The judge may not accept a plea of guilty or no contest from a defendant without first determining that the plea is a product of informed choice.

N.C. Gen. Stat. § 15A-1022 (2005).

Subsequent to our Supreme Court’s decisions in Harbison and Matthews, the United States Supreme Court decided Florida v. Nixon, 543 U.S. 175, 160 L. Ed. 2d 565 (2004). In Nixon, the Supreme Court held that, because of the unique nature of death penalty cases, in certain circumstances involving trial strategy, admission of guilt to an offense at trial by a defendant’s counsel without defendant’s express consent will not constitute per se ineffective assistance of counsel in violation of the Sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution. Id.

To summarize, in a capital case, counsel must consider in conjunction both the guilt and penalty-phases in determining how best to proceed. When counsel informs the defendant of the strategy counsel believes to be in the defendant’s best interest and the defendant is unresponsive, counsel’s strategic choice is not impeded by any blanket rule demanding the defendant’s explicit consent. Instead, if counsel’s strategy, given the evidence bearing on the defendant’s guilt, satisfies the Strickland standard, that is the end of the matter; no tenable claim of ineffective assistance would remain.

Nixon, 543 U.S. at 192, 160 L. Ed. 2d at 581 (citations omitted) (emphasis added). The Nixon Court further stated that:

Although such a concession [of guilt by a defendant’s attorney] in a run-of-the-mine trial might present a closer question, the gravity of the potential sentence in a capital trial and the proceeding’s two-phase structure vitally affect counsel’s strategic calculus. Attorneys representing capital defendants face daunting challenges in developing trial strategies, not least because the defendant’s guilt is often clear. Prosecutors are more likely to seek the death penalty, and to refuse to accept a plea to a life sentence, when the evidence is overwhelming and the crime heinous. In such cases, “avoiding execution [may be] the best and only realistic result possible.”

Id. at 190-91, 160 L. Ed. 2d at 580-81 (citations omitted) (emphasis added). The case before us is not a death penalty case, and the United States Supreme Court has not addressed the specific Sixth Amendment issue presented in the “run-of-the-mine” case before us. See State v. Allen, 360 N.C. 297, 315, 626 S.E.2d 271, 285 (2006) (“See Florida v. Nixon, 543 U.S. 175, 178 (2004) (‘This capital case concerns defense counsel’s strategic decision to concede, at the guilt phase of the trial, the defendant’s commission of murder, and to concentrate the defense on establishing, at the penalty phase, cause for sparing the defendant’s life.’)”) (emphasis added); State v. Simmons, 2009 Minn. App. Unpub. LEXIS 21, 7 (Minn. Ct. App. Jan. 6, 2009) (“The Nixon holding is inapplicable here because this is not a murder case, nor is the death penalty at stake.”). We find the case before us distinguishable from Nixon, as it is not a death penalty case.¹ Further, subsequent to Nixon, the North Carolina Supreme Court has continued to apply the analysis set forth in Harbison, even in death penalty cases. See State v. Goss, 361 N.C. 610, 651 S.E.2d 867 (2007); State v. Campbell, 359 N.C. 644, 617 S.E.2d 1 (2005). Because our Supreme Court has not overruled Harbison and, in fact, continues to apply its holding after Nixon, we are bound by this precedent.²

We are similarly bound by the post-Nixon precedent set by our Court. In re Civil Penalty, 324 N.C. 373, 384, 379 S.E.2d 30, 37 (1989) (“Where a panel of the Court of Appeals has decided the same issue, albeit in a different case, a subsequent panel of the same court is bound by that precedent, unless it has been overturned by a higher court.”). Our Court has continued to apply the Harbison analysis since the Nixon opinion was filed. See State v. Goode, — N.C. App. -, -, 677 S.E.2d 507, 510 (2009) (“ ‘a counsel’s admission of his client’s guilt, without the client’s knowing consent and despite the client’s plea of not guilty, constitutes ineffective assistance of counsel.’ State v. Harbison, 315 N.C. 175, 179, 337 S.E.2d 504, 506-07 (1985). When this occurs, ‘the harm is so likely and so apparent that the issue of prejudice need not be addressed.’ Id. at 180, 337 S.E.2d at 507. We reiterate that ‘[a] plea decision must be made exclusively by the defendant.... Because of the gravity of the consequences, a decision to plead guilty must be made knowingly and voluntarily by the defendant after full appraisal of the consequences.’ Id.”); State v. Harrington, 171 N.C. App. 17, 32, 614 S.E.2d 337, 349 (2005); State v. Alvarez, 168 N.C. App. 487, 501, 608 S.E.2d 371, 380 (2005) (“Harbison applies when defense counsel concedes defendant’s guilt to either the charged offense or a lesser included offense.”) (citation omitted); State v. Randle, 167 N.C. App. 547, 550 n.1, 605 S.E.2d 692, 694 n.1 (2004) (after applying the Harbison analysis, noting “that the United States Supreme Court has recently discussed whether a concession of guilt by defense counsel constitutes ineffective assistance of counsel per se. See Florida v. Nixon [.]”); see also unpublished opinions of our Court State v. Amick, 2009 N.C. App. LEXIS 388 (Apr. 21, 2009); State v. Barlowe, 2008 N.C. App. LEXIS 599 (Apr. 1, 2008); State v. Jacobs, 2008 N.C. App. LEXIS 7 (Jan. 15, 2008); State v. Graves, 2007 N.C. App. LEXIS 1962 (Sept. 18, 2007); State v. Wright, 2007 N.C. App. LEXIS 1460, 15-18 (July 3, 2007); State v. Manning, 2007 N.C. App. LEXIS 390, 6-8 (Feb. 20, 2007); State v. Verbal, 2006 N.C. App. LEXIS 865 (Apr. 18, 2006); State v. Ivey, 2006 N.C. App. LEXIS 682, 12-14 (Mar. 21, 2006); State v. Cameron, 2005 N.C. App. LEXIS 2700 (Dec. 20, 2005); State v. Sinclair, 2005 N.C. App. LEXIS 2597 (Dec. 6, 2005); State v. Cotten, 2005 N.C. App. LEXIS 1246 (July 5, 2005); State v. Martin, 2005 N.C. App. LEXIS 1126, 6-7 (June 7, 2005) (“A defense attorney’s specific admission of a defendant’s guilt as to the crime for which defendant is being tried, or a lesser included offense, absent the defendant’s consent, is a per se violation of a defendant’s constitutional right to effective assistance of counsel under the Sixth Amendment. Harbison, 315 N.C. at 180, 337 S.E.2d at 507.”); State v. Moorefield, 2005 N.C. App. LEXIS 1102 (June 7, 2005); State v. Miles, 2005 N.C. App. LEXIS 1020 (May 17, 2005); State v. Barr, 2005 N.C. App. LEXIS 640, 7-8 (Apr. 5, 2005); State v. Culler, 2005 N.C. App. LEXIS 105 (Jan. 18, 2005).³

In the case before us, Defendant’s counsel admitted Defendant’s guilt to involuntary manslaughter, and two counts of assault with a deadly weapon. There was no indication at trial that Defendant was asked if he consented to these admissions, or that Defendant had given informed and voluntary consent to these admissions of his guilt.

In its 14 October 2009 order subsequent to the hearing on remand, the trial court made the following relevant findings of fact:

1. This court has had the opportunity to observe the testimony and demeanor of the witnesses and assess their credibility. In this regard the court finds the testimony of [Defendant’s counsel] to be credible in all respects.

11. Prior to closing arguments, [Defendant’s counsel] informed the Defendant that he was going to concentrate his closing arguments on the more serious offenses and admit the lesser offenses. This conversation occurred in the courtroom at the defense counsel table after all the evidence had been heard and immediately prior to the arguments.

12. [Defendant’s counsel] informed the Defendant that he believed the closing argument strategy was in the best interest of the Defendant.

13. Defendant raised no questions and did not express any objections to [his counsel] regarding [his counsel’s] closing argument strategy prior to the argument being made.

14. After the closing argument the Defendant had no questions and did not raise any objections to [his counsel] or the court about the concessions that were made in the closing argument.

15. After the closing arguments, and outside the presence of the jury, counsel for the State requested that the trial judge conduct an inquiry with the Defendant regarding the concessions.

16. The trial judge asked the Defendant if he agreed to the concessions arid he stated “Yes, sir.”

17. Defendant expressed no objections to [his counsel] about the concessions while the trial judge made the inquiry of the Defendant.

18. At no time during, or after, the trial court’s inquiry of the Defendant did the Defendant express to [his counsel] that he did not understand what the trial court was asking him.

21. At no time during the sentencing proceeding did the Defendant express any questions or objections to the concessions made by his counsel in the closing arguments.

These findings are supported by substantial evidence presented at the hearing, except finding sixteen, which stated: “The trial judge asked the Defendant if he agreed to the concessions and he stated ‘Yes, sir.’ ” Finding sixteen may be misleading, as Defendant only responded “Yes, sir[]” when asked at trial if he had agreed to concede guilt to the charges of DWI, reckless driving, DWLR, and misdemeanor possession of stolen goods. Defendant then volunteered that he also conceded guilt to misdemeanor larceny. Defendant never agreed at trial that he conceded guilt to any of the remaining charges.

Although this Court only ordered the trial court to conduct a Harbison hearing and make appropriate findings of fact, the trial court stated that “out of an abundance of caution[,]” it also made six “conclusions of law.” Several of these are properly considered findings of fact, and we will treat them as such. Dunevant v. Dunevant, 142 N.C. App. 169, 173, 542 S.E.2d 242, 245 (2001) (“[A] pronouncement by the trial court which does not require the employment of legal principles will be treated as a finding of fact, regardless of how it is denominated in the court’s order.” (citations omitted)).

The trial court made the following determinative “conclusion”: “2. Defendant’s trial counsel did not obtain the Defendant’s explicit consent to the concessions of guilt prior to the closing argument.” We hold that the findings of fact made by the trial court at the Harbison hearing clearly and unequivocally indicate that Defendant never gave his counsel explicit consent to admit Defendant’s guilt to involuntary manslaughter and two counts of assault with a deadly weapon.

Harbison requires more than implicit consent based on an overall trial strategy[.] “[T]he gravity of the consequences demands that the decision to plead guilty remain in the defendant’s hands. When counsel admits his client’s guilt without first obtaining the client’s consent, the client’s rights to a fair trial and to put the State to the burden of proof are completely swept away. The practical effect is the same as if counsel had entered a plea of guilty without the client’s consent. Counsel in such situations denies the client’s right to have the issue of guilt or innocence decided by a jury.” Harbison, 315 N.C. at 180, 337 S.E.2d at 507.

Matthews, 358 N.C. at 108-09, 591 S.E.2d at 540. Therefore, though we do not doubt that Defendant’s counsel was acting in a manner he believed to be the best trial strategy for Defendant, because Defendant’s counsel failed to obtain Defendant’s express consent before admitting Defendant’s guilt to three charges before the jury, the rule set forth in Harbison and Matthews was violated. These admissions of Defendant’s counsel to the jury thus constituted per se ineffective assistance of counsel.

Because we hold that Defendant’s counsel was per se ineffective for admitting Defendant’s guilt to two counts of assault with a deadly weapon and one count of involuntary manslaughter, a lesser included offense of second-degree murder, without obtaining Defendant’s consent, we must vacate those judgments and grant Defendant’s request for a new trial on counts 05 CRS 004158, 05 CRS 004159, and 05 CRS 042094.⁴ Because we do not vacate all of Defendant’s convictions, we address Defendant’s remaining arguments.

II.

Defendant further argues that he received ineffective assistance of counsel “because his trial attorney failed to object to inadmissible State evidence, improper jury instructions, and unconstitutional entry of judgment.” We disagree.

In order to prove ineffective assistance of counsel, a

defendant must show that counsel’s performance was deficient. This requires showing that counsel made errors so serious that counsel was not functioning as the “counsel” guaranteed the defendant by the Sixth Amendment. Second, the defendant must show that the deficient performance prejudiced the defense. This requires showing that counsel’s errors were so serious as to deprive the defendant of a fair trial, a trial whose result is reliable. Unless a defendant makes both showings, it cannot be said that the conviction . . . resulted from a breakdown in the adversary process that renders the result unreliable.

Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 687, 80 L. Ed. 2d 674, 693 (1984); see also State v. Lawson, 159 N.C. App. 534, 543, 583 S.E.2d 354, 360 (2003). Concerning the second prong of the Strickland test, Defendant’s argument is as follows:

[T]he question of prejudice is still open. If on appeal this Court refuses to review [Defendant's appellate arguments or applies the harsh “plain error” test to deny them on the ground they are not preserved for normal appellate review by virtue of counsel’s failure to object, counsel’s deficient performance will have been prejudicial.

Defendant makes no argument that any of the errors Defendant attributes to his counsel in this portion of his brief deprived him of a fair trial. Defendant does not make a prejudice argument, but a conclusory statement, for which Defendant offers no factual or legal support. “Issues ... in support of which no reason or argument is stated, will be taken as abandoned.” N.C.R. App. P. 28(b)(6). “The body of the argument and the statement of applicable standard(s) of review shall contain citations of the authorities upon which the appellant relies.” Id. This argument has been abandoned. Id.; Dogwood Dev. & Mgmt. Co., LLC v. White Oak Transp. Co., 362 N.C. 191, 200, 657 S.E.2d 361, 367 (2008).

III.

In Defendant’s eighth argument, he contends the trial court committed prejudicial error in its instruction on the intent element for the three charges of assault with a deadly weapon. We agree.

During the trial court’s charge to the jury, it instructed the jury, inter alia, that, in order to convict Defendant of assault with a deadly weapon inflicting serious injury, the jury had to determine beyond a reasonable doubt that Defendant “assaulted the victim by intentionally and without justification or excuse, by using [Defendant’s vehicle to cause] an auto collision in which [the victim was seriously injured].” After the trial court had instructed the jury on all charges, and the jury began its deliberation, the jury sent the trial court a note asking the trial court to re-read certain instructions, including the instruction for assault with a deadly weapon inflicting serious injury, which the trial court did. Subsequently, the jury sent the trial court another note which read: “In the definition of assault there’s an issue with the word ‘intent.’ Can this be interpreted strictly only as absolutely intended ... to hit the other cars or can this be interpreted as the sum total of the actions caused the collision and this implies [intent]?” The trial court brought out the jury, read the question back to the jury, and then stated: “The answer is, the latter portion of your question.” “It can be interpreted as the sum total of the actions caused the collision and this implies intent.” The jury then found Defendant guilty of assault with a deadly weapon inflicting serious injury.

We hold that, in answering the jury’s question involving the meaning of intent, the trial court allowed the jury to convict Defendant based upon an improperly broad definition of intent. In order for a jury to convict a defendant of assault with a deadly weapon inflicting serious injury, it must find that it was the defendant’s actual intent to strike the victim with his vehicle, or that the defendant acted with culpable negligence from which intent may be implied. State v. Jones, 353 N.C. 159, 164-65, 538 S.E.2d 917, 922-93 (2000) (“Thus, a driver who operates a motor vehicle in a manner such that it constitutes a deadly weapon, thereby proximately causing serious injury to another, may be convicted of AWDWISI provided there is either an actual intent to inflict injury or culpable or criminal negligence from which such intent may be implied.”). In the present case, the trial court’s answer to the jury’s question could have allowed the jury to convict Defendant without a finding of either actual intent or culpable negligence. Because the trial court’s instruction allowed the jury to convict Defendant of assault with a deadly weapon inflicting serious injury without a finding of the requisite intent, we must assume prejudice. State v. Weston, 273 N.C. 275, 283, 159 S.E.2d 883, 888 (1968).

We note that a determination by a jury that a defendant was driving while impaired, pursuant to N.C. Gen. Stat. § 20-138.1, can provide the requisite finding of culpable negligence. Jones, 353 N.C. at 165, 538 S.E.2d at 923. However, the trial court did not instruct the jury that it could find the requisite culpable negligence by making a determination that Defendant was driving while impaired. We further note that Defendant contends that the two convictions for misdemeanor assault with a deadly weapon should be overturned for the same erroneous instruction on intent. We agree, and so hold, though this holding will only be relevant if our holding above concerning the Harbison errors is overturned. We overturn Defendant’s conviction for assault with a deadly weapon inflicting serious injury and remand for a new trial on count 05 CRS 04160.

IV.

In Defendant’s third argument, he contends the trial court committed plain error by admitting opinion testimony from State’s witnesses without the witnesses first being admitted at trial as experts. We disagree.

The State called two police officers to testify concerning their opinions of how the accident occurred. These officers did not witness the accident, but gave their opinions indicating Defendant was at fault based upon their examination of the scene of the accident. The officers were not proffered as experts in accident reconstruction. This Court has held that opinion testimony of this kind is incompetent. Seay v. Snyder, 181 N.C. App. 248, 257-58, 638 S.E.2d 584, 590-91 (2007); see also Hughes v. Vestal, 264 N.C. 500, 503-07, 142 S.E.2d 361, 364-66 (1965). Defendant did not object to the testimony of the officers at trial, and thus waived regular review on appeal. State v. Valentine, 357 N.C. 512, 525, 591 S.E.2d 846, 856-57 (2003). Defendant does, however, expressly argue plain error on appeal, thus preserving the argument for plain error review. State v. Dennison, 359 N.C. 312, 312-13, 608 S.E.2d 756, 757 (2005).

We hold that the admission of the officers’ opinion testimony concerning their purported accident reconstruction conclusions was error. Accident reconstruction opinion testimony may only be admitted by experts, who have proven to the trial court’s satisfaction that they have a superior ability to form conclusions based upon the evidence gathered from the scene of the accident than does the jury. Hughes v. Vestal, 264 N.C. at 503-07, 142 S.E.2d at 364-66; Seay, 181 N.C. App. at 257-58, 638 S.E.2d at 590-91. However, we hold that Defendant fails in his burden of proving plain error. First, not only did Defendant fail to object to the opinion testimony during the State’s direct examination of the officers, he elicited much of the same testimony on cross-examination. Had Defendant objected, his subsequent questioning of the State’s witnesses on cross-examination would not have necessarily constituted a waiver of his prior objections for the purposes of appeal. State v. Wells, 52 N.C. App. 311, 314-15, 278 S.E.2d 527, 529-30 (1981). However, Defendant failed to object and then elicited the same testimony on cross-examination. Therefore, there is nothing in the record to indicate to us that this line of questioning was not one Defendant wished to pursue at trial. Furthermore, by failing to object, Defendant deprived the State of the opportunity to correct the error, and to proffer its witnesses as experts. We hold that Defendant has failed to prove plain error on the facts before us.

V.

In Defendant’s fourth argument, he contends that the trial court committed reversible error by admitting an officer’s testimony that Defendant “had just gotten out of jail recently.” We disagree.

We first note that our Supreme Court referenced this testimony in Maready II. In support of its holding that the trial court’s intent instruction, which allowed Defendant’s prior convictions to be considered by the jury as proof of intent did not amount to prejudicial error, our Supreme Court said:

Irrespective of defendant’s prior convictions, the State presented such significant evidence of intent with regard to all the charges against defendant that we cannot say the challenged instruction probably affected the jury’s verdicts. We call particular attention to the testimony regarding defendant’s own statements on the day of the incident. During an earlier encounter with another deputy several hours before the wreck, defendant stated he had recently been released from jail, that his driver’s license was suspended, and that “he didn’t drive.” Later, during the investigatory traffic stop, defendant admitted he had been drinking. Then, as he fled the scene of the stop, defendant “said that he was not going back to the penitentiary.” These statements strongly demonstrate defendant’s knowledge and understanding that he was driving illegally and was not going to stop.

Maready II, 362 N.C. 614, 621, 669 S.E.2d 564, 568-69 (2008) (emphasis added). Because our Supreme Court used this testimony in support of its holding in this matter, we conclude our Supreme Court determined it was properly admitted. Even assuming arguendo the testimony was improper, we hold Defendant has failed in his burden of showing “prejudice such that a different result [at trial] would have been likely had the evidence been excluded.” State v. Barber, 93 N.C. App. 42, 45, 376 S.E.2d 497, 499 (1989). Defendant’s driving record, which was admitted at trial, shows that Defendant had been sentenced to twelve months for DWI pn 27 August 2004. The traffic crash occurred on 12 February 2005. Evidence that Defendant had recently “gotten out of jail” was already before the jury. This argument is without merit.

VI.

In Defendant’s sixth argument, he contends that the trial court committed prejudicial error in allowing the State to allude to the trial court’s ruling concerning reasonable suspicion for the initial stop of Defendant. We disagree.

First, our Supreme Court has already determined that the initial stop of Defendant was supported by reasonable suspicion. Maready II, 362 N.C. at 620, 669 S.E.2d at 568. Second, assuming arguendo the State’s argument was improper, upon a thorough review of the record, we hold that Defendant has failed to “show that there is a reasonable possibility a different result would have been reached had the error not occurred. N.C.G.S. § 15A-1443(a) (1999).” State v. Allen, 353 N.C. 504, 509, 546 S.E.2d 372, 375 (2001). This argument is without merit.

VII.

In Defendant’s seventh argument, he contends that the trial court committed plain error in instructing the jury on the charge of “operating a vehicle to elude arrest.” We disagree.

The jury was correctly instructed on the charge of operating a vehicle to elude arrest. The jury then sent a request for re-instruction on the charge, specifically asking for re-instruction on the third element of the charge — that Defendant was fleeing or attempting to elude a law enforcement officer who was in the lawful performance of his duties. The trial court decided to re-instruct the jury on all four elements of the charge, and again correctly instructed the jury on the charge. The trial court repeated the correct charge in condensed form, then repeated it again, but did not include reference to the fourth element. Based on the facts of the case before it, the trial court’s instruction concerning the fourth element required the jury to find two of the following beyond a reasonable doubt:

gross impairment of [Defendant’s] faculties while driving, due to the consumption of an impairing substance; a blood alcohol level of 0.14 or more within a relevant time after driving; reckless driving; negligent driving leading to an accident, causing... property damage in excess of $1,000 or personal injury; [or] driving while license revoked.

See N.C. Gen. Stat. § 20-141.5 (2005). In light of the jury’s request to be re-instructed on only the third element of the charge, and the trial court’s correct instruction on that element three times in close succession, and because Defendant admitted guilt at trial to at least two of the factors — reckless driving, and driving while license revoked— we do not find that the trial court’s failure to include the fourth element in one of those three instructions amounts to plain error. Defendant has failed in his burden to prove any error was “ ‘so basic, so prejudicial, so lacking in its elements that justice cannot have been done].]’ ” State v. Wood, 174 N.C. App. 790, 793, 622 S.E.2d 120, 123 (2005) (citations omitted).

VIII.

In Defendant’s ninth argument, he contends that his convictions for DWI, DWLR, and reckless driving “must be vacated because entry of judgment in them and in the murder, operating a vehicle, and felony assault cases violates double jeopardy.” Defendant has not preserved this argument for appellate review.

The Double Jeopardy Clause plays only a limited role in deciding whether cumulative punishments may be imposed under different statutes at a single criminal proceedings — that role being only to prevent the sentencing court from prescribing greater punishments than the legislature intended. We further reiterate that where our legislature “specifically authorizes cumulative punishment under two statutes, regardless of whether those- two statutes proscribe the ‘same’ conduct under Blockburger [v. United States, 284 U.S. 299, 304, 76 L. Ed. 306, 309 (1932)], a court’s task of statutory construction is at an end and the prosecutor may seek and the trial court or jury may impose cumulative punishment under such statutes in a single trial.” Missouri v. Hunter, 459 U.S. at 368-69, 74 L. Ed. 2d at 544. See State v. Price, 313 N.C. 297, 327 S.E.2d 863 (1985).

State v. Gardner, 315 N.C. 444, 460-61, 340 S.E.2d 701, 712 (1986). Because the case before us involves convictions obtained at a single criminal proceeding, the outcome of Defendant’s argument turns on whether our General Assembly intended to authorize cumulative punishment for the relevant statutes. Defendant states in his brief: “[0]ur Legislature did not intend for multiple punishment in this situation.” This is not an argument, but a conclusory statement for which Defendant offers no factual or legal support. “Issues ... in support of which no reason or argument is stated, will be taken as abandoned.” N.C.R. App. P. 28(b)(6). “The body of the argument and the statement of applicable standard(s) of review shall contain citations of the authorities upon which the appellant relies.” Id. This argument has been abandoned. Id.; Dogwood Dev. & Mgmt. Co., LLC v. White Oak Transp. Co., 362 N.C. 191, 200, 657 S.E.2d 361, 367 (2008).

No prejudicial error in part, new trial in part.

Judge ELMORE concurs. Judge ERVIN concurs in part and concurs in the result in part by separate opinion.

1 . In the concurring opinion it is argued that the holding in Nixon should be applied to non-capital cases. However, as the concurring opinion’s mention of the United States Supreme Court’s order granting certiorari makes clear, the United States Supreme Court granted certiorari “to resolve an important question of constitutional law, i.e., whether counsel’s failure to obtain the defendant’s express consent to a strategy of conceding guilt in a capital trial automatically renders counsel’s performance deficient!.]” Nixon, 543 U.S. at 186, 160 L. Ed. 2d at 578 (emphasis added).

2 . The only mention of Nixon we find in any opinion of our Supreme Court is in State v. Al-Bayyinah, 359 N.C. 741, 757, 616 S.E.2d 500, 512 (2005), where, in dicta, our Supreme Court stated: “The United States Supreme Court has found that whether or not a defendant expressly consented to counsel’s argument was not dispositive in finding ineffective assistance.” Al-Bayyinah was filed on the same date as Campbell, which applied the Harbison analysis. Goss was filed after Al-Bayyinah. Furthermore, Al-Bayyinah was a capital case, and the defendant’s objection was to admissions made by his attorney during the sentencing phase of the trial. “[Our Supreme] Court has held that the rule in State v. Harbison, 315 N.C. 175, 180, 337 S.E.2d 504, 507-08 (1985), cert. denied, 476 U.S. 1123, 90 L. Ed. 2d 672 (1986), precluding defense counsel from admitting a defendant’s guilt to the jury without the defendant’s consent does not apply to sentencing proceedings.” Al-Bayyinah, 359 N.C. at 757, 616 S.E.2d at 512 (citation omitted).

3 . We disagree with the concurring opinion to the degree that it finds Nixon could control, and thus overturn, prior decisions of this Court or our Supreme Court. While this would be the case if Nixon held that a decision of our appellate courts (or a practice endorsed by our appellate courts) ran afoul of the United States Constitution, our appellate courts may set procedural and substantive requirements for our trial courts that exceed the constitutional minimum established by the United States Supreme Court. Mills v. Rogers, 457 U.S. 291, 300, 73 L. Ed. 2d 16, 23 (1982) (“For purposes of determining actual rights and obligations, however, questions of state law cannot be avoided. Within our federal system the substantive rights provided by the Federal Constitution define only a minimum. State law may recognize liberty interests more extensive than those independently protected by the Federal Constitution. See Greenholtz v. Nebraska Penal Inmates, 442 U.S. 1, 7, 12 (1979); Oregon v. Hass, 420 U.S. 714, 719 (1975); see also Brennan, State Constitutions and the Protection of Individual Rights, 90 Harv. L. Rev. 489 (1977). If so, the broader state protections would define the actual substantive rights possessed by a person living within that State.”). As long as Harbison sets a standard that meets or exceeds that set forth in Nixon, Nixon does not overrule Harbison in any manner, and Harbison controls.

4 . In his supplemental brief, Defendant argues that he should be awarded a new trial on all counts. Defendant did not make this argument in his initial brief, and our remand was in response to, and limited by, the relief requested by Defendant in his initial brief. The only issue before the trial court on remand was whether Defendant had provided his counsel with informed consent to admit guilt to the two charges of assault with a deadly weapon and the single charge of involuntary manslaughter. We therefore make no determination concerning the adequacy of Defendant’s admissions to these other charges. Defendant’s attempt, through his supplemental brief, to change his argument on appeal, and the relief requested, is improper. We do not address Defendant’s new arguments.