Zimmerman v. Glacier Guides, Inc. , 2004 Tex. App. LEXIS 10112 ( 2004 )

OPINION

FELIPE REYNA, Justice.

Rodger Zimmerman filed suit against Glacier Guides, Inc. and its president Jimmie Rosenbruch for unjust enrichment after Glacier Guides refused to refund nearly $20,000 Zimmerman had paid for an Alaskan hunting expedition which Zimmerman was unable to attend due to the disruption of air travel after the September 11 tragedy. Zimmerman appeals the granting of Appellees’ special appearance. He contends in his sole issue that the evidence is factually insufficient to support the court’s decision. Because we conclude that Appel-lees presented sufficient evidence to negate all bases of personal jurisdiction asserted by Zimmerman, we will affirm.

BACKGROUND

Zimmerman testified at the special appearance hearing that he first learned of Glacier Guides and Rosenbruch through an advertisement in the 1997 “Convention Issue” of Alaska Professional Hunter magazine, which Zimmerman obtained at a Safari Club International convention in Dallas or Houston. Zimmerman traveled to Las Vegas, Nevada in January 2001. While there he went to the Glacier Guides booth at the Safari Club convention and made arrangements for a September 2001 hunting expedition in Alaska. Zimmerman paid a $12,000 deposit and received a brochure. The hunt was scheduled for September 15, 2001.

Rosenbruch later sent Zimmerman a letter thanking him for his business and assuring him that the trip would be worthwhile. Rosenbruch also called Zimmerman twice, the latter time being in August 2001 to inquire whether Zimmerman had mailed the remainder of the monies owed for the trip.

Zimmerman’s airline tickets were can-celled because of the events surrounding the terrorist attacks of September 11. Glacier Guides refused to give Zimmerman a refund. This lawsuit followed.

STANDARD OF REVIEW

Zimmerman contends that the evidence is factually insufficient¹ to support the court’s granting of the special appearance.

To prevail in a special appearance hearing, a nonresident defendant must negate all bases for personal jurisdiction alleged. Am. Type Culture Collection, Inc. v. Coleman, 83 S.W.3d 801, 807 (Tex.2002). Appellees contend that they satisfied then-burden by merely proving their nonresi-dence because Zimmerman failed to make factually-specific jurisdictional allegations in his petition. Zimmerman responds that the Supreme Court has rejected this approach.

It is true that this Court and others have held that, when a plaintiff fails to state specific jurisdictional allegations in the petition,² a nonresident defendant satisfies the burden of proof at a special appearance hearing by proving the defendant’s nonresident status. E.g., Bruno’s Inc. v. Arty Imports, Inc., 119 S.W.Bd 893, 897 (Tex.App.-Dallas 2003, no pet.); Lacefield v. Elec. Fin. Group, 35 S.W.3d 755, 761 (Tex.App.-Waco 2000, no pet.); Valsangiacomo v. Am. Juice Import, Inc., 35 S.W.3d 201, 205 (Tex.App.-Corpus Christi 2000, no pet.). On further review however, we conclude that the Supreme Court expressly rejected this approach in Kawasaki Steel Corp. v. Middleton. 699 S.W.2d 199 (Tex.1985) (per curiam).

In Kawasaki Steel, the trial court sustained the defendant’s special appearance in part because the plaintiff failed to plead sufficient jurisdictional facts in the petition for service of process under the long-arm statute. Quoting at length from an article by Dean Frank Newton, the Supreme Court held that “[s]uch a narrow holding is inconsistent with the general rules of notice pleading. Indeed if the approach of the courts of appeals was applied to pleading generally, we would return to the thoroughly discounted English writ approach where a failure to dot an T or cross a V was fatal.” Kawasaki Steel, 699 S.W.2d at 203 (quoting W. Frank Newton, Conflict of Laws, 36 Sw. L.J. 397, 406 (1982)).

Therefore, we disavow our holding in Lacefield to the extent that it suggests the issues in a special appearance hearing are necessarily limited to the specific jurisdictional allegations in the plaintiffs petition.³

In so doing, we recognize that the doctrine of stare decisis requires us to proceed with caution. As now Chief Justice Jefferson of the Supreme Court recently observed:

Stare decisis is, and should be, respected by any judge concerned with consistency and predictability in the law. Yet, prior precedent should be reconsidered when blind adherence to “settled” law binds the judiciary, and those who rely on its judgment, to doctrines that can no longer be justified in the current day and age.

Wallace Jefferson, Stare Decisis, 8 Tex. Rev. L. & Pol. 271, 275 (2004).

[T]he doctrine of stare decisis does not stand as an insurmountable bar to overruling precedent. Stare decisis prevents change for the sake of change; it does not prevent any change at all. It creates a strong presumption in favor of the established law; it does not render that law immutable. Indeed, the genius of the common law rests in its ability to change, to recognize when a timeworn rule no longer serves the needs of society, and to modify the rule accordingly.

Id. at 274 (quoting Gutierrez v. Collins, 583 S.W.2d 312, 317 (Tex.1979)).

The doctrine of stare decisis must yield when a prior decision of this Court is plainly contrary to a holding of our Supreme Court. Cf. Ratisseau v. Ratisseau, 44 S.W.3d 695, 697 (Tex.App.-Houston [14th Dist.] 2001, pet. dism’d by agr.) (“We find the doctrine of stare decisis must yield to the clear pronouncements of the Legislature.”). Although the particular phrase at issue in Lacefield is arguably dicta, we owe it to the bench and bar in general and to the litigants in particular to clarify our prior decisions when such excerpts play a central role in a party’s argument and/or a trial court’s ruling, as in this case. Cf Jefferson, 8 Tex. Rev. L. & Pol. at 275.

Accordingly, a plaintiff may allege additional bases for personal jurisdiction in a written response to a defendant’s special appearance or in some other pleading. In addition, a plaintiff may present evidence at the special appearance hearing of bases for personal jurisdiction not alleged in the pleadings. If the defendant does not object to the introduction of evidence pertaining to these unpleaded bases for jurisdiction, then the defendant bears the burden of negating the unpleaded bases as well. Thus, a nonresident defendant bears the burden of negating all bases of personal jurisdiction alleged in the plaintiff’s pleadings or raised without objection by the evidence. See Louis S. Muldrow & Kendall M. Gray, Treading the Mine Field: Suing and Defending Non-Residents in Texas State Courts, 46 Baylor L.Rev. 581, 605-07 (1994).

GLACIER GUIDES AND ROSEN-BRUCH NEGATED ALL RELEVANT BASES OF PERSONAL JURISDICTION ASSERTED BY ZIMMERMAN

Zimmerman identifies five contacts Glacier Guides and/or Rosenbruch have with Texas which he deems relevant to this inquiry: (1) they advertised in the 1997 “Convention Issue” of Alaska Professional Hunter magazine, which was distributed at two conventions in Texas; (2) Rosenbruch is included in the “Professional Member List” of the 1997 magazine and of the Spring 2001 edition with his address, telephone number, and fax number, and the 2001 magazine was distributed in Texas; (3) Glacier Guides and/or Rosenbruch arranged hunting or fishing expeditions for 13 Texans from 1995 to 2001; (4) Rosen-bruch was served with process in Houston at a meeting of the Houston Safari Club in March 2002; and (5) Rosenbruch mailed Zimmerman a letter and called him twice about the planned expedition.

Counsel for Glacier Guides and Rosen-bruch did not object to Zimmerman’s presentation of evidence relevant to these alleged contacts. Thus, we consider these alleged contacts as potential bases for personal jurisdiction. See Temperature Sys., Inc. v. Bill Pepper, Inc., 854 S.W.2d 669, 673-74 (Tex.App.-Dallas 1993, writ dism’d by agr.).

Zimmerman contends that these contacts give rise to specific jurisdiction, which exists when (1) a nonresident defendant has purposeful contacts with the forum state and (2) the plaintiffs cause of action arises from or relates to those contacts. Am. Type Culture Collection, 83 S.W.3d at 806. The requirement of “purposeful” contacts “ensures that a defendant will not be haled into a jurisdiction solely as a result of ‘random,’ ‘fortuitous,’ or ‘attenuated’ contacts.” Burger King Corp. v. Rudzewicz, 471 U.S. 462, 475, 105 S.Ct. 2174, 2183, 85 L.Ed.2d 528 (1985); Am. Type Culture Collection, 83 S.W.3d at 806.

Zimmerman relies primarily on Glacier Guides’s and Rosenbruch’s advertisement in the 1997 magazine which was distributed in several states including Texas as evidence that Glacier Guides had purposeful contacts with Texas. Zimmerman also points to Rosenbruch’s listing in the 1997 magazine and the Spring 2001 magazine. However, advertising in a nationally circulated publication does not by itself constitute a purposeful contact with any particular state in which the magazine may be distributed. See CMMC v. Salinas, 929 S.W.2d 435, 439 (Tex.1996); Hayes v. Wissel, 882 S.W.2d 97, 97-99 (Tex.App.-Fort Worth 1994, no writ); C.W. Brown Mach. Shop, Inc. v. Stanley Mach. Corp., 670 S.W.2d 791, 792-94 (Tex.App.Fort Worth 1984, no writ).

Zimmerman also relies on Rosen-bruch’s statement that Glacier Guides arranged hunting or fishing expeditions for thirteen Texas residents between 1995 and 2001. However, Glacier Guides’s dealings with others are not relevant to the issue of specific jurisdiction. See Yfantis v. Balloun, 115 S.W.3d 175, 182-83 (Tex.App.Fort Worth 2003, no pet.); Shell Compania Argentina de Petroleo, S.A. v. Reef Exploration, Inc., 84 S.W.3d 830, 838 (Tex.App.-Houston [1st Dist.] 2002, pet. denied).

The letter Rosenbrueh mailed to Zimmerman and the two phone calls he placed likewise do not constitute purposeful contacts with Texas sufficient to give rise to specific jurisdiction because they were in response to Zimmerman’s inquiry and not to solicit his business. See Laykin v. McFall, 830 S.W.2d 266, 268-70 (Tex.App.-Amarillo 1992, orig. proceeding).

Finally, Rosenbruch’s presence in Texas after Zimmerman filed suit is irrelevant to the issue of whether Glacier Guides or he had purposeful contacts with Texas relative to Zimmerman’s booking of a hunting expedition with Glacier Guides. See Preussag Aktiengesellschaft v. Coleman, 16 S.W.3d 110, 126 (Tex.App.-Houston [1st Dist.] 2000, pet. dism’d w.o.j.); accord Asurco, Inc. v. Glenara, Ltd., 912 F.2d 784, 787 n. 1 (5th Cir.1990).

Accordingly, we cannot say that the court’s decision “is so contrary to the overwhelming weight of the evidence as to be clearly wrong and unjust.” See Haskett v. Butts, 83 S.W.3d 213, 218 (Tex.App.-Waco 2002, pet. denied). Thus, we overrule Zimmerman’s sole issue.

The judgment is affirmed.

Chief Justice GRAY concurring.

1 . Actually, Zimmerman contends that the court's decision is "absolutely contrary to the overwhelming weight of the evidence.” We construe this statement as a paraphrase of the factual insufficiency standard. See Haskett v. Butts, 83 S.W.3d 213, 218 (Tex.App.-Waco 2002, pet. denied) (finding will be set aside for factual insufficiency if it is "so contrary to the overwhelming weight of the evidence as to be clearly wrong and unjust”); accord Maritime Overseas Corp. v. Ellis, 971 S.W.2d 402, 407 (Tex.1998).

2 . Although the phrase “in the petition” does not appear in the sentence in Lacefield in which this Court stated, "If the plaintiff fails to allege any jurisdictional facts, the defendant satisfies his burden by showing that he is a non-resident,” numerous other references in the opinion indicate that this was the Court’s intent. Lacefield v. Electronic Fin. Group, 35 S.W.3d 755, 761 (Tex.App.-Waco 2000, no pet.). For example, in analyzing the issue presented, the Court stated, “As plaintiff, EFG bears the burden of pleading sufficient allegations to bring Lacefield within the provisions of the Texas long-arm statute. The burden shifted to Lacefield when he filed his special appearance to negate all bases of personal jurisdiction asserted in the petition." Id. at 762 (emphases added).

3 . To challenge the adequacy of the jurisdictional allegations in the plaintiffs petition, the defendant should file a motion to quash the citation, which would constitute a general appearance. See Kawasaki Steel Corp. v. Middleton, 699 S.W.2d 199, 202-03 (Tex.1985) (per curiam).