Montgomery County v. McDonald ( 1989 )

RODOWSKY, Judge.

This case arises under the workers’ compensation statute, Md.Code (1957, 1985 Repl.Vol., 1988 Cum.Supp.), Art. 101 (the Act). We must determine whether the two year limitations period in § 26(a)(4) thereof is tolled when the employer fails to file an occupational disease report with the Workmen’s Compensation Commission (Commission) as required by § 26(b).¹ We hold that the employer’s failure to file the required report does not toll the limitations period so that we reverse the decision of the Court of Special Appeals in Montgomery County v. McDonald, 77 Md.App. 153, 549 A.2d 766 (1988).

James W. McDonald, Jr. (McDonald) is a civilian police dispatcher for the Montgomery County Police Department. On August 5,1977, he suffered a heart attack, his first, as a result of which he was unable to work until his return to work on October 3, 1977. At or about that time McDonald made no claim with the Commission for workers’ compensation, and Montgomery County filed no employer’s first report of injury. It is conceded that both McDonald and Montgomery County had actual notice, as early as October 1977, that McDonald’s first heart attack was attributable to stress caused by his employment.

McDonald suffered a second heart attack on August 1, 1984. On August 23, 1984, he filed a claim for workers’ compensation, based on his second heart attack. He alleged that he sustained an occupational disease on August 1, 1984, as a result of which he was disabled from August 2, 1984, and continuously thereafter, for which he sought temporary total and permanent partial disability.

On September 5,1984, McDonald filed another claim form with the Commission in which he alleged that he sustained an occupational disease, a heart attack, on August 5, 1977, as a result of which he had been temporarily totally disabled from August 6 to October 2, 1977, that he had been permanently and partially disabled from October 3, 1977, and that he had been temporarily totally disabled on August 2, 1984, and continuously thereafter. At argument in this Court McDonald’s counsel frankly acknowledged the underlying theory of the claim to be that both heart attacks involve the same occupational disease.

“[D]ue to [an] oversight by management,” Montgomery County did not file any employer’s first report of injury until October 11, 1984.

The Commission disallowed any compensation. In its file involving the first heart attack the Commission found that McDonald

“sustained an occupational disease arising out of and in the course of his employment due to heart disease and the date of disablement was [August 6], 1977; however, the ... claim is barred by the Statute of Limitations, and the employer’s failure to promptly file an Employer’s First Report of Injury did not extend the time for filing of the employee’s claim for compensation, there being no provision for such extension in Section 26(b)____”

The award in the Commission’s claim file generated by the second heart attack found that it was causally related to the first heart attack and was barred by limitations as well.

McDonald appealed both awards to the Circuit Court for Montgomery County. On summary judgment that court concluded limitations had been tolled. It reversed and remanded the claim based on the first heart attack to the Commission for further proceedings.² Montgomery County (together with its insurer as of the time of the first heart attack) noted an appeal to the Court of Special Appeals, which affirmed. Montgomery County v. McDonald, 77 Md.App. 153, 549 A.2d 766 (1988).

The intermediate appellate court compared Art. 101, § 26(b) with § 38(b).³ Id. at 157-59, 549 A.2d at 768-69. Section 38(b) requires that an employer report an accident to the Commission when that accident results in the disability of an employee “for a period of more than three days following the happening of such accident____” The report must be filed within ten days after the employer has received notice of the accident. Additionally, § 38(c) provides that the limitations period for bringing an action arising from an accidental injury does not run until the report required by § 38(b) is filed with the Commission.⁴

The Court of Special Appeals determined that the sanction provided by § 38(c) was implied in § 26(b). That court thought that it was significant that § 38(b) affords an employer ten days leeway in which to file the report, while “§ 26(b) emphatically adjures that an employer shall ‘at once report’ to the Commission a disability from an occupational disease occurring to any employee.” Id. at 159, 549 A.2d at 769. Not to apply the sanction provided by § 38(c) to § 26(b) would, the court held, cause the words “to at once report” to be “devoid of substance.” Id. We granted certiorari in order to determine whether the Court of Special Appeals was correct in its construction of § 26(b). 314 Md. 629, 552 A.2d 894 (1989).

The argument in this Court has involved an additional legal theory, advanced by McDonald, beyond the implied sanction analysis relied upon by the Court of Special Appeals. McDonald’s second theory, which we discuss in part II, is premised on inclusion of the words “occupational disease” in the § 67(6) definition of “accidental injury.”

I

The Court of Special Appeals has judicially implied, construed or created a tolling sanction in occupational disease cases for an employer’s failure to file a report with the Commission as required by § 26(b). We reverse because tolling (1) changes the effect of the mandatory language in the statute of limitations in § 26(a)(4); (2) is based on an inappropriate analogy to accidental injury cases; (3) violates the legislative intent as manifested by that body’s rejection of the tolling device in favor of a greatly enlarged period of limitations; and (4) departs from the clear majority rule under which courts decline judicially to toll limitations based on an employer’s failure to report a work-related injury or occupational disease.

A

Although the reporting requirement of § 26(b) indeed contains mandatory language, judicially to write into the statute a tolling remedy changes the mandatory command of the two-year statute of limitations in § 26(a)(4) for occupational diseases. That provision reads in part:

“If no claim for disability or death from an occupational disease be filed with the ... Commission within 2 years ... from the date of disablement or death, or the date when the employee or his dependents first has actual knowledge that the disablement was caused by the employment, the right to compensation for the disease shall be forever barred____”

(Emphasis added).

Undoubtedly the Act is to be construed liberally in favor of injured employees and to effectuate its remedial purposes, but a liberal rule of construction does not mean that courts are free to disregard the provisions comprising the Act. See, e.g., Lockerman v. Prince George’s County, 281 Md. 195, 202 n. 5, 377 A.2d 1177, 1182 n. 5 (1977) (Although the Act is to be liberally construed, the Court is “not at liberty to disregard its clear meaning.”); Subsequent Injury Fund v. Thomas, 275 Md. 628, 635, 342 A.2d 671, 675 (1975) (Although the Act “is to be liberally construed ... this does not mean that the Act should be construed to provide for compensation beyond that authorized by its provisions and purpose.”); Clement v. Minning, 157 Md. 200, 204, 145 A. 485, 486 (1929) (“While it is our duty to give the [Act] a liberal interpretation, to effectuate its remedial purposes, we have no authority to apply it beyond the limits which it has prescribed.”).

The foregoing rule of construction is particularly apt for the subject limitations provision.

“[T]he general purpose of the applicable workmen’s compensation act to compensate injured workers should not be used to interpret the limitations provision, because the very existence of a limitations provision in the act indicates that the legislature has deliberately compromised the general compensation purpose in the interests of the purposes served by a limitations provision.”

Kelley, Statutes of Limitations in the Era of Compensation Systems: Workmen’s Compensation Limitations Provisions for Accidental Injury Claims, 1974 Wash.U. L.Q. 541, 603.

We cannot add a purportedly intended, but omitted, tolling provision to § 26(b) through the process of statutory construction because that would change, in effect, the mandatory language “shall be forever barred” in § 26(a)(4) to the words “shall be forever extended,” in cases where a report is not filed. Implying a tolling effect for the statute’s reporting obligation “carries within it the fascinating possibility of an unending period for filing [a] claim, in the inevitable occasional case in which the employer has either overlooked the duty of filing the report or filed a defective one.” 2B A. Larson, The Law of Workmen’s Compensation § 78.49(b) at 15-367 (1989).⁵

B

The Court of Special Appeals and McDonald would treat the accidental injury reporting provision, § 38(b), and the occupational disease reporting provision, § 26(b), as operating identically. But treating § 38(b) and § 26(b) as providing identical remedies for an employer’s failure timely to file a first report ignores the substantive and procedural differences between the notice-giving, report-filing and claim-making provisions for the two types of compensable disabilities.

Under § 38(a) notice must be given to the employer within ten days after an accident (thirty days in cases of death), and, under § 38(b), the employer must report the accident to the Commission within ten days thereafter. The Commission may excuse the employee’s failure to give notice, either on the ground that notice for some sufficient reason could not have been given or if the employer or insurer has not been prejudiced by the lack of notice. § 38(a). The worker who has suffered an accidental injury must file a claim with the Commission within sixty days after the accidental injury, but the Commission has the same discretion applicable to notices to employers to excuse failure to meet that filing deadline. § 39(a). In any event, the Act further provides “that failure of an employee to file a claim for compensation within two years from the date of the accident shall constitute a complete bar to any claim under [the Act].” Id. Thus, in accidental injury cases, the statutorily standard time-span between the accident and notice to the employer is no more than ten days, and the time-span from an accident to the filing of a compensation claim is no more than two years.

On the other hand, incremental onset of an occupational disease is the rule rather than the exception. See, e.g., Shifflett v. Powhattan Mining Co., 293 Md. 198, 200-01, 442 A.2d 980, 982 (1982) (“asbestosis cases are unlike claims arising out of industrial accidents, in which some disability ordinarily is manifest at the time of the accidental injury or relatively soon thereafter”); Babcock & Wilcox, Inc. v. Steiner, 258 Md. 468, 474, 265 A.2d 871, 875 (1970) (“asbestosis, like other pulmonary dust diseases, is insidious in its onset”); Foble v. Knefely, 176 Md. 474, 486, 6 A.2d 48, 53 (1939) (“an occupational disease ... is ordinarily slow and insidious in its approach”).

Under the occupational disease notice and reporting scheme, the employee must give notice to the employer within one year after the employee has knowledge that he or she is suffering from an occupational disease. § 26(a)(1). We have held that this provision also requires knowledge or reason to believe on the part of the worker or someone on the worker’s behalf that there was a causal connection between the disability and the occupation. See Mutual Chem. Co. v. Pinckney, 205 Md. 107, 116, 106 A.2d 488, 492 (1954); Consolidation Coal Co. v. Porter, 192 Md. 494, 506, 64 A.2d 715, 721 (1949). The occupational disease claimant must make a claim with the Commission “within 2 years, or in the case of a pulmonary dust disease within three years, from the date of disablement or death, or the date when the employee or his dependents first [have] actual knowledge that the disablement was caused by the employment^ ]” § 26(a)(4). Thus, in cases of occupational diseases where the latency periods are very extended, the claim for compensation benefits commonly will not be made until decades after the worker first contracted the disease and possibly not until decades after the last injurious exposure. Under § 23(b) it is the employer at the time of the last injurious exposure to whom notice is given and against whom the claim for compensation is made. See Shifflett, 293 Md. at 202, 442 A.2d at 982.

Even though the legislative history does not explicate why there is a tolling provision in accidental injury cases and none in occupational disease cases, it is beyond debate that notice and claim of an accidental injury are relatively contemporaneous with the accidental injury, while a great gulf of time commonly separates notice and claim from the exposure to an occupational disease. The General Assembly could well have concluded that the time for notice and claim in the occupational disease case should not be pushed back further from the time of exposure simply because of an administrative snafu by the employer. We shall not make parallel two systems which are so substantially different.

C

The substantial likelihood is that the Act contains a tolling provision for accidental injury cases and does not contain a tolling provision for occupational disease cases because of deliberate legislative policy choices.

The tolling provision in § 38(c) was added by Ch. 814 of the Acts of 1957 which also amended § 39(a) “to provide certainty with respect to the period of limitations.” Douglas v. American Oil Co., 235 Md. 4, 7, 200 A.2d 57, 58 (1964). Prior to the 1957 amendment, the limitations period for accidental injury cases did not begin to run until “after the beginning of [the] disability.” Md.Code (1951), Art. 101, § 38. Judicial gloss placed upon this language had held that the limitations period commenced when the disability was apparent to the claimant, in effect, a discovery rule. See Gracie v. Koppers Co., 213 Md. 109, 112-14, 130 A.2d 754, 756-57 (1957); Griffin v. Rustless Iron & Steel Co., 187 Md. 524, 540, 51 A.2d 280, 288 (1947); see generally Dintaman v. Board of County Comm’rs, 17 Md.App. 345, 303 A.2d 442 (1973).

Chapter 814 changed the commencement date for the limitations period for accidental injuries from “after the beginning of [the] disability” to “the date of the accident.” 1957 Md.Laws 1500, 1505. The simultaneous addition of the tolling provision in § 38(c) may well have beén intended to mollify the impact of the elimination of the discovery rule for accidental injury claims. At the time of the 1957 changes there would have been no comparable purpose in adding a tolling provision for the limitations period in occupational disease cases. That period ran “from the time the employee or someone in his behalf knew or had reason to believe that he was suffering from an occupational disease and that there was a causal connection between his disability and occupation____” Porter, 192 Md. at 506, 64 A.2d at 721. The same holds true today. See § 26(a)(4).

Whether a tolling provision should be added to the occupational disease provisions of the Act was again an issue before the General Assembly in 1980, as a result of the Report of the Governor’s Study Commission on Workmen’s Compensation Coverage (1980) (the Report). That Commission limited its study to occupational disease provisions and made a number of recommendations, not all of which were unanimous. Spokesperson for the minority viewpoint on the Commission was Maurice J. Pressman, Esq. (Pressman). See Letter from Pressman to Governor Harry Hughes (Jan. 30, 1980) and Pressman’s additional written comments (Mar. 7, 1980), both on file with the Department of Legislative Reference. The Commission, apparently unanimously, recommended a tolling provision similar to that in § 38(c) for addition to § 26. Report at 16.

One of the substantial differences between the Commission majority and the Pressman group involved limitations caps. Prior to July 1, 1980, former § 23(d) (Md.Code (1957, 1979 Repl.Vol.)) required for compensability in pulmonary dust disease cases that the “disability or death shall occur within seven (7) years after the employee has knowledge that he has been affected by” the disease, and former § 23(c) required disablement or death to result within one year after the last injurious exposure in all other occupational disease cases. The Commission majority voted to retain a cap by expanding the seven-year provision to all occupational diseases. The Pressman group wanted the cap totally eliminated. Report at 23-24.

In the 1980 General Assembly the Commission’s recommendations were introduced as Senate Bill 973, a departmental bill. See 1980 Md.Sen.J. 1067. A bill which reflected the Pressman position as to limitations caps and other issues was introduced by Senator Norman R. Stone, Jr. as Senate Bill 396. See 1980 Md.Laws 2428. Senate Bill 396, after substantial amendment, was enacted as Ch. 706 of the Acts of 1980. See id.

That the departmental bill, containing a tolling provision, was rejected is not of particular significance because it is clear that larger issues than tolling were involved in the package of Commission recommendations. What is significant is the treatment, or more precisely, non-treatment, of the tolling issue in Senator Stone’s bill. Prior to 1980 § 26(a) required the employee to give notice of an occupational disease to the employer within thirty days “after the employee has actual knowledge” of the occupational disease. Md.Code (1957, 1979 Repl.Vol.), § 26(a). The Report recommended, unanimously, that the thirty-day requirement of former § 26(a) be retained. Report at 15. The Stone bill, however, modified the provision to that found in present § 26(a)(1), requiring notice within “1 year after the employee knows or has reason to believe he is suffering from an occupational disease.” See 1980 Md.Laws at 2433.

It seems clear that the Legislature deliberately chose to extend the time for notice to an employer from thirty days to one year in lieu of a tolling provision. Thus, tolling was rejected, not by rejection of the departmental bill, but in the structuring of the Stone bill. Judicially adding a tolling provision would extend limitations beyond the deliberate statutory scheme and legislative purpose.

D

There are workers’ compensation statutes in other states which require the employer to report an accident or disease but which are silent on whether a failure timely to comply with that requirement tolls the limitations period. No cases could be found in which a tolling provision was implied as a sanction for the employer’s failure to report. Rather, “[it] is generally held ... that where the act contains no such provision ..., the mere failure on the part of an employer to report the accident does not, in the absence of fraud, toll the running of the statute as to the time for filing a claim for compensation.” DeRousse v. PPG Indus., Inc., 598 S.W.2d 106, 113 n. 8 (Mo.1980) (en banc) (quoting Duncan v. Gaffney Mfg. Co., 214 S.C. 502, 508, 53 S.E.2d 396, 398 (1949)).

A Georgia case reasoned:

“In the absence of any fraud on the part of the employer, the employer’s mere failure to report the accident as required therein does not toll the running of the statute as to the time for filing a claim for compensation____ The reasoning of this rule is that the failure of the employer to make a report of the accident has nothing whatever to do with the employee’s failure to file, or delay in filing, his claim for compensation on account of such accident.”

Welchel v. American Mut. Liab. Ins. Co., 54 Ga.App. 511, 513, 188 S.E. 357, 358 (1936), overruled on other grounds Brown Transp. Corp. v. James, 243 Ga. 701, 257 S.E.2d 242 (1979). See also Elkhorn Collieries Co. v. Robinson, 234 Ky. 24, 27, 27 S.W.2d 393, 394 (1930); cf Poythress v. J.P. Stevens & Co., 54 N.C.App. 376, 283 S.E.2d 573 (1981) (employer’s failure to give notice to Industrial Commission of employee’s accident, although subject to fine, did not toll limitations bar, either through estoppel or waiver, as “the report becomes a part of the private records of the Commission, not open to the public, and the Commission, for statistical purposes, must compile the information contained in the report.” Id. at 385, 283 S.E.2d at 579 (quoting Whitted v. Palmer-Bee Co., 228 N.C. 447, 456, 46 S.E.2d 109, 114 (1984) (Barnhill, J. concurring) (emphasis added in Poythress)).

These cases dovetail with Kaiser Found. Hosp. v. Workers’ Compensation Appeals Bd., 39 Cal.3d 57, 702 P.2d 197, 216 Cal.Rptr. 115 (1985) (en banc), where the California Supreme Court held that “[i]f the employer breaches its statutory duty to notify an employee ... of his workers’ compensation rights ..., the limitations period is tolled for the period of time that the employee remains unaware of his rights.” Id. at 60, 702 P.2d at 199, 216 Cal.Rptr. at 117. The court added a tolling remedy because it found that “[a]n employee would be prejudiced without the tolling if he has no knowledge that his injury might be covered by workers’ compensation before he receives notice from the employer.” Id. at 64, 702 P.2d at 202, 216 Cal.Rptr. at 120 (emphasis added). But if the employee gains actual knowledge of his rights, he is not prejudiced by the employer’s failure to give notice, and “there is no reason to toll the statute of limitations even if his employer never advises him of his workers’ compensation rights.” Id. at 65, 702 P.2d at 202, 216 Cal.Rptr. at 120. Thus, according to the court, “[requiring prejudice to toll the limitations period promotes the policy behind the notification statutes: to protect those unaware of their rights.” Id.

If an employer fails to file a § 26(b) report with the Commission, no prejudice results to the employee. The reporting obligation is imposed for the benefit of the Commission, and the public in general, not the individual employee.⁶ The employer’s report of an employee’s occupational disease to the Commission does not generate any notice of a right to workers’ compensation that is given to the employee by the Commission. Thus, the failure of the employer to report the occupational disease has no connection with the employee’s ability to file a claim within the limitations period. Cf Walter J. Crismer & Son, Inc. v. Seal, 258 Md. 437, 265 A.2d 918 (1970) (failure of employer to post notice advising employees that claims must be filed within sixty days of accident, as required by Commission regulation, held not to estop employer from pleading limitations bar); Dunstan v. Bethlehem Steel Co., 187 Md. 571, 577, 51 A.2d 288, 291 (1947) (employer’s failure to file report did not amount to an estoppel as “claimant was in no way prejudiced by failure of employer to report the accident promptly”). Although judicial imposition of a tolling provision may provide an incentive for employers to report occupational diseases, to do so creates, as Professor Larson called it, an “unending” limitations period even though that employee is in no way prejudiced by the employer’s failure to report. See Larson, supra.

The New Jersey Supreme Court, in Herod v. Mutual Chem. Co., 115 N.J.L. 369, 180 A. 432 (1935), declined to imply a tolling effect for the employer’s failure to file an occupational disease report. The legislative history of New Jersey’s workers’ compensation statute developed similarly to this State’s. Occupational disease provisions were added to the existing accidental injury scheme of the New Jersey statute. See id. at 370, 180 A. at 432. The New Jersey legislature placed the limitations periods for each type of disability in separate provisions, “thereby conspicuously indicatpng] its intention to deal with the limitation of claims for occupational disease separately from the limitation of claims arising out of injuries.” Id. at 370, 180 A. at 433. By a later enactment, that legislature required employers to make certain reports of accidents and occupational diseases to the Workmen’s Compensation Bureau. See id. at 370-71, 180 A. at 433. As a penalty for the employer’s failure to report, the employer was fined $50 for both classes of injury, but the statute only tolled limitations in instances of accidental injury. See id. at 371, 180 A. at 433. The issue was whether the court should expand the tolling provision to occupational disease claims.

The court refused to imply a tolling effect which it labeled a “legislative function.” Id. at 372, 180 A. at 433. Pointing to the differences between the two limitations periods, the court reasoned:

“Section 22(e) provides that the claim for compensable occupational disease shall be barred unless a petition is filed within one year after [the] date on which the employee ceased to be exposed to such occupational disease, whereas Section 23(h) provides that the claim for personal injury or death resulting from accident shall be forever barred unless a petition is filed within one year after the date on which the accident occurred. The inconsistency is apparent. It may be that the Legislature intended in occupational diseases to let the defense of the statute of limitations remain even though the report was not filed because of the difficulty of determining when an employee has an occupational disease. The date of the occurrence of an accident is definite as a general rule. The date when an occupational disease is incurred is indefinite.”

Id. at 372-73, 180 A. at 434.

The Missouri Supreme Court has also refused to toll the limitations period for an employer’s failure to file an accidental injury report. DeRousse v. PPG Indus., Inc., 598 S.W.2d 106 (Mo.1980) (en banc). The court upheld a line of Missouri cases governing the issue and found the analysis employed in those cases to be applicable. Among the reasons cited was that “ ‘[t]he failure to report an accident, by the employer, in no way prevents the injured employee from filing a claim for his injuries with the commission.’ ” Id. at 110 (quoting Wheeler v. Missouri Pacific R.R., 328 Mo. 888, 897, 42 S.W.2d 579, 583 (1931)). In addition, to toll the limitations for an employer’s failure to report would defeat one of the purposes of the statute of limitations:

“ ‘One purpose of limitation statutes is to prevent the filing of fictitious claims at a late date when investigation as to their genuineness has been rendered difficult by lapse of time. This purpose would be defeated entirely if a plaintiff were permitted to escape the limitation period by pleading that the alleged accident had not been reported by the employer. Such a rule would open the door to the filing of fraudulent fictitious claims to which the limitation[s] statutes have always been a bar.’ ”

Id. (quoting Wheeler, 328 Mo. at 898, 42 S.W.2d at 583-84). Lastly, the court noted that the provision in question did not expressly toll the limitations (although a criminal penalty was provided) and “[h]ad the legislature intended that the employer’s neglect or failure to file a report of injury should toll the limitations period, it ‘would have adopted the simple, certain, and easy method of directly incorporating such provision.’ ” Id. at 111 (quoting Higgins v. Heine Boiler Co., 328 Mo. 493, 510, 41 S.W.2d 565, 573 (1931)).

Other jurisdictions have rejected the opportunity impliedly to toll the limitations period in cases where the employer has failed to report an occupational disease or work-related personal injury. These courts generally follow the express terms of the statute, which usually imposes criminal sanctions and fines for the employer’s failure to report, and “decline claimants’ invitation to [toll the limitations], especially given the legislature’s clear intent to the contrary.” Bainbridge v. Boise Cascade Plywood Mill, 111 Idaho 79, 82, 721 P.2d 179, 182 (1986). Accord Asato v. Meadow Gold Dairies-Haw., 68 Haw. 111, 706 P.2d 13 (1985) (per curiam); Oklahoma Cotton Coop. Ass’n Compress v. Thomas, 560 P.2d 562 (Okla.1977); and Duncan v. Gaffney Mfg. Co., 214 S.C. 502, 53 S.E.2d 396 (1949).

For all the reasons set forth above, we decline McDonald’s invitation judicially to incorporate a tolling provision into § 26(b). If the failure of employers “promptly upon obtaining knowledge or notice of a disability from an occupational disease” to “at once” report to the Commission requires a sanction, the General Assembly can choose whether the appropriate sanction is a fine, increased disability benefits, tolling, or some other penalty, and expressly provide for the same.

II

McDonald’s second argument in support of tolling is based on the definition appearing in § 67(6). It reads in relevant part:

“‘Injury,’ ‘personal injury,’ ‘accidental injury’ and ‘accidental personal injury ’ means only accidental injuries arising out of and in the course of employment and such disease or infection as may naturally result therefrom, including frostbite and sunstroke resulting from weather condition, occupational disease and includes an injury caused by the wilful or negligent act of a third person directed against an employee in the course of his employment.”

McDonald reads this definition to include all occupational diseases within the defined terms, even if they are unrelated to an accidental injury. Because § 38(b) states that “it shall be the duty of the employer within ten (10) days after the receipt of notice of such accident and injury resulting therefrom ... to report such accident ... to the Commission,” McDonald says the duty arises under § 38(b) to report an occupational disease. Because “injury” in § 38(c) also includes occupational disease, McDonald argues that “[wjhere the employer ... has knowledge of any injury ... and the employer fails ... to file a report thereof as required by [§ 38(b)],” limitations are tolled pursuant to § 38(c) in occupational disease cases.

Section 67(6) took the above-quoted form by Ch. 671 of the Acts of 1973. Section 67(6) as it appears in that session law is reproduced below. (Brackets indicate deletions from then existing law, and words appearing entirely in upper case letters indicate additions to then existing law.)

“ ‘Injury,’ ‘personal injury,’ ‘accidental injury’ and ‘accidental personal injury’ means only accidental injuries arising out of and in the course of employment and such [occupational] disease or infection as may naturally result therefrom, including frostbite and sunstroke resulting from weather condition, OCCUPATIONAL DISEASE and includes an injury caused by the wilful or negligent act of a third person directed against an employee in the course of his employment.”

1973 Md. Laws at 1405. The purpose of the definition is to include within an accidental injury disability brought about by diseases or infections which may naturally result from that accidental injury. As the definition stood prior to the 1973 amendment, occupational diseases were the only diseases naturally resulting from an accidental injury which could be included in the accidental injury. By removing “occupational” as a qualifier of “disease,” that limitation on diseases naturally resulting from accidental injuries was removed. The insertion of “occupational disease” in the class of express inclusions, along with frostbite and sunstroke, deals with an occupational disease which may naturally result from an accidental injury. The concern seems to have been that, in the workers’ compensation context, the unqualified word, “disease,” might be construed to be limited to a non-occupational disease, particularly where the word occupational had been deleted as a modifier.

In any event, McDonald’s argument proves too much. It was clearly not the legislative intent in amending the definition of injury by Ch. 671 to have “injury,” “personal injury,” “accidental injury” and “accidental personal injury” automatically include any occupational disease, including one which did not naturally result from an accidental injury. This is plain from other amendments to the Act made as part of Ch. 671 where the words, “occupational disease,” were expressly inserted following use of one of the various forms of the word “injury.”

Section 19(d) deals with certain agreements to indemnify “for loss or damage on account of the injury of an employee by accidental means or occupational disease____” The words “or occupational disease” were added to § 19(d) by Ch. 671. See 1973 Md. Laws at 1399.

Section 66(2) deals with the monetary assessment levied on all awards for the benefit of the Subsequent Injury Fund. The last sentence of the first paragraph of § 66(2) provided that those assessments were to be paid in addition to any payment of compensation to “injured employees.” Chapter 671 amended that sentence to delete the words “injured employees” and to substitute “employees who are injured or sustain an occupational disease.” See id. at 1404.

Section 67, the definition section, in subsection (7), provides that “ ‘[djeath’ when mentioned as a basis for the right to compensation means only death resulting from such injury or occupational disease.” The words “or occupational disease” were added by Ch. 671. Id. at 1405. In Ch. 671 the amendment to § 67(7) immediately follows the amendment to § 67(6) on which McDonald relies.

Chapter 671 contained a SEC. 2 which provided “[tjhat this Act shall not apply to accidental injuries sustained or occupational diseases incurred prior to July 1, 1973.” Id.

In the instant matter it is not contended that McDonald’s occupational disease naturally resulted from an accidental injury. Consequently, even if there might be some interrelation between § 38(c) tolling and § 67(6), a point on which we intimate no opinion, McDonald gets no benefit from the § 67(6) definition in this case.

JUDGMENT OF THE COURT OF SPECIAL APPEALS REVERSED. CASE REMANDED TO THE COURT OF SPECIAL APPEALS FOR THE ENTRY OF A JUDGMENT REVERSING THE JUDGMENT OF THE CIRCUIT COURT FOR MONTGOMERY COUNTY AND REMANDING THIS CASE TO THE CIRCUIT COURT FOR MONTGOMERY COUNTY FOR THE ENTRY OF A JUDGMENT AFFIRMING THE FINAL ORDER OF THE WORKMEN’S COMPENSATION COMMISSION IN ITS CLAIM NO. A-94-60-41. COSTS IN THIS COURT AND IN THE COURT OF SPECIAL APPEALS TO BE PAID BY THE RESPONDENT.

ADKINS, J., dissents.

1 . All statutory references are to the Act. Section 26(b) provides:

“(b) Employer to report disability.—Whenever a disability from an occupational disease occurs to any employee it shall be the duty of the employer promptly upon obtaining knowledge or notice thereof, to at once report such disability to the Commission, and also to any local representative of the Commission. Such report shall state (1) the time, cause and nature of the disability, and the probable duration; (2) whether the disability from an occupational disease arose out of and in the course of the injured person’s employment; (3) any other matters the rules and regulations of the Commission may prescribe.”

2 . The circuit court’s order applies only to Commission Claim No. A-94-60-41 in which McDonald treated the 1977 heart attack as the occupational disease which caused all later disabilities. There was no certification of that order for immediate appeal under Maryland Rule 2-602(b). This raises the question of whether the order appealed from was a final judgment. We conclude that it was, because of the way in which the claims for compensation were packaged in the Commission.

The compensation claim based on the 1984 heart attack was a distinct file in the Commission, and the later filed claim, based on the 1977 heart attack as the cause of all subsequent disabilities, was a separate and distinct file in the Commission. In circuit court pleading parlance, each of these files was a separate "action.” Each action was decided in the Commission by a separate order. Each order was appealed. The files in both Commission actions were transferred to the circuit court where they were filed as one proceeding and assigned one civil action number. The legal effect of that docketing was to consolidate for pleading and trial two appeals from the Commission. The order of the circuit court deciding one of those appeals was a final order in one of two consolidated actions and was appealable. See Yarema v. Exxon Corp., 305 Md. 219, 503 A.2d 239 (1986).

The corollary of this conclusion is that the appeal from Commission Claim No. A-94-41-92 is still undecided in the Circuit Court for Montgomery County.

3 . Section 38(b) provides:

"(b) Report of accident by employer.—Whenever an accident causing disability for a period of more than three days following the happening of such accident occurs to any employee, it shall be the duty of the employer within ten (10) days after the receipt of notice of such accident, oral or written, to report such accident and injury resulting therefrom to the Commission. Such report shall state (1) the time, cause and nature of the accident and injuries, and the probable duration of the injury resulting therefrom; (2) whether the accident arose out of and in the course of the injured person's employment; (3) any other matters [the] rules and regulations [of] the Commission may prescribe.”

4 . Section 38(c) provides:

"(c) Effect of employer’s failure to file report after having been given notice.—Where the employer has been given notice, or the employer, or his designated representative in the place where the injury occurred, has knowledge of any injury or death of an employee, and the employer fails, neglects or refuses to file a report thereof, as required by the provisions of subsection (b) of this section, the limitations prescribed by this article shall not begin to run against the claimant or any person entitled to compensation until such report shall have been furnished as required by subsection (b) of this section. This section shall not apply to an ‘employee’ as defined by § 67(4) of this article.”

5 . The repeal of the caps on employer liability for occupational disease claims by Ch. 706 of the Acts of 1980 now makes this "fascinating possibility” real. Formerly, Md.Code (1957, 1979 Repl.Vol.), § 23(c) provided that in occupational disease cases, other than pulmonary dust disease cases, disablement or death had to result within one year after the last injurious exposure in order to be compensable. In cases of silicosis, asbestosis and other pulmonary dust diseases, disability or death had to occur within seven years after the employee had knowledge that he had been affected by such disease. § 23(d). The legislative history of the repeal of former § 23(c) and (d) is discussed, infra.

6 . The reporting results are presumably used to calculate the statistics published each year in the Commission’s annual report to the Governor as required by § 14(b).